陆表海盆地海侵事件成煤作用机制分析

研究了含煤地层中海侵事件沉积序列,即海侵沉积与煤层直接接触的组合特点,总结了海侵事件和海侵事件成煤特点,提出了陆表海聚煤盆地海侵事件成煤作用理论及海侵事件成煤机制。研究表明,陆表海盆地充填沉积序列中,既有海退成煤作用又有海侵成煤作用发生,而且,海侵事件为陆表海盆地海平面变化的典型特色,海侵的突发性是海侵事件的基本属性,其沉积具有等时性。海侵事件导致盆地事件型聚煤作用发生。本文还深入讨论了海侵事件成煤机制及其在含煤地层层序地层界面识别、层序地层单元划分的重要意义和作用。     

华北晚古生代陆表海盆地东南缘高频海侵事件对聚煤作用的影响

晚古生代华北陆表海盆地的海平面变化具有复合性海平面变化的特点 ,长周期的海平面变化周期中叠加了中、短期的海平面波动变化 ;长周期海退过程中 ,具多次短周期海侵事件发生 ,长周期海侵过程中也有短周期的海退发生。而短周期的海平面波动变化属于高频海平面变化 ,深刻地影响着陆表海盆地的沉积充填和聚煤作用。总起来看 ,鲁西及邻区的晚古生代陆表海盆地充填沉积是由一种较薄的反映水体向上变浅的复合性旋回序列组成 ,其分界面是由地史上瞬时的相对海平面上升形成的间断事件所致 ,或相对海平面下降期间的暴露事件形成的间断面所产生的。陆…     

华北晚古生代陆表海盆地海侵事件微观沉积特征及成煤探讨

采用沉积学、煤地质学、古生物学、地层学及地球化学等多技术手段,结合比较分析法的思路,分析了事件型海侵的特点和海侵事件沉积组合特征,研究发现:海侵事件沉积组合为区域对比性强、具沉积时间连续性与相序间断性的暴露沉积-煤层-灰岩组合,其关键沉积学特征是煤层底板的暴露沉积.海侵事件组合灰岩的古生化石个体小、破碎强烈等特征表现为高能量水体运动等环境,孢粉表现为低含量的单缝孢和裸子植物及高含量的三缝孢.地球化学分析表明暴露沉积为陆相环境,煤层中的微量元素表现为海相主要原因是由于泥炭沼泽覆于深水后受海水影响所致.海侵事件成煤与海侵过程成煤差异体现在两个方面:第一,盆地属性差异,即海侵事件成煤形成于陆表海盆地之中,而海侵过程成煤则形成于具有缓坡的边缘海盆地,第二,成煤原理存在着差异,海侵事件成煤强调的是成煤前海侵未发生前的碎屑体系废弃而发育大量泥炭沼泽且被后期突发性海侵终止,而海侵过程成煤则强调的是泥炭沼泽发育于滨海的活动碎屑体系并终止于后期的缓慢海平面上升.     

黄县盆地早第三纪海侵湖环境及聚煤作用

黄县盆地早第三纪黄县组的沉积环境,存在两种不同的认识,一种认为属内陆淡水湖泊沉积,另一种认为是滨海泻湖沉积。本文采用盆地分析的基本原理和方法,对黄县盆地的沉积体系与相构成进行了研究。结果表明,黄县盆地早第三纪为地处近海的海侵湖环境,盆地沉积体系的发育和配置受海水侵入及盆缘断裂的共同影响,呈现规律性展布,聚煤作用发生于海侵后的湖泊作用加强阶段。聚煤作用的有利部位为扇三角洲与水下扇前缘的淤浅湖泊区。      

受限陆表海的海侵模式

突发性海侵是受限陆表海的特征之一,受海平面升降引起的峡口启闭控制,多发生在板块的活动边缘。突发性海侵常有相序缺失,常见海陆相交互层;海相层在大范围内分布稳定,无明显相变,具有良好的等时性,可以作为区域对比的标志层。受限陆表海的突发性海浸,有利于油气的生成和聚集。     

