Sedimentary cycles of trace elements in Salawusu River Valley since 150 ka BP

The paper makes some analyses on 11 trace elements in the Milanggouwan stratigraphical section in the Salawusu River valley, which is regarded as a prototype geology-palaeoclimate record since 150 ka BP. The results show that the content and variation of trace elements has experienced remarkably regular changes in the pace with coarse and fine sedimentary cycles of palaeo-aeolian sands to its overlying fluvio-lacustrine facies or/and palaeosols. The trace elements with chemical properties of relatively active (V, Sr, Cu, Ni, As) and relatively stable (P, Pb, Rb, Mn, Nb, Zr) are a manifestation of the corresponding 27 changeable cycles between peak and valley values, appearing a multi-fluctuational process line of relative gathering and migration since then. The low numerical value distribution of these two types of trace elements in the aeolian sand facies represents erosion and accumulation under wind force during the cold-dry climate. Whereas their enrichments in both fluvio-lacustrine facies and palaeosols are related to the valley’s special low-lying physiognomic position between the Ordos Plateau and the Loess Plateau under the warm and humid climate conditions. The above relatively migrated and gathered change of the trace elements is the result of 27 climatic cycles of cold-dry and warm-humid, which is probably caused by repeated alternations of winter monsoon and summer monsoon in the Mu Us Sandy Land influenced by the climate vicissitudes in northern hemisphere during glacial and interglacial periods since 150 ka BP.     

Grain-size cycles in Salawusu River valley since 150 ka BP

Situated at the southeast Mu Us Desert on the Ordos Plateau of China, the Salawusu River valley, contains abundant environmental vicissitude information of the East Asia Monsoon since Late Quaternary and serves as an excellent site for researches of sedimentology and climatology etc. As early as 1924, the French paleontologists Teilhard de Chardin et al. found the Upper-Pleistocene Salawusu Formation and drew an outline of the 搃deal section through the loessic lands of N and the SE co…     

Grain-size cycles in Salawusu River valley since 150 ka BP

The palaeo-mobile dune sands and fluvio-lacustrine facies with palaeosols in Milanggouwan stratigraphic section of the Salawusu River valley situated at the southeast of the Mu Us Desert experienced abundant remarkable alternative changes of coarse and fine rhythms in grainsize since 150 ka BP, and the grain-size parameters — Mz,σ, Sk, Kg and SC/D also respond to the situation of multi-fluctuational alternations between peak and valley values. Simultaneity the grainsize eigenvalues — Φ5, F16, Φ25, Φ50, Φ75, Φ84 and Φ95 are respondingly manifested as greatly cadent jumpiness. Hereby, the Milanggouwan section can be divided into 27 grain-size coarse and fine sedimentary cycles, which can be regarded as a real and integreted record of climate-geological process of desert vicissitude resulted from the alternative evolvement of the ancient winter and summer monsoons of East Asia since 150 ka BP.     

萨拉乌苏河流域150 ka BP以来的粒度旋回

萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾地层剖面150kaBP以来古流动砂丘砂与河湖相和古土壤在粒度上具有多次显著的粗细韵律交替变化，粒度参数-Mz、σ、Sk、Kg和SC/D亦随之响应为多波动峰谷交替的态势，同时，粒度特征值-φ5、φ16φ、φ25、φ50、φ84、φ9相应地表现为非常有节奏地跳动，据此，将米浪沟湾剖面划分为27个粒度粗细沉积旋回，并认为其是150kaBP以来在东亚冬夏古代季风交替影响下沙漠演变的一个颇为完整的气候-地质过程记录。     

