InSAR大气水汽改正模型的比较应用研究

对基于GPS数据的大气水汽扰动模型(GPS topography-dependent turbulence model,GTTM)和GPS/MODIS集成的大气水汽改正模型进行了比较研究.试验证明,GTTM模型和GPS/MODIS集成模型的改正方法都可以大大降低大气水汽对InSAR测量地面形变量精度的影响.另外,当两种模型都用于改正InSAR观测值时,它们具有很强的互补性.     

InSAR观测值大气改正方法的研究进展

介绍了国际上InSAR观测值大气改正方法最新的研究进展，应用实例证明了由于大气（尤其是水汽）的影响，传统的InSAR形变量的监测精度往往只能限制在cm级；而利用GPS数据，通过基于地形的GPS扰动模型（GTTM），大幅度削弱了大气对干涉影像的影响，并成功地探测出了美国洛杉矾地区明显的季节性地表形变，形变量精度可提高到5mm左右。通过与GPS／MODIS集成大气改正模型的结果的比较表明，GTTM和GPS／MODIS两种大气改正模型在削弱InSAR观测值大气水汽影响方面具有很强的互补性。     

改进的Kriging算法用于GPS水汽插值研究

大气水汽含量在时间和空间上波动所造成的雷达信号不确定性延迟,是影响雷达干涉测量精度的主要因素之一.将高精度地基GPS可降水汽值用于SAR影像大气延迟的改正,需要采用合适的插值方法对GPS观测值进行空间插值.常规的逆距离权(inverse distance weighted,IDW)倒数和克里格(Kriging)等空间插值方法,由于未考虑地形对大气延迟的影响,其应用效果不理想.为此,提出了一种改进的Kriging插值方法,该方法充分考虑了高程和距离对大气插值的影响.对香港地区GPS水汽观测建立的区域水汽改正模型实验结果表明,改进的Kriging方法具有明显的优越性,可以进一步推广用于建立多影响因素的拟合插值模型.     

GPS对流层延迟模型的比较分析

基于GPS对流层模型,对几种模型进行实际应用的对比,通过GAMIT软件对CORS数据进行处理,分析得出了几种模型在GPS反演大气水汽含量应用中的精度。     

4种对流层模型在南极地区的适用性分析

GPS信号传播过程中穿过对流层时受到大气折射的影响,其信号发生弯曲和延迟,因此,对流层延迟是GPS测量的主要误差源之一。对流层延迟模型改正算法的选择关系着GPS探测大气水汽的精度。介绍了Saastamoinen、Hopfield、UNB3及EGNOS等4种国际上常用的对流层延迟模型,以南极戴维斯站(DAV1)为例,计算了4种对流层模型在南极地区的天顶总延迟(ZTD)、天顶干延迟(ZHD)和天顶湿延迟(ZWD),与探空数据进行比较,得到了适合南极地区的对流层延迟模型。     

用GPS观测反演大气中水汽的含量

介绍用GPS测量提取水汽的原理和过程，讨论如何提高其精度和实时性，并提出构造三维水汽分布的方法。通过用GPS观测量反演大气的影响，从而提取大气中水汽的含量，这对气象研究和天气预报有很好的作用。     

GPT／2模型用于 GPS 大气可降水汽反演的精度分析

气象参数(温度T、气压P)是GPS大气可降水汽(PWV)反演中必不可少的数据,也是PWV反演的重要误差源之一。文中主要对GPT/2(GPT、GPT2)模型用于PWV反演的精度进行验证和分析。基于非差精密单点定位(PPP)技术,选取SuomiNet网9个测站的观测数据,借助研制的PPP软件,分别采用GPT模型、改进的GPT2模型以及测站实测气象数据进行大气可降水汽(PWV)反演。以实测气象数据处理结果为参考,对两种模型解算的PWV进行了对比和精度分析。结果表明:改进的GPT2模型优于GPT模型,尤其是当测站的高程较大时,GPT2模型的稳定性更优、适用性更广;采用GPT2模型解算的PWV偏差均值小于±1.0mm,精度(RMS)优于±1.5mm。在缺少实测气象数据的情况下,利用GPT2模型数据仍然能够取得较为理想的PWV反演结果。     