海侵事件成煤作用——一种新的聚煤模式

晚古生代华北陆表海聚煤盆地海平面具有高频率变化和复合性特点，海侵具有突发事件性，这一规律对盆地充填沉积、沉积体系演化和煤聚积具有控制作用。提出了“海侵事件成煤观点”，认灵海侵事件成煤是大型陆表海盆地所特有的，陆表海盆地的海侵过程是非常短暂的，表现出海侵具“突发”性质，因此海侵沉积具有较好的等时性。煤层与直接覆盖于其上的海相灰岩为一种事件沉积组合，泥炭的煤化作用过程完全处于还原环境下。     

陆表海盆地含煤地层的高分辨率层序地层研究

分析了鲁西南煤田陆表海盆地沉积充填序列中的T-R旋回特征;划分出陆表海盆地高分辨层序,依次为构造层序、超层序、层序、小层序组、小层序及更小级别的层序单元。在研究了陆表海盆地海平面变化特点及其对煤聚积控制作用的基础上,提出了“海侵事件成煤”观点,认为海侵事件是控制陆表海盆地煤聚积的重要事件,突发性海侵事件界面、暴露土壤化事件界面和海侵事件成因的煤层均具有等时性对比意义。      

华北石炭二叠纪的海侵作用

以新的地层对比意见为基础，通过对华北石炭二叠纪海相层（石灰岩和海相泥岩）分布的详细研究，应用高分辨编目技术，完成了石炭二叠纪各期海侵范围及海侵方向图件的编制，并着重指出：①在晚石炭世早期（晋祠期）以前，郯庐断裂以西的海侵方向主体为由东向西，海侵作用中心具有由南向北迁移的规律；②自晚石炭世晚期（太原期）开始，华北盆地构造发生大的变动，古斜坡由北倾变为南倾。海侵作用发生在盆地南东和北酉两个方向上。这种构造变动及海侵方向的变化与盆地周缘板块构造活动有关；③自中石炭世晚期至晚石炭世晚期，华北海与祁连海可能一直保持程度不同的连通，而与扬子海则是在晚石炭世晚期才直接连通的。     

华北南部晚古生代陆表海盆地层序地层格架与海平面变化

陆表海盆地与边缘海盆地的区域地质条件具有根本性差异,其层序地层格架必然不同。研究表明,华北晚古生代陆表海盆地极平缓的地势难以形成大范围的侵蚀不整合,高频海平面变化和突发性的海侵事件是层序形成的主导因素。陆表海盆地含煤层序具有二元结构,即"海侵体系域—高水位体系域"的层序模式。     

论秦岭碰撞造山作用对华北石炭二叠纪海侵过程的控制

晚古生代一三叠纪是秦岭造山带主造山作用的碰撞造山期,其中石炭二叠纪是点接触至面接触碰撞的阶段。华北石炭二叠纪发育有4次较大规模的海侵,时代分别为C₁²-C₂^1-1,C₂^1-2-C₂²,P₂¹和P₃¹。岩相古地理制图及海侵沉积单元空间展布规律的分析结果表明,海侵来自华北地块南侧的秦岭残余海盆,且海侵具有由东向西逐渐推进之势。这一海侵过程是受华北地块东低西高的古地理格局及秦岭造山带以小秦岭地区为中心呈双剪刀状反向穿时碰撞造山作用控制的结果。     

四川盆地海相碳酸盐岩的油气成藏条件

四川盆地位于亚洲大陆中南部,是我国最大的外流盆地。油气资源评价结果(2008)表明,四川盆地海相地层待发现资源量约为50111.84×108m~3,资源勘探潜力巨大。本文从地层的划分、层序格架及层序岩相古地理特征等方面,对四川盆地海相碳酸盐岩油气成藏条件做了进一步研究。认为研究区烃源岩包括下志留统、中二叠统、上二叠统龙潭组和上三叠统须家河组等4套岩石,及局部发育的上二叠统大隆组。储集层粉为构造成因类和沉积成因类,构造成因主要包括裂缝性储层;沉积成因类储层主要是礁滩储层、内幕白云岩储层和风化壳岩溶储层。中二叠统气藏主要为自生自储的裂缝性气藏和台内滩相气藏;茅口组顶部和雷口坡组顶部发育风化壳型气藏;吴家坪组、长兴组及飞仙关组地层含礁滩型气藏;嘉陵江组和雷口坡组地层含内幕白云岩型气藏。     

