Regional-scale aeromagnetic survey of the south-west of Algeria: A tool for area selection for diamond exploration

The main objective of the most regional-scale aeromagnetic surveys is to assist in mineral development through improved geologic mapping. The aeromagnetic survey of the south-west of Algeria is used for diamond potential evaluation and target-area selection. This region of Algeria, forming part of the west African Craton, has until very recently been under-explored for diamonds. This paper is a contribution to area selection for primary diamond deposits based on a conceptual model for kimberlitic occurrences. According to the proposed exploration model, the emplacement of diamondiferous kimberlites is controlled by three principal criteria: (1) existence of a sufficiently thick lithosphere, favourable to diamond genesis and preservation, (2) presence of major tectonic trends and lineaments that could act as pathways for kimberlitic magma, the principal diamond-bearing lithology, and (3) the recognition of magnetic anomalies related to mafic–ultramafic intrusives, signs of deeply-rooted magma. Interpretation of the aeromagnetic data, using energy spectral analysis and different data-enhancement filters, has permitted elucidation of all three criteria. Their combination provides a final assessment for three possible areas as targets for primary diamond deposits emplacement.     

碳酸岩岩浆演化过程中REE富集与分异的研究进展及碳酸岩中的矿物学分带

稀土元素(REE)作为"三稀资源"之一,是中国重要的战略性矿产资源,碳酸岩型稀土矿床是世界稀土的主要来源.成矿碳酸岩的岩浆演化以及稀土元素的富集和分异机理一直是碳酸岩型稀土矿床研究的热点和难点,国内外学者对碳酸岩的岩浆起源、岩浆演化过程中稀土元素富集与分异的机理进行了大量的研究与探讨,但仍存在较多的争议,限制了碳酸岩型稀土元素成矿理论的发展及国内外碳酸岩型稀土矿床的找矿勘查工作.文章重点对稀土成矿碳酸岩的起源、岩浆演化过程及在此过程中REE的富集与分异行为进行了详细的文献调研和评述,同时,基于笔者在冕宁牦牛坪稀土矿床前期的研究工作和最新发现,认为碳酸岩中普遍存在矿物学分带,它是岩浆演化过程的最佳记录,是不同成分矿物结晶分异作用的体现.对牦牛坪稀土矿床碳酸岩的矿物学分带特征及其中的熔体、熔流体和流体包裹体进行了初步描述与探讨,以期为研究碳酸岩的岩浆演化、岩浆-流体转化过程及稀土元素的富集与分异机理提供新的思路,促使对稀土碳酸岩矿物学分带及其对REE富集与分异的研究引起更多的关注和重视.     

贵州镇远马坪地区钾镁煌斑岩侵位模式及找矿前景

扬子克拉通金刚石原生矿找矿问题一直是极具争议和挑战性的课题,而贵州镇远作为扬子克拉通最丰富的含金刚石母岩出露区,对该区岩体侵位模式及找矿前景的研究,可为扬子克拉通金刚石成矿与找矿研究、地球深部重大科学问题探讨等提供新的思路和方法。通过梳理分析以往该区形成的勘查、研究资料,认为贵州东部所出露的一系列钾镁煌斑岩体受控于北东向的玉屏-施洞-三都断裂,就镇远马坪而言,至少出露2期钾镁煌斑岩侵入活动,在其深冲断层东侧可能存在未被剥蚀的岩体,仍具有一定的找矿前景。     

哈萨克斯坦北部Kumdy-Kol金刚石矿床地质与变质金刚石成因

哈萨克斯坦北部Kokchetav地区的Kumdy Kol金刚石矿床是世界上惟一的变质金刚石矿床。对该金刚石矿床成因以及相关岩石的诸多研究成果不仅深化了对超高压变质岩的研究 ,而且推动了大陆动力学研究的进展。在该金刚石矿床中找到的岩相学证据证明 ,该金刚石矿床的主要含矿岩石大理岩曾经在俯冲带中循环到 >2 4 0km的深部。文章在介绍Kokchetav变质金刚石矿床的地质特征和大地构造背景的基础上 ,讨论了该变质金刚石矿床的形成过程以及变质金刚石的成因。Kokchetav变质金刚石主要表现出蜂窝状或草莓状的特征外形。这种蜂窝状或草莓状金刚石是快速生长条件下结晶的结果。结合最近的研究成果 ,笔者认为Kokchetav金刚石矿床中金刚石的形成与深俯冲大理岩中的白云石分解作用密切相关。白云石分解反应形成文石和菱镁矿组合 ,菱镁矿继续分解形成金刚石 (MgCO3 =金刚石 +MgO +O2 )。基于这个认识 ,Kokchetav金刚石矿床中碳 (金刚石和石墨 )的来源应该是碳酸盐岩     

