东天山石英滩金矿个碰撞造山期的浅成热液金矿

石英滩金矿是近年发现的北天山浅成热液金矿带中的一个代表性矿床。其矿床地质与地球化学特征显示其为典型的火山岩容矿的冰长石-绢云母型浅成热液金矿。但同位岽年代学研究及区域地质资料分析对比表明,它与火山岩区浅成热液金矿一般形成于活动大陆边缘或岛弧环境不同的是,其矿体虽然赋存于晚石炭世岛弧火山岩中,但成矿作用发生于碰撞造山期(成矿年龄288×10⁶ ~ 244×10⁶a),受同碰撞伸展带控制,并与造山期火山<超)浅成侵人活动有关。     

胶东金矿成矿构造背景探讨

在编制1∶50万山东省大地构造相图基础上,通过对大地构造相研究显示：胶东微地块是经多期增生和碰撞而形成的,其漫长的板块构造演化明显具有阶段性。侏罗纪是该区板块构造演化史上的一个重要转换期,构造演化由原来的南、北分异转变为东、西分异,胶东地区NE向新生构造起了主要作用。胶东地区中生代有2次重要的碰撞造山事件,印支造山作用主要表现为扬子板块向华北板块俯冲,形成苏鲁高压-超高压变质带及同造山花岗岩及后造山高碱正长岩;燕山造山作用的大陆动力学环境起源于中亚-特提斯构造域向滨太平洋构造域转化和太平洋板块的俯冲,在胶东地区表现为3次造山和3次伸展。晚侏罗世造山早期玲珑片麻状花岗岩组合是区域构造挤压导致地壳增厚引起地壳重熔的产物,代表了大陆弧花岗岩特征;早白垩世造山中期郭家岭花岗闪长岩-花岗岩组合代表了造山期大陆弧花岗岩的特点;造山晚期伟德山闪长岩-花岗闪长岩-花岗岩组合表现为大陆弧花岗岩,后造山A型崂山晶洞过碱性碱长花岗岩-正长花岗岩组合为大陆造陆隆升花岗岩与后造山花岗岩,代表燕山构造的结束。胶东地区构造-岩浆事件和金矿成矿作用受控于特提斯、古亚洲洋和太平洋三大构造域的相互作用,金矿形成的动力学背景是中生代构造体制转折和岩石圈减薄,起因与太平洋板块向华北板块的俯冲机制有关。     

碰撞后的造山过程及造山带巨量花岗岩的成因

传统上认为造山作用是板块碰撞的结果，即近水平碰撞挤压引起物质的垂向加厚。事实上，许多山脉却是碰撞后“造山”隆升的。     

碰撞造山与华南花岗岩及其成矿系列研究的新进展

碰撞造山与华南花岗岩及其成矿系列研究的新进展ＮＥＷＡＤＶＡＮＣＥＳＩＮＴＨＥＳＴＵＤＹＯＦＣＯＬＬＩＳＩＯＮＯＲＯＧＥＮＹＯＦＧＲＡＮＩＴＥＳＩＮＳＯＵＴＨＣＨＩＮＡＡＮＤＴＨＥＩＲＭＥＴＡＬＬＯＧＥＮＩＣＳＥＲＩＥＳ裴荣富洪大卫（中国地质科学院矿床...     

