陆面水文过程研究综述

在简单介绍陆面过程模式发展的基础上，从裸土蒸发、植被蒸散、土壤水传输、排水和径流等五个方面详细综述了陆面模式研究中对水文过程的参数化。目前陆面参数化方案中仍存在很大的不确定性，其中陆面水文过程参数化的关键问题包括：土壤分层、土层厚度、根带分布；参数的代表性和移植；观测资料；径流的参数化。分析了径流在陆面模式中的重要性，及目前陆面模式中对径流参数化存在的不足，介绍了部分陆面模式对径流的模拟研究，讨论了未来工作的研究重点。     

气候变化对陆地水循环影响研究的问题

简要地回顾了现存的由气候情景驱动水文模型研究气候变化对陆地水循环影响的方法。指出这种单向连接方法很难将气候变暖及人类活动引起的陆地水循环变化反馈给大气。这既影响对降雨的预测精度,又不能正确地描写陆地水循环的变化。近10年来气候学家对大气环流模型中陆面过程模型的改进以及水文气候学家对大尺度水文模型研究所取得的进展,展现了它们之间的互补性,以及未来用水文-气候耦合模型方法研究气候变化与人类活动对陆地水循环影响及水资源预测的可能性。     

Potentials and constraints of different types of soil moisture observations for flood simulations in headwater catchments

Flood generation in mountainous headwater catchments is governed by rainfall intensities, by the spatial distribution of rainfall and by the state of the catchment prior to the rainfall, e.g. by the spatial pattern of the soil moisture, groundwater conditions and possibly snow. The work presented here explores the limits and potentials of measuring soil moisture with different methods and in different scales and their potential use for flood simulation. These measurements were obtained in 2007 and 2008 within a comprehensive multi-scale experiment in the Weisseritz headwater catchment in the Ore-Mountains, Germany. The following technologies have been applied jointly thermogravimetric method, frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensors, spatial time domain reflectometry (STDR) cluster, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), airborne polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (polarimetric SAR) and advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) based on the satellite Envisat. We present exemplary soil measurement results, with spatial scales ranging from point scale, via hillslope and field scale, to the catchment scale. Only the spatial TDR cluster was able to record continuous data. The other methods are limited to the date of over-flights (airplane and satellite) or measurement campaigns on the ground. For possible use in flood simulation, the observation of soil moisture at multiple scales has to be combined with suitable hydrological modelling, using the hydrological model WaSiM-ETH. Therefore, several simulation experiments have been conducted in order to test both the usability of the recorded soil moisture data and the suitability of a distributed hydrological model to make use of this information. The measurement results show that airborne-based and satellite-based systems in particular provide information on the near-surface spatial distribution. However, there are still a variety of limitations, such as the need for parallel ground measurements (Envisat ASAR), uncertainties in polarimetric decomposition techniques (polarimetric SAR), very limited information from remote sensing methods about vegetated surfaces and the non-availability of continuous measurements. The model experiments showed the importance of soil moisture as an initial condition for physically based flood modelling. However, the observed moisture data reflect the surface or near-surface soil moisture only. Hence, only saturated overland flow might be related to these data. Other flood generation processes influenced by catchment wetness in the subsurface such as subsurface storm flow or quick groundwater drainage cannot be assessed by these data. One has to acknowledge that, in spite of innovative measuring techniques on all spatial scales, soil moisture data for entire vegetated catchments are still today not operationally available. Therefore, observations of soil moisture should primarily be used to improve the quality of continuous, distributed hydrological catchment models that simulate the spatial distribution of moisture internally. Thus, when and where soil moisture data are available, they should be compared with their simulated equivalents in order to improve the parameter estimates and possibly the structure of the hydrological model.     