150ka B.P.以来萨拉乌苏河流域的CaCO3旋回

以米浪沟湾地层剖面作为萨拉乌苏河流域的典型剖面，探讨了150kaB.P.以来的CaCO3含量分布与气候变化的关系。1）该剖面CaCO3含量及其低-高变化同古风成沙与上覆河湖相或古土壤构成的没积旋回呈现出明显的对应关系。与米浪沟湾剖面的沉积旋回一样，CaCO3在分布上相应地构成了27个含量高低变化旋回。2)CaCO3在风成沙中含量的分布比较稀散，0.8%-7.18%，平均值2.50%；在河湖相和古土壤中土壤中相对富集，2.20%-14.90%，平均值5.74%。从而揭示出其时两者的气候背景是不同的，前者是干旱寒冷气候作用下的风力的侵蚀、搬运与堆积的产物；而后者则与暖湿气候环境下萨拉乌苏河流域地处鄂尔多斯高原和黄土高原这间特殊的低洼地貌位置有关。气候暖湿，河湖沼泽发育、成土成壤作用增强，低洼的集水条件有利于CaCO3的聚集。3）导致米浪沟湾剖面CaCO3的多旋回相对稀钐与聚集的根本原因可能是150kaB.P.以来北半球冰期-间冰期气候波动影响下乌素沙漠冬夏季风的多次更迭所致。     

萨拉乌苏河流域MGS4层段记录的末次冰期早冰阶气候波动

萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾末次冰期早冰阶时期记录了5.5个由古沙丘砂与河流相、湖沼相构成的沉积旋回。对各沉积旋回的粒度及微量元素分析表明,河流相和湖沼相的平均粒径Mz、分选系数σ和SC/D的值明显高于古沙丘砂,河湖相中的微量元素Mn、P、Rb、Zr、V、Ni含量普遍较古沙丘砂含量高,而Ba、Co等则呈现相反的变化;这些气候代用指标的波动构成了与沉积旋回相对应的5.5个粒度及微量元素变化旋回,指示了该地末次冰期早冰阶至少经历了6次冷干和5次暖湿的气候波动,其中若干次气候回暖事件和冷干事件可与格陵兰冰芯和葫芦洞石笋等记录的D/O事件和Heinrich事件相对应。米浪沟湾剖面地层记录的千年尺度气候波动既是对东亚季风环流演变历史的体现,同时也是对全球气候变化的响应。     

巴丹吉林查格勒布剖面记录的150 ka BP以来的常量化学元素波动

 巴丹吉林沙漠查格勒布剖面150 ka BP以来存在25个由风成沙丘砂与黄土、古土壤、湖相和冲坡积砂土砾石层构成的沉积旋回。剖面常量化学元素分析显示:湖相、黄土和古土壤中的Al2O3、Fe2O3+FeO、CaO、MgO、K2O、Na2O和TiO含量基本上高于风成沙丘砂,而SiO2则呈相反变化,构成了与沉积旋回相应的150 ka BP以来25个元素变化旋回。剖面中各元素的这种分布和集散规律也与元素的富集系数和淋失系数波动一致。研究表明,暖湿气候作用下稳定性元素Al2O3、TOFe、TiO和非稳定性元素CaO、MgO、Na2O、K2O都能相对富集,与剖面所处的特殊的洼地地貌位置有关。常量化学元素的综合分析表明,这种元素变化旋回是由巴丹吉林沙漠晚更新世以来的干寒多风与温湿至暖湿气候变化所致,其根本原因与冰期、间冰期气候波动影响下东亚冬夏季风的“拉锯式”摆动有关。     

萨拉乌苏河流域MGS2层段主要氧化物变化及其指示的气候波动

萨拉乌苏河流域与MIS2相同时代的MGS2地层段记录了5.5个由风成砂与河流相或湖沼相构成的沉积旋回,通过对各沉积旋回的主要氧化物分析表明：河湖相中Al2O3、TOFE、K2O、MgO、CaO、Na2O、TiO含量通常明显高于风成砂,而SiO2含量则呈现相反的变化,构成了与沉积旋回相对应的5.5个主要氧化物变化旋回。结合各主要氧化物的化学迁移特性和剖面所在区域的地貌特征进行分析,认为该剖面的主要氧化物变化旋回是气候波动的反映,一个主要氧化物含量变动旋回指示了一个干冷-暖湿旋回,也即一个冬夏季风先后演替的气候旋回。MGS2持续的时间仅为12 ka,一个冬夏季风环境的变化大致平均仅需要2 ka,一个冬季风或者夏季风环境的平均持续时间大约1 ka。显然,这是一个千年尺度的环境变化。研究还表明,MGS2气候波动与晚冰期气候变化以及相关的Heinrich事件具有良好的对应关系。可以推断,MGS2记录的千年尺度环境变化是全球环境变化在本区域的反映。     