造山型金矿研究进展:兼论中国造山型金成矿作用

造山型金矿指与大洋板块俯冲和陆块拼贴有关、产在汇聚板块边界变质地体内部或者边缘受韧-脆性断裂构造控制的,成矿流体以低盐度H2O-CO2-CH4为主要特征的,成矿深度(2~20 km)和温度(200~650℃)及其相应的蚀变矿化组合有较大变化的系列金矿床.造山型金矿形成与超大陆聚合时限具有一致性.由于围岩类型和控矿构造多样性、地球化学特征具有多解性、金属源区和演化的不确定性以及成矿就位和物质起源的空间差距,造山型金矿成因模式有以下两个主要观点.第一种为大陆地壳变质流体成因模式,认为造山型金矿形成于造山作用同变质阶段,并随岩石圈演化矿床的物质来源发生变化;富金流体的释放由上地壳岩石绿片岩相到角闪岩相的进变质作用导致,该过程中的黄铁矿向磁黄铁矿转变释放了大量的金,这种模式被广泛运用于赋存在绿片岩相中的显生宙造山型金矿.然而越来越多的实例证实造山型金矿主要形成于峰期变质的退变质阶段或者与区域变质没有任何关系,变质流体成因模式受到了强烈质疑;与大陆地壳变质模式相对立的是幔源流体模式,其认为流体起源于俯冲洋壳脱水或富集地幔再活化,不同时代和地区的成矿流体具有一致性;尽管该模式不符合传统的平衡条件下的相变原理,但是基于幔源流体的存在及其浅部运移的大量观测,初步认为成矿流体是在超临界和非平衡条件下完成了金属的幔→壳迁移.中国造山型金矿分布于江南造山带志留纪、天山-阿尔泰二叠纪、华北克拉通北缘三叠-侏罗纪、特提斯造山带二叠-侏罗纪、华南板块晚三叠世-侏罗纪、华北克拉通东南缘白垩纪、青藏高原及周缘古近纪等七大成矿带,主要受到了显生宙不同时代造山作用的控制,成矿时代晚于变质峰期,重要成矿带大型矿集区(胶东、哀牢山、扬子西缘)的实例解剖均支持幔源流体成因模式.     

青海东昆仑复合造山过程及典型造山型金矿地质

青海东昆仑是中国又一个重要的、极富潜力的金属成矿带.文章对区域地质构造环境与演化及典型金矿床地质特征进行了研究,并对区域金成矿作用进行了初步分析.结果表明,东昆仑是一个具有复杂演化历史的多旋回复合造山带,其中产出的金矿床不仅具有相似的基本地质特征,而且与早古生代和晚古生代-早中生代复合造山过程有密切的成因联系,并在产出构造环境、矿体特征、控矿构造、围岩蚀变、矿物组成和元素组合等方面与一般造山型金矿床极为相似,因此,应属典型的造山型金矿床.硫、铅同位素显示成矿物质为少量地幔与围岩地层混合的产物,金矿床主成矿时代对应于区域晚华力西-印支造山作用的晚期,流体不混溶是该区流体演化和成矿流体形成的重要机制.     

青藏高原碰撞造山带：I.主碰撞造山成矿作用

大陆碰撞与成矿作用是当代成矿学研究的重要前沿。与板块构造成矿作用研究相比,大陆碰撞造山带的成矿作用研究则明显薄弱。文章以青藏高原主碰撞带为对象,研究了印度—亚洲大陆主碰撞过程与区域成矿作用的耦合关系,并初步建立了主碰撞造山成矿模型。研究表明,印度—亚洲大陆主碰撞始于65Ma,延续至41Ma,形成了以藏南前陆冲断带、冈底斯主碰撞构造_岩浆带和藏北陆内褶皱_逆冲带为特征的青藏高原碰撞造山带主体。伴随陆_陆碰撞,在冈底斯带相继发育①壳源白云母花岗岩_钾质钙碱性花岗岩组合(66～50Ma)、② εNd花岗岩_辉长岩组合(52～47Ma)和③幔源玄武质次火山岩_辉绿岩脉组合(42Ma),以及大面积分布的巨厚(5000m)的林子宗火山岩系(65～43Ma),反映深部相继发生大陆碰撞和板片陡深俯冲(65～52Ma)→板片断离(52～42Ma)→板片低角度俯冲(<40Ma)等重要过程。在主碰撞期,初步识别出4个重要的成矿事件:①与壳源花岗岩有关的Sn、稀有金属成矿事件,在藏东滇西形成腾冲Sn、稀有金属矿集区;②与壳/幔花岗岩有关的Cu_Au_Mo成矿事件,在冈底斯南缘形成长达百余公里的Cu_Au矿化带;③与碰撞造山有关的剪切带型Au成矿事件,沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带分布,形成具有较大成矿潜力的Au矿化带;④与挤压抬升有关的Cu_Au成矿事件,形成以雄村大型铜金矿为代表的斑岩型/浅成低温复合型Cu_Au矿床。在综合研究基础上,初步建立了大陆主碰撞造山区域成矿模型。     