Research on Climate Feedback of Human Water Use and Its Impact on Terrestrial Water Cycles —Advances and Challenges

The terrestrial water cycle is the mutual transformation of surface and near-surface water, which controls the supply of fresh water resources. It is affected by human activities, solar radiation and gravity, as well as climate and environmental conditions. Inter-basin water transfer, irrigation, crop cultivation and harvesting, exploitation of groundwater water and other human activities lead to the change of spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture, the underground water level, surface albedo, surface evaporation, as well as water and energy exchange between land surface and atmosphere. Human water use generates important feedback on the climate and changes the processes of the terrestrial water cycle significantly. The spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation in China is uneven. In addition, human activities further exacerbate the fragility of water resources and the contradiction between supply and demand, posing a serious challenge to the sustainable development of social economy. Therefore, understanding the laws and mechanisms of terrestrial water cycle change is very important for water resources utilization and human sustainable development. From the perspective of climate change and human activities, this paper summarized the impact of human activities on terrestrial water cycle and the progress of climate feedback research. It is urgent to consider the evolution of terrestrial water cycle and its climate under the dual impact of natural and human activities, and develop the large-scale land surface hydrological models and climate models with human water use, crop planting and irrigation, lateral groundwater flow. From the perspective of a fully coupled system, we need quantitatively to assess the climate feedback of human water use and its impact on the terrestrial water cycle process, and to explore its mechanism. We need to distinguish the contribution of human water activities and global climate change to the evolution of terrestrial water cycle in the context of climate change, and to propose water resources management strategies to address climate change.     

浙江省实时土壤缺水量空间分布自动分析与实现

按流域代表性和面上均匀分布要求,在浙江省区域代表站中筛选39个代表流域,利用在浙江有较好适应性的新安江三水源模型率定产流参数,借助水文遥测系统上传的实时雨量、蒸发量信息以及数据库、水文模拟、Arc GIS空间分析等技术,由代表流域土壤缺水量的实时模拟,实现浙江省土壤缺水量空间分布的逐日自动分析。     

土壤湿度观测、模拟和估算研究

总结土壤湿度的观测手段和土壤湿度数据集建立的现状,详细阐述与土壤湿度模拟有关的方程离散化求解、物理和生化过程、陆面过程模式比较和陆面模式参数优化等方面的研究进展;综述估算土壤湿度廓线的数据同化方法,仔细比较集合卡曼滤波(EnKF)和四维变分(4-D Var)2类目前流行的同化算法,并对估算土壤湿度廓线的研究工作进行全面评估;最后,对土壤湿度观测、模拟和同化中需继续努力的方向进行了思索和展望。     

Satellite remote sensing applications for surface soil moisture monitoring: A review

Surface soil moisture is one of the crucial variables in hydrological processes, which influences the exchange of water and energy fluxes at the land surface/atmosphere interface. Accurate estimate of the spatial and temporal variations of soil moisture is critical for numerous environmental studies. Recent technological advances in satellite remote sensing have shown that soil moisture can be measured by a variety of remote sensing techniques, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the progress in remote sensing of soil moisture, with focus on technique approaches for soil moisture estimation from optical, thermal, passive microwave, and active microwave measurements. The physical principles and the status of current retrieval methods are summarized. Limitations existing in current soil moisture estimation algorithms and key issues that have to be addressed in the near future are also discussed.     

陆面模式中土壤冻融过程参数化研究进展

土壤冻融过程在寒区水文和气候系统中有着重要作用。陆面模式中土壤冻融过程的参数化对模式的设计和模拟结果有着关键作用。通过对广泛应用的Bucket，SIB，BATS，VIC，BEAS， LSM等几种主要的陆面模式中的冻融过程参数化方案进行了总结和比较。首先，详尽地描述了土壤冻融与气候变化的数值模拟研究，总结和评述了土壤冻融过程对气候变化的作用。其次，对几种主要的陆面过程模式在土壤水热参数化方案中对冻融过程的考虑及其特点进行了比较和讨论。还对冻结深度和冻结周期的预报模式进行了简介，最后对该领域当前面临的主要研究问题进行了探讨和阐述。     

