Discrimination of Nuclear Explosions against Civilian Sources Based on Atmospheric Xenon Isotopic Activity Ratios

A global monitoring system for atmospheric xenon radioactivity is being established as part of the International Monitoring System that will verify compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) once the treaty has entered into force. This paper studies isotopic activity ratios to support the interpretation of observed atmospheric concentrations of ¹³⁵Xe, ^133mXe, ¹³³Xe and ^131mXe. The goal is to distinguish nuclear explosion sources from civilian releases. Simulations of nuclear explosions and reactors, empirical data for both test and reactor releases as well as observations by measurement stations of the International Noble Gas Experiment (INGE) are used to provide a proof of concept for the isotopic ratio based method for source discrimination.     

Isotopic Characterization of Radioiodine and Radioxenon in Releases from Underground Nuclear Explosions with Various Degrees of Fractionation

Both radioxenon and radioiodine are possible indicators for a nuclear explosion. Therefore, they will be, together with other relevant radionuclides, globally monitored by the International Monitoring System in order to verify compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty once the treaty has entered into force. This paper studies the temporal development of radioxenon and radioiodine activities with two different assumptions on fractionation during the release from an underground test. In the first case, only the noble gases are released, in the second case, radioiodine is released as well while the precursors remain underground. For the second case, the simulated curves of activity ratios are compared to prompt and delayed atmospheric radioactivity releases from underground nuclear tests at Nevada as a function of the time of atmospheric air sampling for concentration measurements of ¹³⁵I, ¹³³I and ¹³¹I. In addition, the effect of both fractionation cases on the isotopic activity ratios is shown in the four-isotope-plot (with ¹³⁵Xe, ^133mXe, ¹³³Xe and ^131mXe) that can be utilized for distinguishing nuclear explosion sources from civilian releases.     

Discrimination Between Nuclear Explosions and Earthquakes: An Application of Wigner Distribution

In this paper,the nonstationary theory of Wigner Distribution is used to discriminate between underground nuclear explosions and natural earthquakes.Five underground explosions in Kazakhstan region and seven regional earthquakes in its adjacent areas have been analyzed.The result shows that the transient spectra of underground nuclear explosions are concentrated in the frequency range of 5-10 Hz,while the transient spectra of natural earthquakes are distributed widely from lower frequency to higher frequency.The transient frequency of nuclear explosions shows linearity in the first stage(0相似文献   

地震与核爆识别的小波包分量比方法

频谱分析法在核爆与地震识别中具有广泛的应用．但是频谱分析方法是稳态方法,即使采用Gabor变换,也因时-频窗口形状不变而分辨串较低．为提高时-频分辨率,本文将小波变换理论用于乌鲁木齐台记录的地震与核爆事件的分析,并提出了识别核爆和天然地震的小波包分量比判据．通过对加拿大黄刀地震台记录的印度地下核爆的分析,进一步验证了小波包分量比判据对核爆和地震的识别具有较高的识别效率．结果表明：对于地震信号,其小波包分量比U03/U1一般都大于1.0,而对于核爆信号,比值U03／U13一般都小于1.0.     

Dependence of Atmospheric Transparency Variations on Solar Activity

The atmospheric spectral transparency variations at 344 nm and 369 nm, averaged at eight Soviet stations between 69°N and 55°N, have been compared with sunspot numbers, or Wolf numbers (WN). The data were taken for the seasonal interval May-August during the period 1972 – 1989. Good negative correlations –0.76 and –0.82 have been found. The correlation coefficient between aerosol extinction at 344 nm and WN is equal to +0.75. Insignificant correlation is found for the transparency variations at 344 nm for stations situated to the south of latitude 50°. The best correlation with WN for both transparency and aerosol extinction at northern stations occurs for the shift of WN ahead of the optical parameters by 6 months. The connection of transparency with cosmic rays in Apatity is also examined. It displays a sign opposite to that for WN, smaller values of the correlation coefficient, and an improbable shift of transparency ahead of cosmic ray intensity. The relative changes of the transparency during a solar cycle can be evaluated at 10% in the ozone-free UVA region     

Isotropic and Nonisotropic Components of Earthquakes and Nuclear Explosions on the Lop Nor Test Site, China