青藏高原碰撞造山带:Ⅰ.主碰撞造山成矿作用

大陆碰撞与成矿作用是当代成矿学研究的重要前沿。与板块构造成矿作用研究相比,大陆碰撞造山带的成矿作用研究则明显薄弱。文章以青藏高原主碰撞带为对象,研究了印度-亚洲大陆主碰撞过程与区域成矿作用的耦合关系,并初步建立了主碰撞造山成矿模型。研究表明,印度-亚洲大陆主碰撞始于65Ma,延续至41Ma,形成了以藏南前陆冲断带、冈底斯主碰撞构造-岩浆带和藏北陆内褶皱-逆冲带为特征的青藏高原碰撞造山带主体。伴随陆-陆碰撞,在冈底斯带相继发育①壳源白云母花岗岩-钾质钙碱性花岗岩组合（66-50Ma）、②＋εNd花岗岩-辉长岩组合（52-47Ma）和③幔源玄武质次火山岩-辉绿岩脉组合（42Ma）,以及大面积分布的巨厚（5000m）的林子宗火山岩系（65-43Ma）,反映深部相继发生大陆碰撞和板片陡深俯冲（65-52Ma）→板片断离（52-42Ma）→板片低角度俯冲（〈40Ma）等重要过程。在主碰撞期,初步识别出4个重要的成矿事件：①与壳源花岗岩有关的Sn、稀有金属成矿事件,在藏东滇西形成腾冲Sn、稀有金属矿集区;②与壳／幔花岗岩有关的Cu-AuMo成矿事件,在冈底斯南缘形成长达百余公里的Cu-Au矿化带;③与碰撞造山有关的剪切带型Au成矿事件,沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带分布,形成具有较大成矿潜力的A-u矿化带;④与挤压抬升有关的Cu-Au成矿事件,形成以雄村大型铜金矿为代表的斑岩型／浅成低温复合型Cu-Au矿床。在综合研究基础上,初步建立了大陆主碰撞造山区域成矿模型。     

黔东南浅变质碎屑岩中金矿属于造山型金矿的证据

经与国内外造山型金矿成矿环境基本属性的类比,首次提出了黔东南地区新元古界浅变质岩系中的金矿可能属于造山型金矿,并处于造山型金矿床地壳连续模式中的浅成带、低绿片岩相的区域地质环境中。其主要依据有以下9个方面:①整体处于陆内碰撞型造山带的外带;②深部构造处于上地壳的幔坡带及幔坳区的过渡带;③容矿岩石变质程度较低,为低绿片岩相;④各级别成矿单元受不同级序构造逐级控制;⑤所见金矿一般受控于脆性剪切带,个别受控于脆-韧性剪切带;⑥金矿定位于造山型金矿床地壳连续模式中的浅成带、低绿片岩相的区域,主要为Au单元素富集成矿;⑦单个矿床内成矿元素具垂直分带弱、侧向分带较明显变化特征;⑧含矿流体一般具有富CO2、低盐度等特点;⑨金矿成矿作用期与加里东期变质作用同步或略为滞后。     

冀东地区金矿床类型及其地质特征

冀东地区是我国重要的金矿床密集区之一.根据金矿床形成的地质环境和后期的活化改造作用特征,将本区金矿床划分为两大系列、五大类型,两大系列为以太古宙花岗岩-绿岩带为容矿岩的金矿床系列和以中新元古界碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩为容矿岩的金矿床系列.以太古宙花岗岩-绿岩带为容矿岩的金矿床系列又划分为绿岩带同构造期初生型金矿床和绿岩带后构造期与中生代壳源深熔花岗岩有关的再生型金矿床.以中新元古界碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩为容矿岩的金矿床系列再细分为与造山带岩浆隐爆作用有关的金矿床,与造山带碰撞型壳源深熔花岗岩有关的金矿床和与造山带伸展构造作用有关的金矿床.同时分别叙述了冀东地区各类金矿床的地质特征.     