陆面模式CLM4.5在青藏高原土壤冻融期的偏差特征及其原因

利用中国区域地面气象要素数据集制作的大气强迫场驱动通用陆面模式CLM4.5（Community Land Model version 4.5）对青藏高原区域进行离线模拟试验,模拟结果与D66、沱沱河（TTH）和玛曲（Maqu）3个站点的观测资料以及GLDAS（Global Land Data Assimilation System）-CLM2模拟结果进行了对比,并分析了陆面模式对冻融过程中土壤温度和湿度模拟的偏差及其可能原因。结果表明：CLM4.5对土壤温度模拟较好（平均RMSE≈3℃）,而GLDAS-CLM2计算的土壤温度偏高,偏差较大（平均RMSE>6℃）,且其偏差大于CLM4.5,尤其在冻融期;CLM4.5能较好地模拟出冻融过程中土壤湿度季节变化,但土壤湿度的模拟值与观测值存在一定偏差（平均RMSE≈0.1 mm³·mm^-3）,GLDAS-CLM2不能反映出土壤湿度在冻融过程中的变化特征。CLM4.5的模拟偏差主要来自大气强迫场,而GLDAS-CLM2的偏差除了大气强迫场的不确定性外,还来自于模式冻融参数化方案的不完善。大气强迫场中的气温和降水对土壤温度和湿度的影响在冻融期和非冻融期表现不同。在非冻融期,土壤温度的模拟主要受气温的影响（r>0.6）,气温偏差对土壤温度偏差的贡献率大于50%;土壤湿度的变化则主要受降水的影响,降水偏差对土壤湿度偏差的贡献率为20%~40%。在冻融期,受土壤水热相互作用的影响,气温和降水对土壤温度和湿度的作用效果减弱;土壤湿度的变化受气温影响显著,其贡献率为10%~20%。陆面模式中冻融参数方案的不完善是冻融过程中土壤温度和湿度偏差的重要来源之一。     

大气水文模式耦合研究综述

首先阐明大气水文模式耦合的必要性,总结作为二者耦合的共同界面——陆面模式的发展过程。在此基础上,从耦合研究方法和目的出发,分4个类别详细论述当前国内外大气水文模式耦合研究的现状。指出了单向耦合不足和进行双向耦合所面临的几个关键问题包括：尺度问题、次网格分布非均匀性、降水模拟等。未来要求充分利用“3S”、四维变分同化等新技术和新方法,加强多学科的联合研究,深入开展大气水文模式的双向耦合试验和敏感性分析,研究大气—植被—土壤—水文系统的交互影响,从根本上提高大气和水文模式的模拟和预报水平。     

陆面过程与天气研究

陆面作为大气运动的下边界,通过动量、热量及物质交换与大气发生复杂的相互作用。陆面过程被认为是影响天气气候的关键过程之一。关于陆面过程对气候的影响已经开展了大量较为深入的研究,相比之下,针对陆面过程对天气的影响研究并没有受到足够的重视。近年来,陆面过程与天气研究也开始受到了越来越多的关注。本文从陆面基本要素、下垫面构成、陆面诱发的局地环流3个方面,回顾了土壤湿度、地形、土地利用、山谷-平原环流等要素和过程对强对流、暴雨、台风、高温热浪等天气事件影响研究的相关进展,以期为今后的研究提供参考。需要指出,尽管此方面的研究已取得了一定进展,但关于陆面过程对天气,尤其是极端(高影响)天气的影响及机制还有待深入研究,进而从陆面过程的角度来理解重要天气形成、发生和发展的机理,从而为数值模式发展和天气预报业务提供更有力的科学支撑。     

漓江流域表层土壤水分物理性质空间异质性

为了解漓江流域土壤水分空间变化特征及其影响因素,基于2'经纬网格,采用地统计学方法对该流域表层（0~10 cm）土壤水分物理性质的空间变异进行分析。结果表明:从空间结构比上,漓江流域表层土壤含水量、容重、最大和最小持水量均具有高度的空间自相关性（各指标空间结构比均大于0.87）,且其空间分布趋势基本一致,由流域上游向中下游逐渐变化。土地利用对流域表层土壤水分物理性质及其空间变异具有显著影响。受时间尺度和土地利用类型等因素的影响,漓江流域表层土壤含水量相比其他土壤水分物理性质,其空间异质性由随机引起的空间变异增加,空间自相关减小,为0.87;而土壤容重最大,为0.92。相关结果对于漓江流域土壤水分动态模拟与预测研究具有一定参考价值。     