—?We test the hypothesis that the existence of an observable non-zero isotropic component of seismic moment can be used as a discriminant to distinguish nuclear explosions from shallow earthquakes. We do this by applying the method described herein to a small set of data recorded between 1990 and 1996 following events (seven nuclear explosions, three earthquakes) that occurred on the Lop Nor test site in Western China. We represent each source as a sum of an isotropic component at the surface and a nonisotropic, double-couple component at an estimated depth. The explosions all possess a significant non-zero isotropic component and the estimated depth of the double-couple component of the moment tensor, presumably the result of tectonic release, lies between about 0 and 3?km. For the earthquakes studied, the isotropic component is indistinguishable from zero and the depths of the sources are estimated at 3, 17 and 31?km. The data set we have studied, although still very small, suggests that certain source characteristics (namely, double-couple depth and the ratio of the isotropic to nonisotropic components of seismic moment) may prove useful in discriminating explosions from shallow earthquakes. Further work is needed to determine whether these observations hold for explosions at other test sites, to investigate a much larger set of shallow earthquakes located in regions of interest, and to study the robustness of the estimated source parameters as source magnitude and the number of observing stations decrease.     

The Formation and Balance of the Atmospheric Precipitations,Surface Water,and Groundwater on the Southern Slopes of the Khibiny Massif (Based on Data on the Isotopic Composition of Oxygen and Hydrogen)

Water Resources - The δ2H and δ18O values of the atmospheric precipitations in the Khibins vary within the range –147 ≤ δ2H ≤ –37‰, –20 ≤...     

Thermal Bremsstrahlung of Local Sources Over Solar Spots Based on Microwave Observations

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The paper presents the results of a study of microwave thermal bremsstrahlung of local sources above sunspots. Special attention is paid to the transition from thermal...     

辽宁核电站温坨子厂址东岗断裂活动性研究

本文在综合地质、地貌、地形变、地震、物探和年代测定等资料的基础上，对东岗断裂的活动性进行了全面分析。所得结果表明，东岗断裂性在中更新世时期有过两期活动，但自晚更新世（１０万年）以来没有活动，故可鉴定为非能动性断裂。     

Separation of Potential Fields Generated by Different Sources Based on Modified S-Approximations

Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth - Abstract—The paper addresses issues related to constructing the analytical approximations of geopotential fields based on a modified method of...     

Estimation of Solar Activity Based on VHF Radar Data

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The index of integral solar activity F10.7 is one of the main input parameters of existing ionospheric models, including the model used at early-warning radar stations...     

利用垂直形变资料分析龙岗火山的活动性

首先分析了龙岗火山区及其附近20多年来5条水准路线所反映的垂直形变背景场情况,发现相对于长春基准点,长白山区东部和北部地区主要表现为大面积下沉运动,而龙岗火山区则表现为相对上升运动;然后分析了龙岗火山区主要隆起区垂直形变场变化以及剪切和张裂变形率变化,所得结果均反映了长抚线发生了较明显的活动;最后运用改进的Mogi模型,采用L曲线法反演了主要隆起区可能的压力源参数.结果表明,龙岗火山区岩浆的位置在42.1°N,126.5°E附近,与深地震测深研究结果近似.相对于长白山天池火山,压力源等效半径变化较大,达到183 m左右,源的深度在30 km左右,相对较深.     

基于多元数据的地基GNSS水汽观测对比分析

在“超大城市垂直综合气象观测技术研究及实验”中,利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的ERA Interim再分析数据集,对2018年北京观象台的地基导航卫星气象观测（GNSS/MET）、探空和微波辐射计观测的水汽总量（PWV）进行了对比分析,结果表明,3种观测和ECMWF模式分析具有较好的相关性,可以较好地监测北京水汽的变化。与ECMWF模式对比,GNSS/MET、探空和微波辐射计的偏差分别为0.54mm、1.94mm、-0.65mm,均方根误差分别为3.55mm、3.60mm、6.08mm;若以探空作为参考,GNSS/MET、ECMWF和微波辐射计的偏差分别为-1.39mm、-1.94mm、-2.58mm,均方根误差为2.85mm、3.59mm、6.79mm。由此可见GNSS/MET、探空和ECMWF模式分析的水汽具有较好的质量。从对比结果看,GNSS/MET在相关性、偏差和均方根误差方面均表现突出,和探空、ECMWF相当,而微波辐射计差别明显,均方根误差最大,但剔除雨日后,资料质量得到提高,表明微波辐射计资料的应用需要注意降水条件,反演算法需在今后进行改进。     

基于压缩感知的信号重建方法及在气枪震源信号处理中的应用

在气枪源探测过程中,由于各种干扰因素的影响,导致部分有效信号缺失或受随机干扰严重,为了重构出连续完整的数据,依据气枪源信号在傅里叶变换域中具有稀疏性的特点,构建了一种基于压缩感知(Compressive Sensing,简称CS)的缺失信号重建方法.首先进行数值模拟,并将该方法与传统的插值方法处理效果进行对比,对重建效...     