基于MODIS热红外波段与投影寻踪模型的水汽反演方法

基于热红外波段的水汽反演方法可以进行夜间观测,但是精度稍低,因此提出基于MODIS热红外通道结合投影寻踪模型的水汽反演方法。通过变量选取实验和结果对比实验,选取出最适宜的模型输入变量及变量组合,建立了投影寻踪模型水汽反演方法;应用该方法反演了美国南部地区2015年夏季与中国山西省2011年7月份的水汽含量,并与GPS测量水汽数据进行了对比。结果表明:在美国南部地区,基于投影寻踪模型的水汽反演算法反演得到的水汽含量与GPS测量水汽含量的均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)为2. 478 mm;在山西省RMSE为1. 408 mm;与MODIS热红外水汽产品数据相比,具有更高的精度,且弥补了近红外夜间无法工作的缺陷,更具有业务化推广的潜力。     

GPS RTK在海岛(礁)测量中的应用

本文简要介绍了GPS RTK技术在海岛(礁)测量中的基本原理,根据海岛(礁)地形的特点,探讨并实践GPS RTK测量海岛(礁)地形的具体方法和步骤,同时利用高精度全站仪对GPS RTK的测量精度进行评定,证明GPS RTK精度能够满足海岛(礁)地形测量的要求。     

MODIS水汽反演用于InSAR大气校正的理论研究

大气效应尤其是大气水汽的影响是InSAR干涉测量中主要的误差源和限制因素之一,因此高精度的InSAR应用迫切需要及时掌握大气水汽含量及其时空变化。本文深入分析了利用MODIS的水汽反演结果进行InSAR干涉测量大气校正的可行性,对MODIS近红外水汽反演结果与地基GPS水汽探测结果进行了比较和分析。同时根据GPS解算结果,利用实例讨论了基于地面气象参数的水汽延迟模拟的效果。     

The absolute positioning of spaceborne INSAR data using the integer ambiguity method

In this paper, the capability of the integer ambiguity method to find the absolute position of InSAR data is demonstrated. A radargrammetric model is used for the space triangulation. The method is demonstrated using ERS data of the Thames region and the results are compared to GPS measurements and a digital elevation model. The GPS stations, not visible in the image, are located on the InSAR data using a simple range-Doppler algorithm and an analysis of their positions is undertaken. The results are consistent with other methods but with the advantage that the radargrammetric model is very simple. The results also highlight the problems of integrating GPS data with InSAR data in urban areas where a GPS station may not be representative of the dominant scatterers within a resolution cell, and they suggest methods that might be applied in future to reduce this problem. The model should help the integration of InSAR data with other geometric survey data.     

Tight integration of GPS observations and persistent scatterer InSAR for detecting vertical ground motion in Hong Kong

A method for tightly integrating GPS observations and the persistent scatterer (PS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is proposed to detect vertical ground motion in Hong Kong, China. The tropospheric zenith wet delays (ZWD) derived from GPS observations at sites in the SAR scenes are used first to model and correct for the tropospheric effects in the interferograms generated from the SAR images. The vertical motion rates (VMR) of the GPS sites determined based on the continuous GPS observations obtained at the sites are then used as constraints in the PS InSAR solutions to further enhance the quality of the solutions. Data from 12 continuous tracking GPS sites in Hong Kong and 8 ENVISAT ASAR images acquired during 2006–2007 are used to demonstrate the application of the proposed method. The results from the example show that the method is capable of detecting accurately the vertical ground motion.     

Deriving 3D coseismic deformation field by combining GPS and InSAR data based on the elastic dislocation model

The density of GPS measurements is usually one of the key issues in resolving 3-D coseismic deformation field from integrating GPS and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurements with pure mathematic interpolation methods An approach that combines the elastic dislocation model with the Best Quadratic Unbiased Estimator (BQUE) or a robust estimation method named IGG (Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics) is proposed to reconstruct 3-D coseismic deformation field, in which only a small amount of GPS data is needed to produce a reasonable initial 3-D coseismic deformation. Then the BQUE and IGG are used to weight the InSAR and GPS measurements to avoid computational issues caused by the negative variance problem and to decrease the impact from gross errors. The Wenchuan earthquake is used to test the proposed method. We find that the developed method makes it possible to use only a few GPSs and InSAR data to recover the 3-D coseismic deformation field, which offers extensive future usage for measuring earthquake deformation, particularly in some tectonically active regions with sparse GPS measurements.     