The Kiloton Class Jiaojia Gold Deposit in Eastern Shandong Province and Its Genesis

The recent deep prospecting results in the Jiaojia area of Eastern Shandong Province indicate that the Jiaojia ore field composed of several individual gold deposits as previously suggested is actually an ultra-large gold deposit. This deposit covers an area of ~40 km2, and shows a structural control by the Jiaojia fault and its secondary faults. Gold orebodies generally occur along the same mineralization-alteration belt, and the main orebodies intersect with each other or exhibit a parallel or overlapping distribution. This deposit's reserves are estimated to be 1, 200t of gold, being the first gold deposit of more than 1000t gold reserves in China. The No. I-1 orebody in the Shaling-deep Sizhuang ore blocks holds gold reserves greater than 350 t, or 29 percent of the total reserves, followed by the No. I orebody in Matang-Jiaojia ore blocks with exceeding 150t gold reserves. This deposit mainly occurs in the footwall of the Jiaojia fault, and presents zoned patterns in mineralization, alteration and structures. The strongly mineralized zones agree with strongly altered and tectonically fractured zones. These orebodies display strataform-like, veinlike or lenticular shapes, and generally show characteristics of pinching out and reappearing, branching and converging, expanding and shrinking. The orebodies commonly occur along positions where the fault strike changes and in gentle locations with dips changing from steep to gentle. The main orebodies are parallel to the main plane of the orecontrolling fault, and tend to be gentle from the surface to the deep. The orebodies mainly plunge to the southwest, with plunge angle of 45°–60°. Orebodies near the main plane of the ore-controlling fault have more gold resource than those away from main fault zone. The slant depth of orebodies is generally larger than the length along its strike direction; orebodies become thick and gold grades become low from the shallow area to the deep area. Ore-forming fluids are H2O-CO2-NaCl±CH4 type with medium-temperature and moderate to low salinity. Sulfur isotopic values(δ34SCDT) for gold ores range between 11.08‰ and 12.58‰, indicating mixed sulfur sources; hydrogen isotopic values(δDVSMOW) range from-83.68‰ to-116.95‰ and oxygen isotopic values(δ18OV-SMOW) range between 12.04‰ and 16.28‰. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopes suggest that ore-forming fluids originated from primary magma, and mixing with a large amount of atmospheric water during the late stage. The Eastern Shandong Province gold deposits are associated with magmatic activities which have mantlecrust-mixed source, and also share some similarities with orgenic and epithermal hydrothermal gold deposits. Because Eastern Shandong Province gold deposits with unique metallogenic features and formation setting which are different from other gold deposit types in the world, we call it the Jiaojiatype gold deposits. The kiloton class Jiaojia gold deposit is related to fluid activities, extension and detachment resulted from thermal upwelling of magmas. The strong magmatic activities in the middle to late stage of early Cretaceous in Eastern Shandong Province lead to active fluids, and provided abundant ore-forming materials for gold depsoits. Moreover, many extensional structures resulting from crustal extension provided favourable space for orebody positioning.     

大瑶山加里东造山带中部与斑岩相关金矿床的特殊 性及构造环境对其制约作用-以大王顶金矿床为例

[摘 要] 广西大瑶山加里东造山带发育的金矿床既具有造山带型矿床的特征,同时又与花岗斑岩 密切相关。位于大瑶山金矿带中部的湾岛矿田的大王顶金矿就是这类金矿床的典型代表之一。本文通 过调查大王顶金矿床的特征以及成矿花岗斑岩体中金的富集分布规律,剖析了加里东褶皱造山变形以 及花岗斑岩对金成矿的控制作用。由于大瑶山加里东造山带所处的特殊的构造环境,造山晚期所形成 的I 型花岗斑岩体在金的成矿中起着重要的作用,但金矿脉的容矿空间的形成却主要还是构造作用的 结果。     