由地震活动参数分析安徽省新生代构造变形带现今活动习性与地震危险性

应用多个地震活动参数来判定断裂带分段落活动习性的方法,分析安徽省新生代构造变形带不同分段落的现今活动习性及地震危险性。研究结果表明：安徽省新生代构造变形带中存在着9个具有不同现今活动习性的分段落,其中,霍邱-风台、铜陵-宁国、明光-肥东3个段落现今活动习性处于较高应力背景下的相对闭锁状态．应属于有一定应变积累的潜在中强震危险段落：其它6个段落．现今活动习性处于中等或偏低应力背景下,以频繁或稀疏小震滑动为特征．未来复发中强以上地震的可能性较小。     

基于GEI方法对苏皖地区地电活动指数的可靠性研究

使用地电扰动幅度与静日变化幅值比的地电活动指数(GEI)计算方法,连续计算江苏、安徽两省6个地电场台站2018年第一季度的单台地电指数D、平均地电指数Ds。同时将地电指数D、Ds与单台地磁指数K、平均地磁指数K(即[K+0.5])对比得到:86.48%的指数D与指数K完全相同或仅相差1,89.44%的指数D s与指数完全相同或仅相差1。两类电、磁指数的高度吻合说明:(1)连续产出的地电指数是可靠的。(2)地电指数D、Ds可以量化界定地电场活动水平。极个别的地电指数D、Ds与地磁指数K、仍存在一定差异,这与地电场台站观测有关,提升地电场观测资料的质量能更好地确定地电指数。(3)地电指数与地磁指数相互弥补能更准确地确定地球电磁活动水平,其在相关的地球科学技术领域有广泛的应用前景。     

基于地热钻孔资料探讨北京黄庄-高丽营断裂的构造活动特征

根据地热深井的地层资料,绘制了横穿黄庄-高丽营断裂带的地质剖面图,对断裂带的深部构造特点进行了探讨。结合已有研究成果分析,发现黄庄-高丽营断裂曾经至少有过4次正、逆构造转换,具有反复震荡性。认为断裂的成因是区域板块开裂,后由于板块间的水平运动方向多次转变,形成拉张与挤压的反复转变,不断产生上盘的下降及逆冲运动,而呈现出构造活动的反复震荡特征,分析认为其断裂形成时代约在1.6～1.4亿年间的晚侏罗世(J_3)。后来岩体的活动产生局部挤压和抬升,使得南、北两端上盘活动受限,产生掀斜抬升现象;而中段断块的活动自由度相对更大,根据水准监测当前中段上盘平均每年下降3 mm左右。结合构造特征及历史地震结果分析,认为应当注重对断裂带两侧板块的水平运移状况加以监测。     

Statistical Correction of Mesoscale Variances of the Upper Atmospheric Temperature Based on Observations of the Night Hydroxyl Emission in Zvenigorod

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - Temporally coherent mesoscale perturbations of the rotational temperature of excited hydroxyl (OH*) are often used as an indicator of wave processes in the mesosphere...     

Analysis of Past Temperature Changes in Ice Layers and the Ocean Based on the Ratios of Argon,Krypton, and Xenon with Nitrogen

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - New research methods are being developed to get a broad picture of the temperature changes throughout the World Ocean. A permanent global network of oceanographic...     

2017年新疆精河MS6.6地震遥感大气温度变化特征分析

在中国地震台网中心2016年底利用热红外遥感技术预测2017年新疆西部地区为潜在M_S 6.6±0.2地震危险区的基础上,分析2017年8月9日精河M_S6.6地震临震时段引潮力变化,并选用18时（UTC）中国大陆近地表50m高度处的遥感大气温度数据,以震前引潮力值最高点时刻（8月1日）为时间背景,获取地震前后（8月2~13日）连续的大气温度日增量分布图像,跟踪分析精河M_S6.6地震短临大气温度变化。结果显示：地震发生在天体引潮力由高峰—低谷连续周期变化的低谷时段,而大气温度变化过程显示,在全国大范围内,仅震中附近大气温度升高明显,其异常演化经历了起始—加强—高峰—衰减—再增强—发震—平静的动态过程。增温过程与潮汐变化具有同步性,这表明引潮力对本次地震具有触诱发的作用,而大气温度变化反映了本次地震地应力的变化过程,也说明在地震预测实践中,从中、短临多时间尺度综合分析遥感大气温度和引潮力变化,将有助于提高地震预测能力。