150kaBP以来巴丹吉林沙漠东南区域地层序列的新研究

巴丹吉林沙漠东南部边缘查格勒布鲁剖面中更新统/上更新统下部、上更新统下部/上更新统上部和上更新统上部/全新统的地质界线依次发生在59AGS/60L、39FD/40G和9L/10FD之沉积界面上。其时限依次大致为150kaBP、75kaBP和10kaBP,该剖面记录了150kaBP以来25个旋回的沙漠与湖相等沉积交替变更的历史过程。通过该剖面粒度和SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、FeO在地层中的分布特征、软体动物化石指示的古生态等综合研究表明,所述这些沉积旋回是自那时以来,在北半球冰期间冰期气候波动影响下,冬夏古季风往复更迭所导致的非季风沙区沙漠期与间沙漠期多次正逆交替演变的结果。     

萨拉乌苏河流域萨拉乌苏组沙丘砂沉积特征

萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾剖面萨拉乌苏组含7层古流动沙丘砂、4层古固定-半固定沙丘砂.对这些沙丘砂的沉积构造观察以及粒度、扫描电镜和常量化学元素分析结果表明：（1）这些沙丘砂具有与现代沙丘砂相似的风成沉积构造特征;（2）粒度及其参数——Mz、σ、Sk和Kg,以及主要化学组分SiO2、Al2O3和TOFE也与现代沙丘砂相近;（3）Mz-σ、SiO2-Al2O3＋TOFE散点图和概率累积曲线显示这些沙丘砂与萨拉乌苏组中的河湖相、古土壤差别明显,而与现代沙丘砂一致;（4）石英砂颗粒具有良好的磨圆以及碟形坑、新月形坑、麻坑、上翻解理薄片、硅质沉淀和硅质裂纹等表面结构特征,反映其曾受持久的风力搬运作用.沉积构造、粒度、石英砂颗粒表面结构和化学元素等多个方面具备了与现代沙丘砂类似的风成特征,证明这些沙丘砂的成因是风成的.     

Sedimentary characteristics of paleo-aeolian dune sands of Salawusu Formation in the Salawusu River Valley

The Salawusu Formation of Milanggouwan section in Salawusu River Valley in-cludes 7 layers of paleo-mobile dune sands, and 4 layers of paleo-fixed and semi-fixed dune sands. Their structures have been observed and their grain size, surface textural features and several main chemical elements have been analyzed. The results showed that: 1) Some of the aeolian structural characteristics of these dune sands are similar to that of the recent dune sands. 2) They are also similar to the recent dune sands in grain size components, and parameters of Mz, σ, Sk and Kg, as well as in several main chemical components. 3) The scattergrams of Mz-σ and SiO2–Al2O3+TOFE and the probability curves of grain size showed that these paleo-dune sands are different from paleosols and fluvio-lacustrine facies, but are consistency with recent dune sands. 4) Quartz sands have well roundness and surface textural features such as dish-shaped pits, crescent-shaped pits, pockmarked pits, upturned cleavage plates, siliceous precipitates and siliceous crevasses, indicating that they had been carried for a long time by the wind. As the 11 layers of paleo-dune sands possess the aeolian characteristics in structure, grain size, surface textural features and chemical elements, the origin of their formation should be attributed to eolation.     

220 ka以来萨拉乌苏河流域地层磁化率与气候变化

 萨拉乌苏河流域滴哨沟湾剖面磁化率变化结果表明:近220 ka来我国北方气候变化极不稳定,存在着不同尺度的频繁变化,特别是寒冷气候阶段变化尤为频繁,其中倒数第二次冰期存在5个气候旋回,末次冰期存在10个气候旋回。这些气候变化与深海氧同位素、极地冰芯反映的全球变化具有良好的对应关系,反映了该区气候变化与全球变化的一致性。控制本区气候变化的主要因素是全球冰量变化及太阳辐射影响的东亚季风变化。     

