天津临港工业区周围海域生物体内滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)残留

采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对2009年4月从天津临港工业区周围海域获得的生物样品进行了测试,研究了该区生物体内DDTs和HCHs含量及分布特征.结果表明,该海域生物体中DDTs的含量相对较高,范围为1.15～25.79 ng.g-1(湿质量),HCHs含量较低,范围为0～7.86 ng.g-1(湿质量).异...     

浙江沿岸海域经济贝类中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的残留分布与污染评价

对2006年6月和2007年6月采集于浙江沿岸海域12个站位的5种经济贝类样品,采用气相色谱(GC)方法,进行了有机氯农药(HCHs和DDTs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)残留量的检测,分析了不同种类贝类中HCHs、DDTs和PCBs异构体组分特征,探讨了浙江沿岸海域HCHs、DDTs和PCBs残留分布状况、年际变化趋势和DDTs的来源,并与厦门岛东部等5个主要沿海海域进行了污染物残留量的比较。结果表明:(1)调查区各海域贝类中的HCHs、DDTs和PCBs残留量(湿质量)分别为:(ND~7.86)×10-9,(0.72~281.73)×10-9,(ND~97.95)×10-9;残留量(湿质量)平均值分别为:1.50×10-9,33.65×10-9,19.56×10-9。调查区各海域所有贝类中的HCHs残留量,均符合国家一类生物质量标准,DDTs残留量仅在四角蛤蜊中符合国家一类生物质量标准,在其余4种贝类中仅符合国家二类生物质量标准。DDTs残留量平均值明显高于HCHs和PCBs,因此可以将DDTs视为调查区各海域典型的有机氯污染物。(2)在HCHs和DDTs组分中,分别以-αHCH和P,P-′DDT占优势;在PCBs中,以含4~7个氯原子的PCB占主要优势,调查区部分海域有新的HCHs和DDTs污染源。(3)自2006年6月至2007年6月,HCHs和PCBs残留量总体呈下降趋势,而DDTs残留量则呈上升趋势,不同海域的有机氯残留量有较明显差异。DDTs的污染源与农业生产中三氯杀螨醇的使用有关。(4)与厦门岛东部等5个主要沿海地区相比,浙江沿岸海域经济贝类有机氯污染物中,HCHs残留量仍处于较低水平,DDTs残留量处于中等水平,PCBs残留量则处于较高水平。     

一种能源微藻IOAC689S的筛选和优化培养

利用氯仿-甲醇(2:1)提取和气相色谱技术,对采集自渤海、黄海,东海、南海海域以及实验室现有的海洋微藻进行了总脂和脂肪酸检测,从中筛选到一株高产油微藻 IOAC689S,其油脂含量在快速生长阶段达到37.5%,其中可作为生物柴油开发的18C以下脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的91.03%.通过对其ITS和5.8S rDNA全序列进行...     

桑沟湾经济贝类有机氯农药和多氯联苯残留水平及分布特征

采用气相色谱法定量测定了桑沟湾海域2009年4月-2009年12月的经济贝类中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的残留量。结果显示：该海域贝类中 HCHs 为 N.D.~2.04×10-9,均值为0.30×10-9; DDTs 为(0.13~3.36)×10-9,均值为0.97×10-9;PCBs为(0.01~3.20)×10-9,均值为0.59×10-9,有机氯物质含量均低于相关国家标准值,符合食用安全要求。经济贝类中的有机氯农药的组分特征为HCHs中b-HCH占优势, DDTs中p, p′-DDT占相对优势; PCBs中多为5~7个氯原子。与北海等6个海域相比,桑沟湾海域经济贝类有机氯污染物中, HCHs、DDTs和PCBs的残留量都处于中等水平。     

唐山和秦皇岛近岸海域贝类体内PAHs含量与健康风险

为了评估唐山、秦皇岛近岸海域贝类体中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染水平及其健康风险,于2010年10月采集了唐山、秦皇岛近岸海域贝类样品。利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法检测贝类体中PAHs含量,运用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价方法评价其健康风险程度。结果表明,贝类生物体中PAHs含量范围为17.27~331.96 ng·g-1,平均值为117.19 ng·g-1,4-5环PAHs含量比例较高。苯并[a]芘(BaP)毒性当量浓度为0.25~169.99 ng·g-1。秦皇岛近岸海域贝类产品中PAHs的致癌风险指数为1.09×10-4~2.83×10-4,高于USEPA建议的可接受致癌风险指数(10-4),存在一定致癌风险;唐山近岸海域贝类体内PAHs致癌风险指数均在可接受致癌风险之内。     