Study on Water Internal Recycle Process and Mechanism in Typical Mountain Areas of Inland Basins,Northwest China: Progress and Challenge

The water resource and its change of mountainous area are very important to the oasis economic system and ecosystem in the arid areas of northwest China. Accurately understanding the water transfer and circulation process among vegetation, soil, and atmosphere over different hydrological units in mountainous areas such as snow and ice, cold desert, forest and grassland is the basic scientific issue of water research in cold and arid regions, which is also the basis of water resource delicacy management and regulation. There are many research results on the hydrological function of different land covers in mountain areas, basin hydrological processes, however, there are only very limited studies on the water internal recycle at basin scale. The quantitative study on the mechanism of water internal recycle is still at the starting stage, which faces many challenges. The key project “Study on water internal recycle processes and mechanism in typical mountain areas of inland basins, Northwest China” funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China will select the Aksu River and Shule River Basin, which have better observation basis, as study area. The internal mechanism of moisture transfer and exchange process of different land cover and atmosphere, the internal mechanism of water cycle in the basin, and water transfer paths in atmosphere will be studied through enhancing runoff plot experiments on different land cover, analyzing the mechanism of water vapor transfer and exchange between different land covers in the watershed by isotope tracing on the water vapor flux of vegetation water, soil moisture and atmospheric moisture, improving the algorithms of remote sensing inversion and ground verification on land surface evapotranspiration on different land cover, and analyzing the water vapor flux from reanalysis data, and the coupling modeling of regional climate model and land surface process model. At last, the effect of different land cover in hydrological process of mountain area, and the impact of land cover on downstream oasis will be systematically analyzed.     

快速城市化地区多尺度水文观测试验与暴雨洪水响应机理分析

城市下垫面改变引起水文循环过程发生变异,导致目前已掌握的天然情况下的产汇流规律和机制难以解释城市化等新形势下的水文现象与过程,而面临需重新再认识的挑战。本文以长三角地区为典型,建立了不同城市化水平及空间规模的水文试验流域,探讨了快速城市化地区暴雨洪水响应规律和机制。结果表明：(1)不同量级降水事件下城镇用地土壤水响应程度(表层土壤水涨幅基本超过4%)总体高于其他土地利用类型,城市化地区下垫面的改变通过影响土壤水动态响应模式直接影响了地表产流过程,植被覆盖率较低的城镇用地和荒地土壤含水率呈现出陡涨陡落现象,而植被作用下的土地利用类型则表现出缓慢上升和缓慢消退的土壤水响应过程。(2)流域洪峰滞时和洪峰流量整体表现为随流域面积增加而呈幂律函数关系形式的增加。(3)总降水量与主要洪水特征(如洪峰流量、单位面积洪峰流量和径流深)基本呈显著相关(相关系数分别达0.49、0.41和0.78以上)。城市下垫面通过改变土壤水动态响应等产汇流特征而直接影响了洪水过程,未来长三角地区暴雨洪水在城市化和气候因素双重作用下呈现持续加剧的趋势。     

土壤热导率的研究现状及其进展

土壤热导率是重要的土壤热参数之一, 在下垫面土壤热量的传输中起到重要作用; 同时也是区域气候模式、 陆面过程模式中重要的输入参数, 在预估未来气候变化等方面也具有重要作用. 根据国内外的研究现状, 评述了土壤热导率的影响因素和模拟方案. 其中, 土壤质地、 温度、 含水(冰)量和孔隙度等是影响土壤热导率的主要因素, 特别在研究冻土时需重点分析含冰量的变化. 结合影响因素, 比较分析了典型的国内外计算土壤热导率的模型, 得出这些模型多适用于模拟常温下的热导率, 低温条件如青藏高原冻土区模拟结果并不理想. 因此, 多年冻土区土壤热导率的研究多基于观测资料计算或使用陆面模式中的参数化方案估算, 但因多年冻土内部水热传输过程的复杂性, 青藏高原多年冻土区热导率的模型模拟仍需进一步研究.     