鹤岗盆地石头河子组高分辨率层序地层与聚煤规律

运用高分辨率层序地层原理,通过岩心和测井资料的综合分析,对鹤岗盆地石头河子组进行了基准面旋回研究,识别出1个长期基准面旋回、5个中期基准面旋回和3种类型的短期基准面旋回。通过对比分析,建立了研究区高分辨率层序地层格架。研究表明,基准面旋回对聚煤演化起着重要的控制作用,在气候和地形条件适宜的情况下,长期基准面上升半旋回晚期和下降半旋回早期为聚煤作用有利时期,厚煤层形成于最大湖泛面附近;此期间持续时间长的中期基准面上升半旋回和较短的中期基准面下降旋回组合,有利于形成厚度大、分布范围广的煤层。研究成果对鹤岗盆地扩大深部煤炭资源勘探提供了依据。     

宝鼎盆地晚三叠世煤系层序地层与聚煤规律

运用层序地层学有关理论和方法,根据钻井、测井等资料,对四川宝鼎盆地晚三叠世大荞地组煤系进行了层序地层学与聚煤作用研究。共识别出12个层序界面,并将大荞地组划分出1个二级层序、3个三级层序和11个四级层序。垂向上,大荞地组二级层序格架下聚煤强度曲线总体呈先增强再减弱的趋势,且以高位体系域中期(盆地稳定断陷期SIII2)的聚煤作用最好。在该断陷盆地演化的早中期(SⅣ1—SⅣ5),主要煤层多发育于四级层序低位体系域、湖侵体系域早期以及高位体系域中晚期;至该盆地演化的中晚期,随着盆地基底沉降速率减缓,主要煤层逐渐向最大湖泛面附近迁移。     

渤海湾西北岸MIS3阶段以来的海侵特征

晚更新世以来渤海湾沿岸普遍出现三期海侵,不同学者通过钻孔以及古海岸遗迹分析探讨了渤海湾西岸、南岸晚更新世以来的海侵沉积演化及海平面变化,而渤海湾西北岸地区晚更新世海侵沉积特征、古生物特征及海侵层对比缺乏系统的研究。本文通过对渤海湾西北岸多个钻孔岩心进行年代学、沉积学和微体古生物研究,建立了研究区不同构造单元的40 m以浅的标准地层层序、年代格架,划分了微体古生物组合带。研究区MIS3阶段以来共发育两期海侵,MIS3阶段海侵年代为35210~37658 cal.a BP,MIS1阶段海侵年代为7050~11310 cal.a BP。受古气候变化、古地貌和新构造运动影响,两期海侵层的空间分布和岩相古地理特征差异明显,MIS1阶段海侵规模大于MIS3阶段,MIS1阶段海侵为潟湖沉积体系,MIS3阶段海侵为潮坪－河口砂坝沉积体系。     

Evidence of the transgression lake of the Subei basin during Late Cretaceous and Paleocene and its geological significance

Based on analysis of the well drilling core from Subei basin, the authors conclude that during the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene, Subei basin was linked with the sea and the deposit was affected by transgression. The cause of marine transgression may be that since Late Cretaceous and Paleocene tension power had predominated ground-stress conditions of the East China Sea and developed a series of half-graben-like basins filled by a huge thick sediment of the Early Tertiary in the shelf of Huabei-Bohai gulf, Subei-South Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Consequently, seawater transgressed from the East China Sea to the Yellow Sea and linked halfgraben-like basins on the shelf to the sea within a short period. During the sedimentation of the Late Cretaceous Taizhou Formation and Paleocene Funing Formation, the Subei basin had formed the ostracoda-enriched dark shale, including predominantly the whole basin E₁ f ₂ Formation and E₁ f ₄ Formation and local K₂ t ₂ Formation, which became the main source rocks of the basin. The evidence of paleontology, minerals in rocks and geochemistry can help confirm the environment of the lake basin that developed during the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene. We generally designate this environment as “near sea lake basin” and the sea-transgressed layer and member as “transgression lake basin”.Whereas, it is generally called “inland lake and river alluvium plain” during the sedimentation of the Eocene Dainan Formation and Sanduo Formation. This research is not only significant to the paleogeographic reconstruction of the Subei basin during the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene, but also important in understanding the development and distribution of the source rocks and evaluating the potential of oil and gas generation. __________ Translated from Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2007, 25(3): 380–385 [译自: 沉积学报]     