萨拉乌苏河流域萨拉乌苏组砂丘砂沉积特征

The Salawusu Formation of Milanggouwan section in Salawusu River Valley includes 7 layers of paleo-mobile dune sands, and 4 layers of paleo-fixed and semi-fixed dune sands. Their structures have been observed and their grain size, surface textural features and several main chemical elements have been analyzed. The results showed that： 1） Some of the aeolian structural characteristics of these dune sands are similar to that of the recent dune sands. 2） They are also similar to the recent dune sands in grain size components, and parameters of Mz,σ, Sk and Kg, as well as in several main chemical components. 3） The scattergrams of Mz-σ and SiO2-Al2O3＋TOFE and the probability curves of grain size showed that these paleo-dune sands are different from paleosols and fluvio-lacustrine facies, but are consistency with recent dune sands. 4） Quartz sands have well roundness and surface textural features such as dish-shaped pits, crescent-shaped pits, pockmarked pits, upturned cleavage plates, siliceous precipitates and siliceous crevasses, indicating that they had been carried for a long time by the wind. As the 11 layers of paleo-dune sands possess the aeolian characteristics in structure, grain size, surface textural features and chemical elements, the origin of their formation should be attributed to eolation.     

Cold events of Holocene indicated by primary elements distribution of the high-resolution sand dunes in the Salawusu River Valley

The components of the primary elements in the dune sands for the MGS1 subsec-tion of the Milanggouwan section in the Salawusu River valley, compared with those of mod-ern dune sands, show that they were caused by East Asian winter monsoon in the Mu Us desert during Holocene. The examined ages for the 11 layers of dune sands, based on the average sedimentary rate, are: 0 to 960, 1350–2240, 2470 to 3530, 4000 to 4180, 4290 to 4350, 4380 to 4760, 5040 to 5920, 6570 to 8270, 9020 to 9700, 9880 to 10160 and 10580 to 11080 a BP, respectively. The climatic events indicated by these dune sands are consistent with those records in the Huguangyan volcanic lake, Zoige peat bog, Hulu cave and Dunde ice core, particularly with the climatic fluctuations of the North Atlantic since 11 000 a BP. Among them, patterns from B0 to B8 correspond to the peak values of 0MD, 2D, 4D, 6D+8D+10D, 12D, 14D, 16D, 18D and 20D respectively. It might be caused by the North Atlantic ice age induced by the heat circulation, which strengthened the polar high pressure and Siberian-Mongolian high pressure and further led to the dominance of the winter mon-soon over China’s desert area.     

萨拉乌苏河流域高分辨率的沙丘砂常量元素分布指示的全新世寒冷事件

The components of the primary elements in the dune sands for the MGS1 subsection of the Milanggouwan section in the Salawusu River valley, compared with those of modern dune sands, show that they were caused by East Asian winter monsoon in the Mu Us desert during Holocene. The examined ages for the 11 layers of dune sands, based on the average sedimentary rate, are： 0 to 960, 1350-2240, 2470 to 3530, 4000 to 4180, 4290 to 4350, 4380 to 4760, 5040 to 5920, 6570 to 8270, 9020 to 9700, 9880 to 10160 and 10580 to 11080 a BP, respectively. The climatic events indicated by these dune sands are consistent with those records in the Huguangyan volcanic lake, Zoige peat bog, Hulu cave and Dunde ice core, particularly with the climatic fluctuations of the North Atlantic since 11 000 a BP. Among them, patterns from B0 to B8 correspond to the peak values of 0MD, 2D, 4D, 6D＋8D＋10D, 12D, 14D, 16D, 18D and 20D respectively. It might be caused by the North Atlantic ice age induced by the heat circulation, which strengthened the polar high pressure and Siberian-Mongolian high pressure and further led to the dominance of the winter monsoon over China＇s desert area.     

萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾剖面主元素记录的末次间冰阶气候波动

 位于鄂尔多斯高原萨拉乌苏河米浪沟湾剖面是重建毛乌素沙地晚更新世以来古气候的理想地点。其末次间冰阶(MIS3)层序含4种沉积相,划分为19个沉积单元,构成9.5个风成的砂丘砂与河流相、湖相和古土壤交替的沉积旋回。主元素分析结果显示,该剖面MIS3层序中河流相、湖相和古土壤的Al2O3、TOFE、CaO、MgO、K2O、Na2O、TiO2含量明显高于古风成砂, 而SiO2则相反, 构成与沉积旋回相应的9.5个元素波动旋回。这些元素旋回指示了该地末次间冰阶至少经历了10次温湿(W事件)和9次冷干(C事件)气候波动,且可划分为MIS3e(58.90~49.50 ka BP)、MIS3d(49.50~40.70 ka BP)、MIS3c(40.70~36.90 ka BP)、MIS3b(36.90~27.00 ka BP)和MIS3a(27.00~22.30 ka BP)等5个亚段。其中, 19次冷/暖波动可与格陵兰GRIP冰芯δ18O冰段/间冰段大致对应, 5个亚段与我国古里雅冰芯和V23-81冷性浮游有孔虫数代表的北大西洋地区气候也具有较好的可比性。     