山东蒙阴坡里地区金伯利岩带形成时代——来自辉绿岩锆石U-Pb定年数据的证据

金伯利岩是化学成分、矿物组成和结构多变的混杂岩,极易发生蚀变,因此对金伯利岩全岩及各种矿物进行测年的方法很难确定金伯利岩的侵位年龄,且数据结果差别很大。通过分析蒙阴坡里金伯利岩带与辉绿岩的侵入关系,以及辉绿岩锆石U-Pb测年,结合辉绿岩与上覆灰岩的接触关系及金刚石砂矿储集层与已知金刚石原生矿的关系,确定辉绿岩脉的侵位时代为中生代燕山晚期,证实坡里金伯利岩带形成时代为中生代燕山晚期而非加里东期。     

Morphology of diamonds from kimberlite pipes of the Catoca field, Angola

The paper presents new data on the morphology of more than 3200 diamond crystals from kimberlite pipes of the Catoca field located in the Lunda diamond-bearing province of northeastern Angola. The diamond crystals from particular pipes of this field differ in their morphology and their physical and mineralogical properties. Octahedrons are predominant in the morphological spectrum of crystals from the Catoca and Kamitongo pipes, indicating more favorable conditions for diamond growth and preservation in comparison with diamonds from the Kakele pipe, where rhombic dodecahedrons are prevalent. In general, morphological and other mineralogical features of diamond crystals may be used in appraisal of the diamond-bearing potential of their primary sources in northeastern Angola.     

Physicochemical parameters of the material of mantle plumes: Evidence from the thermodynamic analysis of mineral inclusions in sublithospheric diamond

Thermodynamic analysis of equilibria involving minerals of the lower mantle of pyrolite composition and crystalline carbon-bearing compounds indicates that the range of oxygen fugacity values at which diamond can be formed is separated from the region in which Fe-rich metallic alloy is generated by a field in which Fe carbides are stable. This implies that diamond can be formed in the lower mantle under more oxidizing conditions than those thought to be dominant in this geosphere. The absence of a metallic phase from the lower-mantle diamond-bearing mineral assemblage is consistent with the high (approximately 1%) Ni concentration in the ferropericlase found as inclusions in diamonds (Fe-rich metallic alloy is able to intensely extract Ni). An elevated redox potential also follows from the occurrence of carbonate phases found among mineral inclusions in lower-mantle diamonds. The main reason for a local increase in oxygen fugacity in the lower mantle may be shifts of redox equilibria toward a decrease in the amount, and then the disappearance of the Fe-Ni alloy with increasing temperature. An important role in the formation of diamond may be played by the generation of carbonate-phosphate and silicate melts in high-temperature zones and the migration of these melts and their interaction with wall rocks.     

序言:特提斯构造域岩浆作用与成矿

斑岩矿床是全球铜钼的主要来源,其形成与中酸性岩体的浅成侵位有关。斑岩矿床形成的精细过程与斑岩体成矿潜力判别,一直是新世纪以来矿床学研究的重要前沿。作为中酸性岩体中最常见且化学性质较为稳定的副矿物,锆石和磷灰石矿物化学近年来在岩浆作用与斑岩成矿作用研究中得到广泛应用。一方面,这是得益于近年来以LA-ICP-MS为代表的原位分析技术的快速进步及普及,使得精确获取矿物组分信息、特别是微量组分信息成为可能;另一方面,锆石和磷灰石的化学成分中蕴含丰富的成岩成矿信息,包括年龄、温度、氧逸度、含水量、S和Cl含量等,综合这些指标可以揭示岩浆-成矿演化规律及精细过程。为此,本文详细综述了近年来利用锆石和磷灰石约束斑岩矿床形成过程及成矿潜力评价等方面的主要进展,特别是在判断岩石类型、岩石成因、岩浆源区、反演母岩浆成分、区分矿床类型、示踪成矿流体来源、揭示流体交代作用与斑岩矿床蚀变分带、评价矿床剥蚀与保存情况等方面的进展;同时也梳理了研究中存在的主要问题与挑战,在此基础上,对未来锆石和磷灰石在斑岩矿床领域的应用研究提出一些建议。     