厦门海域游泳生物的时空分布特征

根据2007～2008年间在厦门海域开展的游泳生物周年季节调查数据,分析了厦门海域游泳生物种类组成、数量分布特征和季节变化,结果表明,厦门海域游泳生物种类236种,其中鱼类153种（软骨鱼类11种,硬骨鱼类142种）,隶属于16目61科108属;甲壳类71种,隶属于3目21科35属;头足类12种,隶属于3目4科5属12种.游泳生物平均密度指数为1 337ind/（网.h）,平均生物量指数为19.560 kg/（网.h）.生物量优势种为叫姑鱼（Johnius belengerii）,密度优势种为鹿斑鲾（Leiognathus ruconius）.游泳生物生物量指数的季节变化为夏季〉冬季〉秋季〉春季,密度指数的季节变化为夏季〉秋季〉春季〉冬季.同时对厦门海域游泳生物多样性特征进行分析表明,不同海域生物多样性变化特征存在明显差异,多样性指数（H＇）由东向西逐步递减,即大嶝海域〉东部海域〉九龙江口及厦门港海域〉同安海域〉厦门西港海域.并讨论了多样性特征和主要优势种的区域分布特征,结果表明,受河口区复杂环境条件的影响,该海域游泳生物季节群聚优势种较为明显.游泳生物多样性特征的变化是由于各季节主要种类的优势度不同引起的.     

高分子量烃在海洋油气地球化学探测中的应用

高分子量烃主要包括饱和烃和不饱和烃两大类,是石油的主要组成部分。用于海底沉积物高分子量烃测量的主要方法有全萃取气相色谱、全扫描荧光和气相色谱/质谱或气相色谱/质谱/质谱等。全萃取气相色谱能够给出总萃取有机物、不溶复杂化合物、总链烃的量,指示热成因和新近有机物的贡献;全扫描荧光能够给出最大荧光强度、最大发射波长、最大激发波长、R值和指纹图形状等信息,不仅能够指示热成因烃和新近有机物的贡献,而且能够指示油气属性和含油气性;气相色谱/质谱或气相色谱/质谱/质谱测量海底沉积物中生物标志物组成特征,识别海底烃类渗漏的存在,给出渗漏烃源区源岩特征、热成熟度、成烃时代以及油质等信息。     

我国几种常见润滑油的指纹分析

采用气相色谱／质谱方法（GC／MS）对7种常见润滑油中的生物标志化合物（正构烷烃、姥鲛烷、植烷、甾烷、萜烷、多环芳烃）进行定性分析,并基于其生物标志化舍物指纹信息进行了多元统计分析。结果表明,润滑油的气相色谱图中不可分辨的混合物（UCM）具有明显优势;润滑油中含有丰富的甾、萜烷类稠环生物标志化合物,仅含有非常少量的饱和...     

海洋溢油鉴别前处理技术比较研究

针对目前海洋溢油样品的吸附色谱柱预分离前处理技术,比较了不同前处理方法得到的溢油样品中烃类化合物、生物标志物、金刚烷类化合物和多环芳烃类化合物的气相色谱／气相色谱质谱指纹图谱。就溢油样品吸附色谱柱预分离技术的优缺点进行了详细总结和讨论,并为溢油来源的快速、准确鉴别提出了建议。     

长江口区初级生产力的研究

许多研究表明,河口海区具有其独特的生态特征。径流携带大量陆源物质入海,丰富了海域中的营养盐类资源,促进了海洋生物的生长繁殖。长江年径流量约为9.25×1011m3,其径流量随季节而变化,造成了长江口水环境的复杂性,从而对生物的组成、现存量和生产力等都产生明显影响。浮游植物是食物链中的初级生产者,其生产力直接或间接地影响水域中其他生物的生产力。关于长江口的初级生产力迄今尚未见报道。为此,于1985年8月至1986年10月对长江口海域进行了逐月调查,根据各月的叶绿素含量和在各特征海区中实测的光合作用碳同化数估算出初级生产力,并结合同时调查所取得的各项环境因子的动态,进行综合分析，旨在了解本海域的生物生产潜力,为合理利用长江口及其附近海域的海洋生物资源提供依据。     

