金属护栏对洛阳地震台地电阻率干扰定量分析

自2018年12月起,因洛阳地震台测区内安装金属护栏,该台地电阻率出现异常变化。为正确评估此次影响,结合洛阳地震台电测深曲线、岩性资料建立了三维水平层状结构模型,利用有限元法计算了测区内金属护栏对洛阳地震台地电阻率观测的影响。同时,建立典型“H”型电性结构模型,分析了不同属性的金属导线对地电阻率观测的影响。结果显示：①金属护栏是洛阳地震台此次地电阻率年变异常的主要影响因素。当位于测区内影响系数为负的区域时,金属护栏引起地电阻率的趋势性上升;当位于影响系数为正的区域时,金属护栏引起地电阻率的趋势性下降。②不同属性的金属导线对地电阻率观测的影响不同。导线与测道夹角减小、导线长度增加、导线电阻率减小以及导线横截面积增加等均会导致干扰源对地电阻率年变影响作用增强。     

大同地电阻率NS测向异常分析

2014年大同地震台地电阻率NS测向出现年变畸变现象,经现场调查,发现测区有铁丝网干扰。利用NS测向电测深曲线,以水平层状模型反演测区电性结构,计算各层介质影响系数,结果发现,浅层介质影响系数为正,合理解释了大同地电阻率NS测向"夏低冬高"的年变现象。在此基础上,应用有限元数值分析和三维影响系数分布,判定测区内铁丝网对地电阻率观测的影响,分析认为,当前存在的趋势异常变化为地电阻率干扰。     

THE MECHANISM OF DIURNAL VARIATION IN CONSECUTIVE APPARENT RESISTIVITY OBSERVATION

Parts of the consecutive apparent resistivity monitoring stations of China have recorded clear diurnal variations. The relative amplitudes of diurnal variations at these stations range from 1.3‰ to 5.8‰. The daily accuracies of apparent resistivity observation are better than 1‰, because the background electromagnetic noise is rather low at these stations. Therefore, the diurnal variations of apparent resistivity recorded at these stations are real phenomena. The diurnal variation shapes can be divided into two opposite types according to their characteristics. One type is that the apparent resistivity data decreases during the daytime but increases during the nighttime(Type 1). The other type is the apparent resistivity data increases during the daytime but decreases during the nighttime(Type 2). There is a correspondence between the diurnal and annual variation patterns of apparent resistivity. For the monitoring direction with diurnal variation of Type 1, the apparent resistivity decreases in summer and increases in winter. However, for the monitoring direction with diurnal variation of Type 2, the apparent resistivity increases in summer and decreases in winter. We take an analysis on the mechanism of apparent resistivity diurnal variation, combining the influence factors of water-bearing medium's resistivity, the electric structure of stations, and the apparent resistivity sensitivity coefficient(SC)theory. Intuitively, diurnal variation of apparent resistivity is caused by diurnal variation of medium resistivity in the measured area. The diurnal variation of medium resistivity will inevitably be caused by the factors with diurnal variation. Among the possible factors, there is diural variation in earth tide and temperature. Our analysis displays that apparent resistivity diurnal variation is not caused by the usually-believed earth tide, but by the ground temperature difference between daytime and nighttime. The earth tide strain is too small to cause remarkable effects on the apparent resistivity data. On the other hand, the daily tide strain has two peak-valley variations, and its phase and amplitude has a period of approximate 28 days. However, the apparent resistivity data do not show these corresponding features to earth tide. Furthermore, the detection range of current apparent resistivity stations is within a depth of several hundred meters. Within this depth range, the medium deformation caused by solid tide can be regarded as uniform change. Therefore, all monitoring directions and all stations will have the same pattern of diurnal variation. In general, the temperature increases in the daytime but decreases in the nighttime. For most water-bearing rock and soil medium, its resistivity decreases as temperature increases and increases as temperature decreases. Diurnal temperature difference affects about 0.4m of soil depth. Therefore, resistivity of this surface thin soil layer decreases in the daytime while increases in the nighttime. Under layered medium model, SC of each layer represents its contribution to the apparent resistivity. For the stations with positive SC of surface layer, apparent resistivity decreases in the daytime but increases in the nighttime. While for the stations with negative SC of surface layer, apparent resistivity diurnal variations display the opposite shape.     