岩浆混合作用研究综述

本文详细阐述了近年来国内外对岩浆混合作用的研究进展,集中在混合作用的验证及地幔物质参与对混合作用的影响。从能量、物质运移的角度认识岩浆混合作用,以揭示上地幔、地壳的信息,并为认识区域构造一岩浆演化提供约束。综合归纳了岩浆混合作用主要的研究方法,系统总结了混合作用发生的规律及主要影响因素,并应用已有理论和数据进行简单的数值模拟,合理解释岩脉的不混合特征。作为壳一幔间物质与能量交换的重要形式,阐述了岩浆混合与底侵作用的关系,并介绍了常见的岩浆混合作用岩石成因模型。最后说明了岩浆混合作用今后的发展趋势和存在问题。     

新疆巴楚爆破角砾岩筒矿物学特征及其对岩浆演化过程的约束

本文对新疆巴楚爆破角砾岩筒的矿物学进行了系统的研究.结果表明:爆破角砾岩主要由胶结物和超镁铁质包体构成,胶结物的主要造岩矿物有单斜辉石、橄榄石、角闪石和金云母,它们既有金伯利质岩浆本身结晶出来的矿物斑晶,也有与超镁铁质包体同源的捕掳晶.胶结物中晚期结晶的矿物比早期结晶的矿物更加富镁,矿物环带表现为反环带,指示岩浆在演化过程中发生了一定程度的岩浆混合作用.研究发现爆破角砾岩中超镁铁质包体与周围的层状岩体在矿物学上存在诸多不同,暗示包体可能不是来自于后者.对比发现,巴楚金伯利岩与中国东部华北地台含矿金伯利岩在克拉通固结年龄、岩石圈厚度、岩石出露位置及岩浆来源深度等方面均存在很大不同,这些对巴楚金伯利岩成矿构成了不利因素.     

煌斑岩的分类、特征及成因

作为最早被识别出的碱性岩石之一,煌斑岩因富含金和金刚石等矿产资源以及对理解深部地球动力学过程的重要作用而受到广泛重视,但是目前对于煌斑岩的成因还存在不同的认识.本文基于近年来对煌斑岩的研究成果,对它们的分类、特征以及岩石成因进行综述.根据国际地科联(IU GS)的分类标准,煌斑岩可以分为超镁铁质煌斑岩、钙碱性煌斑岩和碱...     

伟晶质岩浆的同化混染与分离结晶(AFC)作用及铀成矿效应:以纳米比亚湖山铀矿为例

纳米比亚湖山铀矿位于达马拉造山带的中央南部地区,工业铀矿物为晶质铀矿,属于伟晶岩型铀矿床。关于不同矿石中铀元素的富集与沉淀机制还存在一定争议。为了揭示伟晶质岩浆演化与铀矿化作用的关系,本文对矿区内不同矿物组成的伟晶岩型矿石开展了岩石和矿物地球化学研究。野外及镜下鉴定结果显示,矿化伟晶岩可以分为“简单类型”矿体和“复杂类型”矿体。前者具有正常的花岗伟晶结构,晶质铀矿均匀分布于造岩矿物之间,矿化程度低到中等;后者表现出非均匀的结构特征,且矿化程度极高,晶质铀矿在成因上与大量黑云母团块有明显的空间联系。地球化学研究表明:在“简单类型”伟晶岩中,铀元素主要通过伟晶质岩浆的分离结晶作用富集;“复杂类型”伟晶质岩浆的演化则明显受控于同化混染作用,其铀矿化为岩浆同化混染与分离结晶(assimilation-fractional crystallization,AFC)作用产物。具体而言,外来基性组分(FeO,MgO,TiO₂,MnO)的混入导致“复杂类型”熔体中矿物的结晶顺序发生改变,长石类矿物的“延后”结晶为黑云母提供了更加有利的结晶空间和条件,促使黑云母以团块状聚集的形式产出。黑云母的大量析出会引发残余岩浆中UF_m^4-m络合物的水解,导致晶质铀矿在团块黑云母内部或周围沉淀。因此,本文有关“简单类型”和“复杂类型”产铀伟晶岩的研究,有效地揭示了岩浆演化过程与铀矿化机制,丰富了伟晶岩型铀矿床理论,为后期勘查开发提供了科学依据。     