Hydrocarbon traces in the Tertiary basalts of the Faeroe Islands

Hydrocarbons in the form of gases, oils and waxes have been observed in the basalts of the Faeroe Islands in the North Atlantic. Gases and traces of oil were observed in the outflowing water of the deep Lopra-1 well drilled in 1981. The hydrocarbon gas was fairly dry, with stable isotopic ratios of δ¹³C₁₋₃=−41.4; −32.4; −26.5% respectively, typical of a thermogenic gas. High temperature gas chromatography of the oil showed that it consisted mostly of C₁₃₋₆₀ n-alkanes. Biomarker distribution observed by GC-MS indicates that the oil was derived from a mature source rock deposited in an anoxic environment; this suggests that the source rock must lie beneath the known basalts.Waxes exhibiting bright yellow fluorescence under UV light were observed as coatings on zeolite minerals widely distributed on the Faeroe Islands. The waxes consist predominantly of higher n-alkanes shown by HTGC. The fluorescence indicates the presence of aromatic compounds. Biomarker distribution indicated that the waxes were derived at least in part from a source rock containing some terrestrial organic matter astestified by the low amounts of oleanane present. The waxes were probably deposited from traces of oil present in deeply circulating waters in fractures within the basalts.Coals which had been suspected to generate some of the hydrocarbons observed in the Faeroese basalts were also examined. Vitrinite values of R_o=0.5% as well as GC-MS analyses of the Suduroy coal extracts showed that these coals are immature and have not generated significant hydrocarbons.     

Gas hydrate characterization and grain-scale imaging of recovered cores from the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope

Using cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (CSEM), powder X-ray diffraction, and gas chromatography methods, we investigated the physical states, grain characteristics, gas composition, and methane isotopic composition of two gas-hydrate-bearing sections of core recovered from the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well situated on the Alaska North Slope. The well was continuously cored from 606.5 m to 760.1 m depth, and sections investigated here were retrieved from 619.9 m and 661.0 m depth. X-ray analysis and imaging of the sediment phase in both sections shows it consists of a predominantly fine-grained and well-sorted quartz sand with lesser amounts of feldspar, muscovite, and minor clays. Cryogenic SEM shows the gas-hydrate phase forming primarily as a pore-filling material between the sediment grains at approximately 70-75% saturation, and more sporadically as thin veins typically several tens of microns in diameter. Pore throat diameters vary, but commonly range 20-120 microns. Gas chromatography analyses of the hydrate-forming gas show that it is comprised of mainly methane (>99.9%), indicating that the gas hydrate is structure I. Here we report on the distribution and articulation of the gas-hydrate phase within the cores, the grain morphology of the hydrate, the composition of the sediment host, and the composition of the hydrate-forming gas.     

Multiple seismic attribute analyses for determination of bottom simulating reflector of gas hydrate seismic data in the Ulleung Basin of Korea

The bottom simulating reflector (BSR), the boundary between the gas hydrate and the free gas zone, is considered to be the most common evidence in seismic data analysis for gas hydrate exploration. Multiple seismic attribute analyses of reflectivity and acoustic impedance from the post-stack deconvolution and complex analysis of instantaneous attribute properties including the amplitude envelope, instantaneous frequency, phase, and first derivative of the amplitude of seismic data have been used to effectively confirm the existence of a BSR as the base of gas hydrate stability zone. In this paper, we consider individual seismic attribute analysis and integrate the results of those attributes to locate the position of the BSR. The outputs from conventional seismic data processing of the gas hydrate data set in the Ulleung Basin were used as inputs for multiple analyses. Applying multiple attribute analyses to the individual seismic traces showed that the identical anomalies found in two-way travel time (TWT) between 3.1 and 3.2 s from the results of complex analyses and l ₁ norm deconvolution indicated the location of the BSR.     