Distinction between the Storegga tsunami and the holocene marine transgression in coastal basin deposits of western Norway

Many coastal lakes were inundated by both the Storegga tsunami (7000 ¹⁴C yr BP) and the mid-Holocene sea-level rise (the Tapes transgression) in western Norway. The tsunami eroded lake bottoms and deposited graded and/or massive beds of sand, rip-up clasts, and coarse plant material. By contrast, when the rising sea entered the lakes, it deposited only gyttja, silt and fine sand, without causing much erosion of the underlying lake sediments. Storegga tsunami deposits in some coastal lakes were interpreted previously as ordinary marine sediments from the Tapes transgression. Our reinterpretation of these deposits shows that the transgression maximum phase was reached after 6500 yr BP, more than 1000 yr later than previously inferred for the coast of Sunnmøre. The new data cannot be combined in a shoreline diagram without showing the 6000 yr BP and 7000 yr BP shorelines as slightly warped. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cevennes盆地北坳陷区独特的沉积与构造演化的耦合关系

发育于法国Ｃｅｖｅｎｎｅｓ聚煤盆地北坳区斯蒂芬期（Ｓｔｅｐｈａｎｉａｎ）同沉积断层在空间上局部控制了碎屑体及煤层的形态、厚度,且在时间上完成了构造反转。盆缘断层控制了盆地自身的几何形态及其岩相古地理格局,它们的活动性及强度的差异致使盆地沉降或沉积中心、富煤带的侧向迁移,使盆地整体的构造格架发生了由半地堑－地堑－新形式的半地堑的转化。在不同的演化时期,盆地钎特的沉积、充填作用对构造的活动与演化给予了     

Permo-Carboniferous coal measures in the Qinshui basin: Lithofacies paleogeography and its control on coal accumulation

The Qinshui basin in southeastern Shanxi Province is an important base for coalbed methane exploration and production in China. The methane reservoirs in this basin are the Carboniferous and Permian coals. Their thickness is strongly controlled by the depositional environments and the paleogeography. In this paper, sedimentological research was undertaken on the outcrop and borehole sections of the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations in the Qinshui basin and the basin-wide lithofacies paleogeography maps for these two formations have been reconstructed. The Taiyuan Formation is composed of limestones, aluminous mudstones, siltstones, silty mudstones, sandstones, and mineable coal seams, with a total thickness varying from 44.9 m to 193.48 m. The coal seams have a thickness ranging between 0.10 and 16.89 m, averaging 7.19 m. During the deposition of the Taiyuan Formation, the northern part of the basin was dominated by a lower deltaic depositional system, the central and southern parts were dominated by a lagoon environment, and the southeastern corner was occupied by a carbonate platform setting. Coal is relatively thick in the northern part and the southeastern corner. The Shanxi Formation consists of sandstones, siltstones, mudstones, and coals, with the limestones being locally developed. The thickness of the Shanxi Formation is from 18.6 m to 213.25 m, with the thickness of coal seams from 0.10 to 10 m and averaging 4.2 m. During the deposition of the Shanxi Formation, the northern part of the Qinshui basin was mainly dominated by a lower deltaic plain distributary channel environment, the central and southern parts were mainly an interdistributary bay environment, and the southeastern part was occupied by a delta front mouth bar environment. The thick coals are distributed in the central and southern parts where an interdistributary bay dominates. It is evident that the thick coal zones of the Taiyuan Formation are consistent with the sandstone-rich belts, mainly located in the areas of the northern lower deltaic plain and southeastern barrier bar environments, whereas the thick coal zones of the Shanxi Formation coincide with the mudstone-rich belts, located in the areas of the central and southern interdistributary bay environments. Translated from Journal of Palaeogeography, 2006, 8(1): 43–52 [译自: 古地理学报]