贵州镇远地区含金刚石母岩再认识

贵州镇远马坪"东方一号"岩体为中国最早发现的原生金刚石矿,受当时只有金伯利岩才含金刚石矿及后来西澳阿盖尔钾镁煌斑岩型金刚石原生矿等的影响,先后定名为金伯利岩、钾镁煌斑岩、金云火山岩等。最近专题调查分析研究表明,镇远马坪地区含金刚石母岩,其岩石学矿物学和地球化学特征均更接近澳大利亚典型金伯利岩,白坟地区岩体则类似于澳大利亚典型钾镁煌斑岩,建议将镇远马坪地区"东方一号"等岩类定名为角砾凝灰质金伯利岩,白坟地区岩类定名为钾碱镁闪石-透辉石-金云母钾镁煌斑岩,镇远地区兼有金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩的特征,与西澳大利亚极其类似,镇远地区乃至黔东地区具有较大的金刚石原生矿找矿勘查潜力和研究意义。     

Garnet and pyroxene compositions in some diamondiferous eclogites

Analyses are reported for garnet and pyroxene from 17 eclogites that contain diamond. The garnets contain small but significant contents of Na, Ti and P and the pyroxenes contain traces of K. The diamond-bearing eclogites do not constitute a unique compositional group but show a range of mineral compositions consistent with a very high P-T environment.     

Major element composition of concentrate garnets in Proterozoic kimberlites from the Eastern Dharwar Craton,India: Implications on sub-continental lithospheric mantle

This study examines the major element composition of mantle-derived garnets recovered from heavy mineral concentrates of several Proterozoic kimberlites of the diamondiferous Wajrakarur Kimberlite Field (WKF) and the almost barren Narayanpet Kimberlite Field (NKF) in the Eastern Dharwar Craton of southern India. Concentrate garnets are abundant in the WKF kimberlites, and notably rare in the NKF kimberlites. Chemical characteristics of the pyropes indicate that the lithology of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath both the kimberlite fields was mainly lherzolitic at the time of kimberlite eruption. A subset of green pyropes from the WKF is marked by high CaO and Cr₂O₃ contents, which imply contribution from a wehrlitic source. The lithological information on SCLM, when studied alongside geobarometry of lherzolite and harzburgite xenoliths, indicates that there are thin layers of harzburgite within a dominantly lherzolitic mantle in the depth interval of 115–190 km beneath the WKF. In addition, wehrlite and olivine clinopyroxenite occur locally in the depth range of 120–130 km. Mantle geotherm derived from xenoliths constrains the depth of graphite–diamond transition to 155 km beneath the kimberlite fields. Diamond in the WKF thus could have been derived from both lherzolitic and harzburgitic lithologies below this depth. The rarity of diamond and garnet xenocrysts in the NKF strongly suggest sampling of shallower (<155 km depth) mantle, and possibly a shallower source of kimberlite magma than at the WKF.     

Distinctive structural features of magmatic complexes of the central type associated with ring faults

On the basis of a study of a large quantity of deep-seated xenoliths from the kimberlites of the Malo-Botuobuya, Daldyn-Alakit, Upper Muna, and Lower Olenek regions of Yakutia, we have discussed the distribution of the ultrabasic rocks and eclogites in the kimberlite pipes both on the basis of petrographic composition, and also on depth facies, and a comparison is presented of the mineral composition of the deep-seated inclusions and of the amounts of defined types of xenoliths with the diamond capacity of the kimberlites. The conclusion has been reached that: 1. the amounts of inclusions of deep-seated rocks vary significantly not only in kimberlites from the various diamond fields, but also in the pipes of a single diamond-bearing region; 2. the composition of the ultrabasic rocks and eclogites of the diamond-bearing pipes is distinguished from that of the inclusions of the non-diamond kimberlites in these rocks; and 3. the diamond capacity of the kimberlites has been determined by the depth of occurrence of the magmatic focus and the velocity of uprise (intrusion) of the melt during the formation of the kimberlitic diatremes —Authors.     