甾醇在海洋微藻中的分布研究

对29种(株)海洋微藻进行不充气培养,用Bligh-Dyer法提取总脂,皂化后氯仿和正己烷(体积比为1:4)提取甾醇,BSTFA衍生后用岛津QP2010气相色谱-质谱分析仪进行GC/MS分析.从29种海洋微藻中共检测到47种甾类化合物,鉴定出36种甾醇和一种甾酮.其中,4位无甲基Δ5甾醇在所有的微藻中均有分布,一些高等生物中常见的甾醇如胆甾醇、菜子甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇、谷甾醇和褐藻中常见的岩藻甾醇等,在微藻中均有广泛的分布.相对而言,4位无甲基5位饱和甾(烷)醇、4-甲基甾(烷)醇和双羟基甾醇的分布则相对较少,其中许多甾醇如甲藻甾醇、巴夫甾醇、C_27:2(Δ5,22/24Me)和C_28:3(Δ5,7,22/24Me)等,只在一种藻或同一纲的微藻中被检测到,可以作为对应微藻或对应纲微藻的特征甾醇.认为海洋微藻甾醇的研究可以为海洋微藻化学分类学及饵料营养学研究提供重要参考依据.     

南海台西南盆地天然气水合物区沉积物的地球化学和微生物特征分析

The Taixinan Basin is one of the most potential gas hydrate bearing areas in the South China Sea and abundant gas hydrates have been discovered during expedition in 2013. In this study, geochemical and microbial methods are combinedly used to characterize the sediments from a shallow piston Core DH_CL_11(gas hydrate free) and a gas hydrate-bearing drilling Core GMGS2-16 in this basin. Geochemical analyses indicate that anaerobic oxidation of methane(AOM) which is speculated to be linked to the ongoing gas hydrate dissociation is taking place in Core DH_CL_11 at deep. For Core GMGS2-16, AOM related to past episodes of methane seepage are suggested to dominate during its diagenetic process; while the relatively enriched δ18O bulk-sediment values indicate that methane involved in AOM might be released from the "episodic dissociation" of gas hydrate.Microbial analyses indicate that the predominant phyla in the bacterial communities are Firmicutes and Proteobacteria(Gammaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria), while the dominant taxa in the archaeal communities are Marine_Benthic_Group_B(MBGB), Halobacteria, Thermoplasmata, Methanobacteria,Methanomicrobia, Group C3 and MCG. Under parallel experimental operations, comparable dominant members(Firmicutes and MBGB) are found in the piston Core DH_CL_11 and the near surface layer of the long drilling Core GMGS2-16. Moreover, these members have been found predominant in other known gas hydrate bearing cores, and the dominant of MBGB has even been found significantly related to gas hydrate occurrence. Therefore,a high possibility for the existing of gas hydrate underlying Core DH_CL_11 is inferred, which is consistent with the geochemical analyses. In all, combined geochemical and microbiological analyses are more informative in characterizing sediments from gas hydrate-associated areas in the South China Sea.     

Distribution of moretene, sterere, fernene, hopene and dienoic carboxylic acid in marine sediments in sea area of the Southern Ocean

The soluble organic matters were extracted from marine sediments in the sea area of Southern Ocean by using organic solvents. The hydrocarbon and carboxylic acid fractions were separated with the thin layer chromatography. The organic compounds of 170(H), 21α(H)- bishomomoretene, cholest - 5 - ene, 24 - methyl - cholestene, 24 - ethylcholestene, hop-17(21)-ene, neohop - 13(18)-ene, fern-8-ene, fern-7-ene, 170(H), 210 (H) - hop - 22(29)-ene (diplotene), steranes, β, β-hopanes C29 -C31 and unsaturated carboxylic acids C18:2Δ9.12 , C18:1Δ9,C18:1Δ11 , have been identi-fied in the hydrocarbon and carboxylic acid fractions by means of gas chromatography and gas chromatography - mass spec-trometry - data system. The distributions of 3, a - bishomomoretene, β,β- hopene and β,β- hopane are characteristic of immature organic matter. The sterane, C29 20S/20R epimer ratio 0. 6 indicate that the organic matter had experienced a thermal evolution in the early sedimentation. The unsaturated fatty acids espec     