气候模式中关键陆面植被参量遥感估算的研究进展简

Satellite remote sensing data play an important role in the improvement of climate models forcing field, relevant physical parameters and simulation accuracy. At present, there are many years of satellite remote sensing data and a variety of products about land surface attributes. However, the application of satellite remote sensing data to climate models is still very limited. Fully using satellite remote sensing data is important to improving the simulation ability. In the paper, remote sensing estimates methods of three key land surface parameters including Fractional Vegetation Coverage（FVC）, Leaf Area Index（LAI）and surface albedo（Albedo）is reviewed and up or down scaling land surface variables in validation process is analyzed. Secondly, taking WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）model as an example, three parameters in climate model are described. Finally, the key problems of using remote sensing data in climate models are discussed, which comprise the uncertainties and scales of remote sensing estimation parameters and the future direction is prospected.     

遥感技术在陆面过程研究中的应用进展

探讨了当前陆面过程 (LSP)研究的特点 ,指出遥感在陆面过程研究中的应用以及陆面过程国际合作实验是突出的特点 ,进而对遥感技术的陆面参数获取、地表能量通量的计算以及与 LSP模式的结合研究及进展进行了综述。根据不同特征的地表参数选择光学遥感或微波遥感已成共识 ,而综合利用不同遥感数据获取同一种地表参数也已成为研究热点 ,当前及今后发射的携载多种遥感仪器的众多遥感卫星为此项研究提供了条件 ;遥感与 LSP模式的结合研究是遥感在陆面过程研究中深入应用的一个方面 ,国际陆面过程合作实验是这项研究的重要保证。     

An Overview of Measurement and Calculation Methods on the Land Surface Temperature on Alpine Mountainous Cold Regions

Land surface temperature on alpine mountainous cold regions, which is one of basic parameters of the regional hydrological and meteorological conditions, directly affects glacial recession, snow melt, distribution and freezing thawing process of permafrost, evapotranspiration, vegetation growth, and various underlying surface change process, and then changes the regional hydrological and ecological environment, becomes the important parameter of the research on land surface process and the study of eco-hydrological process. This paper tried to provide an overview of research on land surface temperature, and to introduce its influence factors and the ways to obtain land surface temperature data in high mountainous cold region. Relative to low elevation plain, the land surface temperature was significantly affected by local altitude, terrain and plant cover. There were some methods to obtain land surface temperature, such as measurement in situ, retrieval based on remote sensing and calculation by land surface process models, but there were some limitations while used on alpine mountainous cold regions. Land surface temperature data from meteorological stations were only about level bare ground, and the influence of terrain or vegetable cover was not considered. Therefore, the data could not represent the information of region scale on mountainous area. Land surface temperature retrieval from remote sensing data, because of calculation theory, ground observation verification and spatiotemporal resolution, made it difficult to fulfill research on hydrology, land surface process and eco-hydrological process in alpine mountainous area. Land surface process models estimated land surface temperature in the experimental sites with high accuracy, but reduced the accuracy while upscale to the region scale on the mountainous cold area, because of the error from input control meteorological, soil and plant variables, and the error of ground observation site verification. The future research on land surface temperature on alpine mountainous cold regions should strengthen field observations and improve data accuracy, to build a physical land surface temperature estimation method with topographic and vegetation parameters, and to contribute to research on land-atmosphere-water process in alpine mountainous regions.     

地表冻融过程被动微波遥感机理研究进展

地表冻融过程及参数特征是陆表过程、气候模式、全球变化等研究的重要方面。被动微波遥感由于具有对土壤水分敏感、高时间分辨率等特点,非常适合用于地表冻融过程的监测和相关参数的反演。在分析地表冻融过程被动微波遥感机理研究发展现状的基础上,面向全球范围内大尺度陆表冻融过程微波遥感算法发展的需求,针对由土壤、积雪和植被组合的复杂地...