胶东地区夏甸金矿床构造蚀变带元素质量迁移与Au沉淀关系研究

夏甸金矿床是胶东招平断裂带内典型金矿床之一,金成矿作用与围岩蚀变关系密切。根据岩石结构构造和蚀变矿物含量,将夏甸金矿床围岩蚀变依次划分为：断层泥带、黄铁绢英质碎裂岩带、弱碎裂化糜棱岩带、碎裂化黄铁绢英质花岗岩带、碎裂化花岗岩带和正长花岗质碎裂岩带。通过对蚀变带蚀变矿物含量和Au含量分析,认为黄铁绢英质碎裂岩带是主要Au赋存带。选择相对蚀变较弱的X652-550-9样品为标准样,Y元素为守恒元素对黄铁娟英质碎裂岩带进行元素相对迁移量计算。分析结果表明,SiO2、Al2O3、Na2O和K2O迁移量较小,而LOI、MnO、P2O5、TiO2和MgO整体具有迁出的趋势;活泼元素（Au）在靠近主断裂F1迁移量较小,而靠近F2断裂迁入量显著提高,说明流体具有沿着主断层带（F1）对斜长花岗岩进行改造的特征,并且在整个黄铁绢英质碎裂岩带内各元素基本达到均一化,显示流体对围岩改造强烈,这与胶东地区大规模金成矿这一事实相吻合。     

青海东昆仑造山型金矿硫、铅同位素地球化学

对青海东昆仑地区典型金矿床基本地质特征及岩(矿)石S、Pb同位素地球化学进行了研究,认为矿床具有相似的地质-地球化学特征,并与这里的造山过程有密切的成因联系,为典型的造山型金矿床;硫化物S同位素组成变化较大且出现两个峰值,塔式分布效应明显;Pb同位素组成分布集中、比值较高且矿床围岩与矿石的Pb同位素组成十分接近,反映硫、铅等成矿物质主要来自围岩地层;晚古生代-早中生代强烈的俯冲与碰撞作用产生了深断裂、大型剪切带及次一级的褶皱和断裂-裂隙控矿构造,并诱发了流体成矿作用,从而导致区内数个大中型金矿床和矿点的形成与规律性分布.     

东秦岭五朵山花岗岩体及金矿关系探讨

对产在五朵山花岗岩中的矿床（点）的地质背景、矿床特征、成矿流体及矿床成因等方面作了系统的研究。提出了断裂构造对成矿的主要控制作用,它起着沟通深部与浅部的作用,并使深部的含金流体沿断裂破碎带上升、沉淀而成矿。花岗岩与金矿的关系不是直接的,而是间接的。这一规律对寻找同类型的金矿有重要的指导意义。     

The Ore-forming Fluid of the Gold Deposits of Muru Gold Belt in Eastern Shandong, China - a Case Study of Denggezhuang Gold Deposit

Abstract. Denggezhuang gold deposit is an epithermal gold‐quartz vein deposit in northern Muru gold belt, eastern Shandong, China. The deposit occurs in the NNE‐striking faults within the Mesozoic granite. The deposit consists of four major veins with a general NNE‐strike. Based on crosscutting relationships and mineral parageneses, the veins appear to have been formed during the same mineralization epochs, and are further divided into three stages: (1) massive barren quartz veins; (2) quartz‐sulfides veins; (3) late, pure quartz or calcite veinlets. Most gold mineralization is associated with the second stage. The early stage is characterized by quartz, and small amounts of ore minerals (pyrite), the second stage is characterized by large amounts of ore minerals. Fluid inclusions in vein quartz contain C‐H‐O fluids of variable compositions. Three main types of fluid inclusions are recognized at room temperature: type I, two‐phase, aqueous vapor and an aqueous liquid phase (L+V); type II, aqueous‐carbonic inclusions, a CC₂‐liquid with/without vapor and aqueous liquid (LCO₂+VCC₂+Laq.); type III, mono‐phase aqueous liquid (Laq.). Data from fluid inclusion distribution, microthermometry, and gas analysis indicate that fluids associated with Au mineralized quartz veins (stage 2) have moderate salinity ranging from 1.91 to 16.43 wt% NaCl equivalent (modeled salinity around 8–10 wt% NaCl equiv.). These veins formatted at temperatures from 80d? to 280d?C. Fluids associated with barren quartz veins (stage 3) have a low salinity of about 1.91 to 2.57 wt% NaCl equivalent and lower temperature. There is evidence of fluid immiscibility and boiling in ore‐forming stages. Stable isotope analyses of quartz indicate that the veins were deposited by waters with δ^O and δD values ranging from those of magmatic water to typical meteoric water. The gold metallogenesis of Muru gold belt has no relationship with the granite, and formed during the late stage of the crust thinning of North China.