柯坪地电阻率台年变特征及成因分析

对柯坪地电阻率台整点观测数据进行FFT变换,计算出其年变周期约为305.5 d;分析了观测区地下水位、气温的变化以及下伏地层的影响系数与年变间的关系,最终明确柯坪地电阻率台观测数据的反常年变形态是由测区特殊的电性结构引起的.     

河北兴济地电阻率干扰定量分析

结合电测深曲线、 岩性资料建立三维水平层状结构物理模型, 利用有限元法定量计算挖土水坑蓄水量和砖厂建设对兴济N60°W向地电阻率观测的影响。 研究结果显示, 测区内挖土水坑位于影响系数为负的区域, 夏季水位高时为低阻体, 冬季无水时为高阻体, 蓄水量的季节性变化导致N60°W向地电阻率具有冬低夏高的反向年变。 砖厂厂房由砖混结构改建为钢架结构, 位于测区影响系数为负的区域, 局部形成的低阻体引起N60°W测向地电阻率的趋势上升变化。     

地电阻率季节干扰变化分析

结合我国实际,本文提出四类地电阻率季节变化的干扰模型.经模型理论计算及同有季节变化的四十多台站的实测资料对比得出:(1)地电阻率季节变化是探测深度偏浅时,地表层电性变化,特别是表层地下水水位年动态变化所引起的一种与地震无关的干扰变化.其变化形态与量级取决于干扰模型、地电断面类型以及探测深度.(2)通常地电阻率季节变化与浅层电阻率变化的符号一致,呈现出正常季节变化;但对 K,Q 型地电断面,当干扰层位于地表第一层时,将从某一供电极距开始,出现反常的季节干扰变化.(3)当探测深度大于300m 时,不论正常的还是反常的季节变化,其幅度都将小于2%.因此,只要适当选择台址或加大供电极距使探测深度足够大,便可排除或压低这种干扰.      

An analysis of the seasonal variation of disturbance in georesistivity

Four types of disturbances in the seasonal variation in georesistivity are presented in the light of specific circumstances in China. As the results of theoretic calculation for the models and in comparison of the calculated results with the seasonal variations observed at 40 georesistivity stations, the following points are found: (1) The seasonal variation in georesistivity is caused by the change in resistivity of the surface layer, especially by the annual variation of phreatic level when the sounding depth is too shallow. This is one of the disturbances and thus has no relation to the origin of earthquake. The feature and amplitude of the seasonal variation depend on the types of disturbance models, geoelectric cross sections and sounding depth. (2) The seasonal variation in georesistivity usually has the same sign as that of the change in resistivity of shallow layer and thus the normal seasonal change appears. However, as far as the K or Q types of geoelectric cross sections are concerned, the abnormal seasonal variation in georesistivity starts to appear with a certain electrode spacing, when the interference layer is located in the first layer. (3) Both abnormal and normal seasonal variations in georesistivity will be smaller than 2% when the sounding depth is greater than 300 m. Therefore, the seasonal variations can be removed or restrained when the location of observation has been properly chosen or the electrode spacing is enlarged enough to obtain a sufficient sounding depth.     

晋冀蒙交界地区震前地电阻率异常分析与研究

本次研究发现，冀蒙交界中强地震前的地电阻率异常存在如下几种特征：（1）地震前震中区地电阻率异常出现时间短，幅度小；（2）主震之后的中强余震异常明显，幅度比较大，在低值持续或者年变消失；（3）外围地区异常出现较早，异常形态明显，并伴随长趋势变化的转折。本文在综合分析该区域异常特征的基础上，利用引进九五攻半软件中的月速率方法对这类异常进行了有效的分析，形成了一套适用于晋冀蒙地区的地电分析预报方法。     