利用附加系统误差参数的升降轨InSAR-GPS数据融合方法建立三维形变场

针对合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术（interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR）监测形变时高空间分辨率的优势以及GPS监测数据高精度、高时间分辨率的特点,对升、降轨InSAR与GPS数据融合获取高精度的三维形变场的方法展开研究。提出以高精度的GPS观测值为约束,对升、降轨InSAR观测方程分别添加一个跟点的位置有关的系统误差函数,以对InSAR数据中残留的系统误差进行修正,减弱或消除系统误差的影响。模拟数据和实测数据表明,该方法能够有效地补偿不同轨道InSAR数据与GPS数据间的系统误差影响,且计算简单;采用附加系统误差参数的升、降轨InSAR-GPS综合形变分析模型建立的三维形变场具有更高的精度。     

Estimating the motion of atmospheric water vapor using the Global Positioning System

Water vapor is both an important component in the atmosphere for the transport of energy and a noise source for space geodetic observations of the Earth's surface, such as from GPS and interferometric SAR (InSAR) measurements. GPS data collected from ground receivers are sensitive to the total amount of water vapor above the antenna and data from continuously operating GPS receivers are routinely used to estimate delays caused by atmospheric water vapor. Using these time series of atmospheric delay, we have estimated the motion of atmospheric water vapor above GPS networks. The motion above each site is determined by comparing the time series from different sites and estimating relative time offsets in these time series. These are then used to determine the velocity field of the atmospheric delays as they move across the network. We have compared the results with similar estimates inferred from geostationary satellite data and found clear correlation on several occasions. Such results can be useful for improving the understanding of the energy transport in the atmosphere, the spatial interpolation of water vapor, and for calibrating InSAR observations for delays caused by water vapor. Electronic Publication     

Coseismic surface deformation of the 2014 Napa earthquake mapped by Sentinel-1A SAR and accuracy assessment with COSMO-SkyMed and GPS data as cross validation

ABSTRACT

The new land observation satellite Sentinel-1A was launched on 25 April 2014 with a C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor, which has the significant enhancements in terms of revisit period and high resolution. The Mw 6.1 Napa, California earthquake occurring on 24 August 2014, almost 4 months after the launch, is the first moderate earthquake imaged by the Sentinel-1A. This provides an opportunity to map the coseismic deformation of the event and evaluate the potential of Sentinel-1A SAR for earthquake study. Two techniques including the interferometric SAR (InSAR) and pixel offset-tracking (PO) are, respectively, employed to map the surface deformation along the radar line of sight (LOS), azimuth and slant-range directions. The cross comparison between Sentinel-1A InSAR LOS deformation and GPS observations indicates good agreement with an accuracy of ～2.6?mm. We further estimate the earthquake source model with the external COSMO-SkyMed InSAR and GPS data as constraints, and forward calculate the surface deformation as cross validation with the Sentinel-1A observations. The comparison between the observed and modeled deformation shows that the Sentinel-1A measurement accuracy can achieve 1.6?cm for InSAR technique along LOS direction, and 6.3 and 6.7?cm for PO along azimuth and range directions, respectively.     

GPS -InSAR合成方法用于地面沉降监测的可行性展望

GPS技术在地面沉降领域的应用已日臻成熟并完善；InSAR技术在地面沉降领域的应用已经开始但还未成熟，目前是研究热点。GPS—InSAR合成方法是将GPS高时间分辨率和InSAR高空间分辨率进行有效的统一，使两种技术达到互补，从而发挥各自的优势。本文指出了GPS—InSAR合成方法用于地面沉降监测的可行性，并对两种实施方案进行了探讨。最后对西安地区开展GPS—InSAR研究进行了展望。     

城市扩展强度及其地表热特性遥感定量分析

城市化将自然景观转变为不同土地利用的城市景观,改变了地表的物理特性。因此,有关城市扩张及其对环境的影响的准确信息具有广泛的应用价值。利用遥感技术监测土地利用变化成为城市环境研究的重要内容,然而利用遥感技术定量提取城市扩展及其强度的定量信息仍存在许多挑战。本文提出了定量确定城市扩展范围及其发展强度的新方法——地图密度指数。并以中部城市——长沙为例,利用Landsat TM/ETM+数据定量评价了城市扩张及其热环境特征的变化。首先,集成遥感光谱指数提取地表非渗透表面,然后利用移动窗口算法获得地图密度指数,再根据设定的阈值获得密度指数等级图,依此密度指数等级图识别城市扩展范围及其发展强度。再结合地表温度反演的数据,分析了城市格局及其变化与地表热特性变化的定量关系。结果表明,自1990年代以来,长沙市城市区域及其发展密度显著增加,城市发展的密度差异与地表温度相一致。 地图密度指数能较好刻画城市扩展范围及其发展强度,并与地表温度空间分布存在较好的对应关系。