Review and Prospect of Global Operational Ocean Forecasting

The marine environmental forecast plays an increasingly important role in economic growth and infrastructure development, and touches upon many fields and aspects, including marine security, energy resources development and protection, ocean shipping and fisheries. Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) OceanView supports the national research groups providing them with coordination and technical support among the partners. Forecasting centers develop and establish global operational ocean forecast systems. The global operational ocean forecasting system uses the ocean dynamic numerical model as the dynamic framework, and the near real-time high-quality observation input field is integrated into the model by data assimilation to realize the future environmental forecasts of the marine conditions covering the multi-time scale. The products are routinely validated with observations in order to assess their quality. This paper briefly introduced and reviewed the development process and current situation of the global ocean forecasting system covered by GODAE OceanView, and outlined the future development of global ocean forecasting.     

地下水动态预报DAMSM模型的研究及应用

通过地下水位监测系统的建设和地下水动态预报DAMSM模型的建立,及时、准确地掌握地下水位的变化情况,为区域水资源总量分析和合理配置提供依据。     

Flood Forecasting and Warning at the River Basin and at the European Scale

Application of recent advances in numerical weather prediction (NWP) has the potential of allowing delivery of flood warning to extend well beyond the typical lead times of operational flood warning at the river basin scale. A prototype system, a European Flood Forecasting System (EFFS) developed to deliver such pre-warnings, aiming at providing a pre-warning at lead times of between 5 and 10 days is described. Considerable uncertainty in the weather forecast at these lead times, however, means that resulting forecasts must be treated probabilistically, and although probabilistic forecasts may be easy to disseminate, these are difficult to understand. This paper explores the structure of operational flood warning, and shows that integration in the flood warning process is required if the pre-warning is to fulfil its potential. A simple method of summarising the information in the pre-warning is presented, and the system in hindcast mode is shown to give clear indication of an upcoming major event in the Rhine basin up to 10 days before the actual event. Finally recommendations on the use of data assimilation to embed the EFFS system within an operational environment are given.     

遥感信息与作物生长模型的耦合应用研究进展

卫星遥感技术具有快速、宏观、准确、客观、及时、动态等特点,在大范围作物长势监测和产量预测等方面具有得天独厚的优势。但遥感监测常常受卫星遥感数据空间分辨率、时间分辨率等因素的影响,且遥感信息大多反映的是瞬间物理状况。作物生长模型是对作物生长、发育、产量形成过程中的一系列生理生化过程进行数学描述,是一种面向过程、机理性的动态模型。但是,当作物模拟从单点研究发展到区域应用时,由于随空间尺度的增大导致模型中一些宏观资料的获取和参数的区域化方面存在很多困难。
遥感信息与作物生长模型的耦合应用可以解决作物长势监测和产量预测等一系列农业问题,越来越受到相关研究人员的关注,已经逐渐成为一个重要的研究领域。因此,随着作物模型和遥感技术的迅速发展,如何将两者结合,进行互补性的研究是很有意义的。在查阅了相关资料的基础上,综述了遥感信息与作物生长模型的耦合应用以及发展历程,分别阐述了两种遥感数据与作物生长模型的结合方法——强迫法和同化法,总结了两类方法的应用情况。最后提出了该领域存在的问题,以及进一步解决的研究方向。     

中国洪水预报系统设计建设研究

分析了我国洪水预报系统的现状,阐述了中国洪水预报系统的建设的必要性、目标及开发原则,介绍了中国洪水预报系统的软硬件环境、预报模型和方法、预报方案、模型率定、实时作业预报、实用模块、系统管理7部分的设计建设。     

基于卫星的水资源监测预报技术应用与研究

基于卫星遥感的降水监测的基本方法是建立云顶温度与象素点降水的统计相关关系,同时利用卫星信息在地面雨量站点间进行雨量插值。基于气象卫星的实际蒸散发计算通过定标、大气订正、空气温度、总辐射、净辐射、显热通量等步骤计算。降雪处理的依据是降雨和地表温度。融雪计算的基础是能量平衡,融雪发生时刻用雪盖的寒冷度估算。决定土壤冻结的因素能量平衡和温度。土壤冻结逆方程可用于确定土壤解冻的深度。坡面径流以用二维扩散过程模拟。河道部分以有侧向入流的Muskingum-Cunge方法为基础。     

复杂洪水预报系统的集成技术研究

以广西南盘江天生桥一级电站施工洪水预报系统为例,讨论了以水情数据库、洪水预报模型、数据库管理系统和模型管理器为基础构建集成化复杂洪水预报系统的若干技术问题,提出了用邻接矩阵来形式化和规范化预报系统水情数据与预报模型之间复杂关系的一般方法.     