含裂隙介质中的视电阻率各向异性变化

我国50多年的视电阻率连续观测结果表明,大地震前近震中区域的视电阻率呈现出与主压应力方位有关的各向异性变化,即：垂直于主压应力方向观测的变化幅度最大,平行方向最小或不明显,斜交方向介于二者之间.目前我国定点台站视电阻率观测的探测范围主要在浅层沉积层以内,通常含有较多的含水裂隙.本文将地下岩土介质简化为由固体基质和含流体/气体裂隙组成的固液气三相介质,且基质、流体和气体具有标量形式的电阻率,推导出了包含基质和流体电阻率、裂隙率、饱和度和裂隙面积率因子的电阻率张量表达式.以裂隙的扩展/闭合表示应力作用下裂隙的变化,得到了电阻率随裂隙变化的微分形式,电阻率变化对裂隙体积变化放大系数的表达式和裂隙横向变化对纵向电阻率影响的横向权系数的表达式.在此基础上得到了介质电阻率和视电阻率的各向异性变化特征：对于含水裂隙介质,无论裂隙如何变化,均是最小主轴方向电阻率的变化幅度大于其他方向;对于含水孔隙介质,沿孔隙主要变化方向的主轴电阻率变化幅度大于其他方向.对于各向异性变化,视电阻率和介质电阻率存在π/2的方向差异.相较于含水岩石,无水岩石介质电阻率的各向异性变化不显著.本文提出的电阻率表达式可以对实验室和野外实际观测的许多结果做出合理的解释.

     

地电测量中的干扰和抑制

处理分析了阳原台1980—2017年长程地电阻率的观测资料,认为该台地电阻率变化存在较清晰的冬高夏低的年变特征。用滑动傅里叶方法消除年变后得到,正常背景变化与异常变化的差异较为显著,异常变化较为明显的对应1980年丰镇M5.8、1988年大同M6.2、1996年包头M6.4、1998年张北M6.2、2014年涿鹿M4.8地震,异常变化形态、持续时间、偏离幅度（偏离正常动态均值线的幅度）等可信度较高。本文认为,阳原台地电阻率观测可以为晋冀蒙交界地区地震活动形势的研判提供较为可信的参考依据。     

地表点电流对地电阻率观测的影响

将地电阻率台站地下介质简化为水平层状均匀介质模型,以点电流模拟地表干扰电流源,针对对称四极观测装置,计算干扰源电流增减及位置变化对地电阻率观测的影响。结果表明,地电阻率的受干扰程度取决于地表干扰点电流的大小、在测区的方位及距中心点的距离。     

地表与井下地电阻率观测数据分析

本文介绍了目前中国运行时间超过2年以上的4个同场地地表和井下地电阻率观测台站的基本情况, 通过分析观测曲线动态变化、 观测精度以及映震能力, 得到以下初步结果: ① 井下地电阻率观测对风、 降雨以及杂散电流干扰的抑制能力要优于地表观测; ② 井下地电阻率观测年变化与地表有较大的差别, 且井下观测大大削弱了年变化幅度; ③ 井下垂直方向地电阻率观测数据相对水平方向来说阶跃及突跳较频繁; ④ 天水、 河源、 海安台井下观测对其附近地震有一定的映震能力。     

Anisotropy of the apparent resistivity variation rate near the epicentral region for strong earthquakes

IntroductionThe geo-electrical anisotropy before earthquake is of special significance for the prediction of earthquake location and for the research on crustal stress status near the epicentral region. The anisotropy has been studied from various aspects (CHEN, et al, 1983; QIAN, et al, 1985, 1996; LU, et al, 1990a; MAO, et al, 1995; RUAN, et al, 1999). But the anisotropic phenomena presented by geo-electrical data are not practically satisfactory and not clear as compared with the res…     

源和勘探区间导电体对有源电磁勘探影响的2D数值模拟研究(英文)

在CSEM野外工作中,通常把接收机置于离源3~5倍趋肤深度以外的远区。本文从正演和反演两个角度研究了当源和接收机之间存在导电体时,该导电体对远区中目标体响应的影响。2D有限元正演结果表明导电体主要影响中低频的观测结果,导电体的电导率越低,尺寸越大,影响也越大,并且影响程度随着观测频率的降低而逐渐加大。反演结果表明若不考虑源和勘探区间导电体的存在,反演得到的目标体横向位置会向源的方向移动,带来解释上的误差。在CSEM实际工作中,应该是采用多方位的场源作三维采集和三维反演,以减少源和勘探区间低阻体的影响。     