水环境及水产品中汞的测定与形态分析进展

概要总结了世界各地对水环境及水产品中汞的测定与形态分析的研究成果,涵盖样品采集、储存、传递与处理,各种色谱(薄层色谱、气相色谱、液相色谱、电色谱和离子色谱)分离分析方法及其联用技术,以及分光光度法、电化学法、原子吸收光谱和原子荧光光谱的应用等。并对未来发展提出了改进建议。     

Origins of heavy oils in the Erlian Basin, ne China

The Erlian Basin is located in the Central Asia-Mongolian fold belt between the Siberian and Sino-Korean Cratons. It is a Mesozoic continental rift basin composed of 52 individual fault-depressions. The main phase of rifting took place during the Early Cretaceous when a series of fluvial-lacustrine sediments were deposited. Each depression forms an independent sedimentary system and behaves as an independent petroleum system. Hydrocarbon source rocks are found in the upper Arshan and lower Tengger Formations. These are mainly type II source rocks and are mainly located in oil generation window at the present day. A series of oilfields and commercial oil flows have been found in the basin, highlighting its good petroleum potential. Many of these oils are heavy.Six oil samples from the Anan and ten from the Jirgalangtu Depressions have been subjected to routine geochemical analytical techniques in order to evaluate the origins. The methods used include gas chromatography of the saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions, gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction and stable carbon isotope analyses. The trace metal elements of the biodegraded oils from the Jirgalangtu Depression were also analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy.Two types of heavy oils : primary and biodegraded were identified on the basis of these data. The former includes both immature and mature heavy oils. A filtering-and-spill process was proposed to explain the origin of primary mature heavy oils (or tar-mat) in the Anan Depression. The biodegraded oils from the Jirgalangtu Depression were ranked and classified in terms of the degree of biodegradation, using a series of geochemical parameters based on the gas chromatographic concentrations and biomarker fingerprints of gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction. The relationship between oil saturation and porosity indicates that the heavy oils in the Jirgalangtu Depression were biodegraded after they accumulated.     

The characteristics of gas hydrates recovered from the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope

Systematic analyses have been carried out on two gas hydrate-bearing sediment core samples, HYPV4, which was preserved by CH₄ gas pressurization, and HYLN7, which was preserved in liquid-nitrogen, recovered from the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Stratigraphic Test Well. Gas hydrate in the studied core samples was found by observation to have developed in sediment pores, and the distribution of hydrate saturation in the cores imply that gas hydrate had experienced stepwise dissociation before it was stabilized by either liquid nitrogen or pressurizing gas. The gas hydrates were determined to be structure Type I hydrate with hydration numbers of approximately 6.1 by instrumentation methods such as powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and solid state ¹³C NMR. The hydrate gas composition was predominantly methane, and isotopic analysis showed that the methane was of thermogenic origin (mean δ¹³C = −48.6‰ and δ_D = −248‰ for sample HYLN7). Isotopic analysis of methane from sample HYPV4 revealed secondary hydrate formation from the pressurizing methane gas during storage.     

Aliphatic hydrocarbons in Great Barrier Reef organisms and environment

This investigation was undertaken to assess the chemical nature, occurrence, and possible origin of petroleum hydrocarbons in the Great Barrier Reef ecosystem. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments, water, and a suite of seven species from widely separated coral reefs in the Great Barrier Reef area were analysed by gas chromatography, and by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The hydrocarbons found were substantially of biogenic origin. The major components were n-pentadecane, n-heptadecane, pristane and mono-alkenes based on heptadecane, and were believed to originate from benthic algae and phytoplankton. There was no evidence to suggest that lipid content had any influence on hydrocarbon content. Hydrocarbons from the organisms and sediments have characteristic composition patterns which would be altered by the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons. An unresolved complex mixture, usually considered indicative of petroleum contamination, was found in greater than trace amounts only in Holothuria (sea cucumber) and Acropora (coral) from the Capricorn Group, and in some sediment samples from the Capricorn Group and Lizard Island area.