Review of Development and Application of High Resolution Global Climate System Model

Climate models have been used as an important tool to quantitatively study climate variability and to predict or project climate change in the future. One of the most important pathways for development and improvement of climate system model is to increase the spatial resolution and improve the corresponding physical parameterization schemes, which is very important for understanding climate change and improving climate prediction skill. Based on a brief introduction of the importance of developing high-resolution global climate system model, a review of recent progresses in the development and application of high-resolution models was summarized. The paper also introduced the current situation and problems for the development and evaluation of high-resolution models and focused on the key scientific and technical bottlenecks which restrict the development of high-resolution models, including the development of dynamic framework of the high-resolution ocean and atmospheric models and massive high performance parallel computing, the improvement of the sub-grid physical parameterization scheme, and mesoscale air-sea interaction. Meanwhile, the scientific objects and experiments design of the international high resolution climate model intercomparison project (HiResMIP) of the coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 (CMIP6) was introduced. Finally, we prospect the future developments and evaluations of high-resolution climate models in China was proposed.     

水文预报及信息显示系统开发研究

介绍了SMAR(Soil Moisture Accounding and Routing)模型及其改进--分布式任意时段长模型。简要讨论了参数优化,河道汇流演算方法、实时预报及校正理论等。介绍了水文预报及信息显示系统的组成、功能、特点和环境要求及该系统在长江三峡区间洪水预报中的应用。     

交互式洪水预报系统及关键技术研究

介绍了交互式洪水预报系统的概念和基本结构，分析了实现交互式预报的区域拓扑连接、作业表、模型参数优化、交互修正等关键技术，并以淮河交互式洪水预报系统为例，阐述了系统的组成、实时作业预报的数据流程和应用成果。在分析我国暴雨洪水特性和自然地理条件的基础上，指出了在我国开发交互式洪水预报系统的必要性和应该注意的几个主要问题。     

中小河流山洪预警预报系统开发设计及应用

我国中小河流众多,山洪频发,洪灾损失严重,是造成人员伤亡的主要灾种。目前,我国中小河流山洪预报预警技术研究还处于初步阶段,山洪监测预警系统尚在试点建设中。介绍水利部公益性项目"中小河流突发性洪水监测与预警预报技术研究"开发的中小河流山洪预警预报原型系统,包括基于分布式水文模型、动态临界雨量的山洪预警预报方法,山洪预警预报原型系统的总体结构、软件设计与功能实现,以及在其中一个示范区江西遂川江的试运行情况,并对其实际应用进行了分析,以期为当前所开展的中小河流洪水易发区水文监测预警项目及全国山洪灾害防御非工程措施建设等工作提供参考。     

数据挖掘技术在水文预报中的应用及水文预报发展趋势研究

数据挖掘作为知识发现过程中的重要步骤,是从大型数据库中提取未知的、有价值的和可操作性的关系、模式和趋势用于决策支持的过程。我国目前在防洪领域存在着大量水文数据,如何充分有效地利用各种智能算法对这些数据进行分析与挖掘,以形成相应的水文预报模型进行准确的水文预报是防洪决策支持系统完善和发展的重要方面。本文首先全面地介绍数据挖掘的功能分类及以数据挖掘为基础的水文预报体系,然后对数据挖掘技术在水文预报中的应用进行了探讨和研究。     

全球变化及其相关科学概念的发展与比较

在回顾全球变化科学产生和发展历史的基础上,针对当前全球变化、全球气候变化、全球环境变化、地球系统科学在概念和内涵上存在混淆的情况,就全球变化等概念的内涵、产生的过程及其联系进行了综述、分析和比较。提出全球变化是指对人类现在和未来生存与发展有重要的直接或潜在影响、由自然因素或人类因素驱动在全球范围内所发生的地球环境的变化,或与全球环境有重要关联的区域环境的变化。气候变化和全球环境变化的研究范畴包含在全球变化之中,但又各有其关注领域和交叉部分;而地球系统科学是解决全球变化问题的科学理念、思维方式和解决方案。]     