白杨河超大型铍(铀)矿床中蓝柱石(BeAlSiO4(OH))的矿物特征与地质意义

蓝柱石作为一种较为罕见的含铍矿物,通常产在过铝-准铝性的岩浆-热液演化系统中,或发育于富铝质岩石的低级变质过程中。本文通过偏光显微镜、电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射、激光拉曼光谱和红外光谱等多种手段方法,在白杨河超大型铍(铀)矿床首次发现了除羟硅铍石以外的另一种含铍矿物-蓝柱石。系统的矿物学研究表明蓝柱石应由花岗斑岩岩浆分异的岩浆热液直接沉淀而成,且形成于富F环境中。结合前人关于矿床地质特征、成矿年代学和地球化学等方面的研究,认为白杨河矿床中的铍矿化应是花岗斑岩深部岩浆房分异的岩浆热液,在不断演化过程中形成的,而与后期流体(包括幔源流体和大气降水)的淋滤作用无关或关系很小。     

Multi-stage evolution of the Xuhuai rift: Insights from the occurrence and compositional profiles of doleritic sills in the southeastern margin of the North China Craton

Various types of igneous suites occurred between 930 Ma and 890 Ma in the North China craton are known to represent a large igneous province (LIP). However, the magma plumbing system of this LIP and its potential consequence to a breakup event are poorly understood. We report morphology, crystal size distribution of plagioclase, and whole-rock and mineral geochemistry profiles of this LIP represented by the two decoupled mafic sill complexes (Niutishan and Pingshan) in the Xuhuai basin. In terms of petrography and whole-rock geochemistry, unlike the lower-level doleritic Niutishan sill, the Pingshan sill is subdivided into an upper and a lower sequence that meets at a Sandwich Horizon but lacks stratification. The significant En reversals present an almost M-shaped profile that differs from a C-shaped profile as previously revealed in the Niutishan sill. Quantitative textural analyses show relatively strong plagioclase orientation in the lower sequence of the Pingshan sill, which is attributed to magma flow. The Pingshan sill is interpreted to have been constructed as multiple magma injections from crustal magma chambers based on the crystal size distribution and the varied crystallization pressure (5.1–7.5 kbar) of clinopyroxene crystals.Similar to the far-field radiating Dashigou dyke swarm (c. 925 Ma), the Niutishan sill is enriched in incompatible elements, which may represent the initiation of the Xuhuai rifting. However, the depleted features of the diamond-bearing Pingshan sill and the other coeval doleritic sills (916–890 Ma) were probably related to the subsequent process switched from continental rifting to lithospheric rupture in the divergent stage of the Wilson cycle. The occurrence of the intrusive rocks evolving from an early radiating dyke swarm to later sill complexes indicates a time-transgressive change from radial to planar patterns, implying that it was the upwelling asthenospheric plume material, instead of plate boundary processes, governed the initial and early evolution of this intracontinental rift.     

徐州睢宁白露山岩体中的铬铁矿化学成分及金刚石的含矿性研究

白露山岩体是苏北地区重要的金刚石含矿岩体。通过研究该岩体中的铬铁矿化学成分,探讨其成因及金刚石的含矿性,进一步分析金刚石的成矿潜力。白露山岩体中的铬铁矿具有高Cr、低Al、高Mg的特征,属于镁铬铁矿,是深部地幔橄榄岩结晶而成的,不是岩体本身的结晶产物,可能来源于岩体中的深源捕虏体。铬铁矿的结晶温度为1 253~1 354 ℃,与金刚石的形成温度(1 150~1 400 ℃)相近,二者关系密切。铬铁矿化学成分与山东、辽宁含矿金伯利岩中铬铁矿的化学成分较相似,多数属于S4组和S6组铬铁矿,少数属于S1组和S2组铬铁矿,其中S1组和S2组铬铁矿是含矿岩体的标型矿物。白露山岩体具有良好的金刚石成矿潜力和找矿前景。     

不同地质建造类型的生态环境功能特征——以西昌地区为例

地质建造背景可以直接反映该地区的形成演化过程、物质组成和地理条件,直接或间接地影响基岩上的生态环境。小范围内生态环境效应由地质建造直接控制,再由不同的气候条件、人类活动进行改造。土壤中的营养元素基本继承于母岩,而气候条件和人类活动同样会对土壤的物理性质、化学性质形成扰动。以中国地质调查局生态地质调查工程之大凉山区生态地质调查项目为依托,以沉积建造特征、空间分布、大地构造属性等因素为基础,将西昌地区划分为11个地质建造单元。通过详细的野外调查和数据分析,对西昌地区不同地质建造单元进行研究,认为建造单元上的生态地质环境存在明显的差异性,地质建造背景直接制约了成土母质及土壤的物理化学性质,营养元素在成土母质和土壤之间的迁移存在明显的继承性。同时,不同的地质建造单元和不同的地理地貌特征共同决定了不同地质建造单元的生态功能属性。研究成果为下一步开展生态地质调查提供依据和思路。