萨拉乌苏河流域微量元素揭示的气候变化

根据毛乌素沙漠东南缘萨拉乌苏河流域滴哨沟湾剖面中更新世晚期以来风成砂与河湖相互为叠覆的沉积记录,利用SPSS软件对P、V、Cr等16种微量元素及Rb/Sr和Sr/Ba比值进行了聚类和相关分析。结果表明：除Sr、Ba、Rb/Sr和Sr/Ba之外的P、V、Cr等14中微量元素反映的气候变化规律较好,其含量的峰值段对应河湖相沉积,而谷值段对应风成砂沉积。根据微量元素含量变化特征及其与地层的对应关系,将萨拉乌苏河流域中更新世晚期以来的气候变化划分为5个阶段：223～196 ka BP,气候温暖湿润,相当于黄土高原S2古土壤发育期;196～148 ka BP,气候干冷,相当于黄土高原L2黄土发育期,属倒数第二次冰期;148～75 ka BP,气候温暖湿润,对应末次间冰期;75～10 ka BP,气候干冷,对应末次冰期;10 ka BP以来,气候以温湿为主。各个阶段还有气候冷暖干湿波动变化。通过与深海氧同位素阶段,冰芯记录变化对比,发现本区气候变化与全球变化具有较好的一致性。     

巴丹吉林沙漠查格勒布剖面微量元素反映的150 ka BP以来的气候变化

 通过对巴丹吉林沙漠查格勒布剖面150 ka BP以来地层层位中16种微量化学元素的分析发现:化学性质相对稳定的元素P、Mn、Zr、Cr、Pb、Rb、Nb、Y和相对活泼的元素V、Sr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As均随25个风成沙丘砂与黄土、古土壤、湖相、冲坡积砂土砾石层构成的沉积旋回显示为25个含量低-高变化旋回,呈跌宕起伏且多波动的锯齿状的元素相对迁移-聚集过程线。元素在风成沙中呈现的低值,揭示了干旱寒冷气候作用下风力的侵蚀搬运与堆积作用；在砂土砾石层特别是湖相、黄土和古土壤中相对富集,则与暖湿气候背景下剖面所处的特殊洼地地貌位置有关。上述变化特征主要是巴丹吉林沙漠南缘地区150 ka BP以来的25个干寒多风-温湿或暖湿的气候波动所致,其根本原因可能与全球冰期-间冰期气候波动影响下的东亚冬夏季风的“拉锯式”摆动有关。     

萨拉乌苏河流域干沟子剖面全新世湖相沉积的地球化学元素特征及其反映的物源变化

为探究萨拉乌苏河流域中上游段湖相沉积物的来源及沉积环境,通过测量干沟子剖面3个样品的年代和113个样品的地球化学元素的含量,分析了干沟子剖面地球化学特征反映的沉积物的来源,探讨了其代表的全新世以来的沉积环境变化.结果 表明:在剖面垂直方向上,CaO、MgO、Sr、C1、Br以110 cm为界,含量发生剧烈变化,250-...     

毛乌素沙地15ka以来气候变化及沙漠演化研究

通过对毛乌素沙地东南缘的三道沟剖面进行沉积学分析,结合常规14C和光释光测年结果,并与已有研究进行对比,将毛乌素沙地15ka以来的演化过程分为4个阶段:15ka以前,处于末次冰期极盛期的后期,冬季风活动强烈,气候干冷、风蚀强烈,沙漠处于活化扩张阶段;15～6.33kaBP,气候逐渐回暖,风力减弱,但沙丘仍处于活化状态,期间可能有气候的暖湿波动;6.33～3.5kaBP,夏季风活动较强,冬季风活动较弱,气候总体温暖湿润,沙丘固定、沙漠退缩,其中又存在一些干冷波动,5kaBP前后气候曾发生突变;3.5kaBP以来,冬季风活动又逐渐增强,夏季风活动减弱,气候寒冷干燥,风沙活动增强。