A Study of Global Change Population and Economic System Risk Forming Mechanism and Assessment

Global climate change featured with warming has created serious challenge to world sustainable development and human security. It has become an important consensus of the international society to assess global change risk at the global scale and carry out tailored governance and risk-based adaptation. National Key Research and Development Program “Study on global change population and economic system risk forming mechanism and assessment” aims at quantitatively predicting future global climate change and population and economic system exposure and vulnerability change, developing global change population and economic system risk assessment model based on complex system dynamics, synthesizing risk assessment model with proprietary intellectual property rights, assess global change population and economic system risk of the near and mid future at the global scale, and compiling the atlas of global change population and economic system risk. The outcomes intend to serve the participation of global risk governance and international climate negotiation, and to provide scientific support to the implementation of international disaster risk reduction strategy.     

A Review on the Research and Application of AquaCrop Model

This article described the fundamental principles and the progress of study and application of AquaCrop model, and especially introduced the application of AquaCrop model. The application of AquaCrop in irrigation management, cropping system and the future climate scenario has achieved good results. The problems that should be paid attention to in the application of AquaCrop model were summarized. It was pointedout that most of the researches in China concentrated on single field scale; Many studies focused mostly on the calibration and verification; And the applicability of the model parameters in China remained to be further verified; The performance of Aquacrop model would be affected under severe water stress conditions.This article proposed several suggestions for future development,with a view to AquaCrop model playing a guiding role in the future of agricultural production practices.     

矿床灰色预测系统观

矿床是在漫长的时间、广阔的空间、复杂的介质中，由一定的成矿作用形成，赋存于地质环境发生局部性变异的地区。这种异常变化可分为地理、地球物理、地球化学三大类。它们概有各自的特殊性，又有相经的关联性。人们采用地质、地球物理、地球化学勘探方法获提的找矿信息，可以将其视为成矿作用在3个侧面的表现形式。显然，用现代灰色系统思想来分析，长期、复杂、多源的成矿作用是灰色动态过程；综合方法寻找矿床是地质找矿灰色系统工程，矿床形成和分布是多种控矿地质因素综合作用、相互关联、发展变化的灰色系统。因此，从矿床的预测的意义上说，就是对这个系统进行整体上的考察，揭示灰色成矿场的展布，以圈定矿床赋存的最有利部位。 在新的矿床预测方法的研究中，我们把灰色系统理论与地质、物探、化探方法相结合，提出了以已知矿床上建立的参考数列系为灰色子波，对研究区的比较数列系进行关联度扫描，从中圈定关联度异常，预测矿床赋存部位的矿床灰色预测法。在新疆哈密研究区作了隐伏铜镍矿床预测试验，证实了该方法具有矿床信息提取、综合处理、靶区优选、定位预测的功能，适用于大比例尺隐伏矿床预测。     

福建省洪水预警报及闽江水库群联合调度系统

介绍了福建省洪水预警报系统通信、计算机网络、信息传输等关键技术和建设情况，以及闽江流域水库群调度软件系统的关键技术和功能。     

数据驱动模型在渭河流域来水预报中的开发和应用研究

现有的水文预报方法分为过程驱动模型方法和数据驱动模型方法两大类,近年来随着水文数据获取能力和计算能力的发展,数据驱动模型在水文预报中受到了广泛的关注,回归模型、神经网络模型均属此类.本文首先采用距离平方反比与泰森多边形相结合的方法,由雨量站观测到的降水量求得渭河流域各四级区的降水量,然后采用自回归模型结合年～月～旬逐级修正的方法对渭河流域10个四级区进行降水预报,采用降水～气温～径流多元线性回归模型对渭河流域28个水库进行径流预报,取得了较好的效果.     

MIKE_SHE模型的发展与应用研究

MIKE SHE (MIKE System Hydrological European)作为基于物理过程的分布式水文模型的典型代表,能够清晰地描述完整的地表水-地下水文过程,拥有数据精确、多模块模拟、用户界面方便等优点。主要就MIKE SHE模型的发展历史和主要应用进行了简单的总结分析,并简要阐述其主要存在的问题和改善的方法。     

降水或径流量长期预报系统的开发和应用

在阐述降水或径流量长期预的系统开发目的的基础上，介绍了系统的结构和主要功能，系统开发中采用的技术，以及系统在黄河上游唐乃亥站月尺度径流量预报应用实例。