2015年内蒙古阿拉善MS5.8地震前地电阻率变化特征研究

本文讨论了2015年内蒙古阿拉善M_S5.8地震前500 km范围内6个台的地电阻率变化, 得到如下结论: ① 石嘴山、 银川、 海原、 固原等台站震前1年半左右出现了较明显的趋势下降变化, 尤其以距离震中最近的石嘴山台下降幅度最大。 ② 利用年变畸变方法分析了石嘴山、 银川、 海原、 固原台的电阻率震前几年的年度变化发现几个台震前均发生了年变化畸变现象。 ③ 几个台地电阻率原始小时值的均方差在震前1~3月内均同时出现了大幅度突跳现象。     

井下地电阻率观测中地表电流干扰影响计算

本文把地电阻率台站地下介质简化为水平三层均匀介质模型,以点电流模拟地表干扰电流,针对对称四极观测装置,计算了在不同电性结构中的不同深度观测时,地表电流干扰源对对称四极装置地电阻率观测的影响,计算得到:地表干扰源对电阻率观测的影响取决于电性结构的类型和层参数、供电电极和测量电极的埋深以及避开干扰源的距离.本文研究结果对实施井下电阻率观测中台址电性结构的选择、电极埋深、干扰源避让距离等有参考意义.     

Research on dependence of resistivity changing anisotropy on microcracks extending in rock with experiment

Intr0ducti0nTheproblemsaboutcrustalrocksfracturingandfricti0nalslippingalongthefracturesurfaCearecloselyrelatedtotheresearchesofearthquakemechanismandgeol0gichazards,andalsoareoneofthosebeinggivenmoreconcernbyscientistsinearthscience-Discussingab0utthegenera-tionanddevelopmentprocess0fintraPlateearthquakes,Wang,etal(l999)proPOsedthatearth-quake'spregnant,mechanicspropertyandgeometricstructureofmatterinearthquake'sgestatingareaaredifferinthousandswaysf0rdifferentplaceinsideslab-Thus,thepregna…     

井中震电效应的模拟实验研究(Ⅱ):孔隙饱和岩石部分

使用小功率直流电源(32V,3A),正交于声波传播方向供电,实验考察了直流电场对4块砂岩岩心的声学性质的影响,发现了一些以往文献没有报导的实验现象,总体上,有1)随通电时间增长,电流强度下降,最后趋于“饱和”;2)岩石的声速有先降后升的趋势,相对变化一般小于2％;3)纵波幅度呈现下降趋势,相对变化幅度最大可达到80％;4)声速和声幅的变化与岩石的渗透率有正相关关系,例如D7#20由于渗透率很低,因此声速和声幅的变化很小．结合岩石电阻率增大以及对含水饱和度影响岩石声学性质的一般认识,认为实验现象与电解导致的岩石孔隙内部含水饱和度的下降有关．研究结果有助于丰富对目前电法—地震勘探实验某些现象的认识。     

井下地电阻率观测影响系数分析——以江宁地震台为例

采用水平层状均匀介质中点电源位于任意深度时的电位解析表达式,以江宁台3层电性结构为例,分析了井下对称四极地电阻率观测时各层影响系数随深度、极距的变化,并结合探测深度探讨了实施井下观测时影响系数在选择供电极距和电极埋深时的作用。结果表明,对于"K"型电性结构,江宁台井下观测对地表、浅层干扰有较强的抑制作用,其短极距观测对地表、浅层干扰的抑制能力显著优于长极距观测;长极距观测在电极埋深H小于100m时对地表介质季节性的干扰具有放大作用;浅层影响系数一定时,电极埋深和供电极距需同时增加;江宁台井下观测供电极距AB/2取100～150m、电极埋深H为250m较为合理。     

江宁台多孔垂向地电阻率观测试验

为了提高地电阻率观测抑制地铁干扰的能力,江宁台新建了多孔垂向地电阻率观测。在观测中探讨完善了装置系数计算方法,解决了缺数问题,并通过比较同测区井下和垂向地电阻率观测数据,得出如下结论:(1)垂向观测由于布极方式较为特殊,其年变化幅度大于井下地电阻率观测同等极距;(2)与井下地电阻率观测相比,垂向地电阻率观测信噪比更高,具备更好的抗地铁干扰能力,以期为地电观测抗干扰的方法和技术应用提供基础;(3)垂向地电阻率观测建设中,可能需要重视电极的位置固定。