自然伽马曲线在地层划分、煤层对比中的应用

大城勘查区含煤地层煤层层数多,厚度、间距变化大,煤层分叉现象较普遍,煤岩层对比是需要解决的重点问题之一。通过对比大城勘查区120余孔自然伽马测井资料,对其特殊层段辅以测井曲线响应特征、层间距变化规律以及标志层岩性与物性对应关系等进行了分析。结果表明,本区基岩顶部、煤系底部自然伽马异常分界明显;6煤组具有"塔松"异常形态特征反映;5煤层"剑指"形态与8煤组"凹状"形态特征显著等。根据自然伽马曲线的典型特征对本区的煤岩层位进行了对比,确定了煤系基底、基岩界面的基本形态,厘清了5煤、6煤8煤9煤等层位的关系。特别是在局部层位发育不全、煤层归位较困难时,通过形态特征跟踪,较为准确的识别了层位及其分叉合并关系。     

测井曲线在井田深部煤炭补充勘探中的应用

同一勘探区,各个钻孔测外曲线的幅值、形态及组合特征呈现出一定的规律性,据此确定了金能煤业分公司井田深部煤炭补充勘探区的煤层及其标志层。根据该区标志层的电阻率曲线、长源距伽马-伽马曲线及自然伽马曲线异常形态．掌握了该区赋存的9层煤层的变化规律,并依据测井曲线对比结果发现逆断层两条,其断距分别约为72．41m和40m。     

测井曲线分析宝秀盆地晚新生代古气候与沉积环境

宝秀盆地晚新生代赋存了大量泥炭和褐煤,为了分析宝秀盆地泥炭和褐煤形成的古气候与沉积环境,利用自然伽马测井曲线的波形特征,并结合孢粉、岩性等地质资料,分析可知,泥炭主要形成于晚更新世和全新世,褐煤主要发育于新近纪,盆地晚新生代古气候经历了温热—温暖—温凉的凉暖气候交替的过程,沉积环境为湖泊和沼泽沉积。结果表明,自然伽马曲线频率与振幅的变化反映沉积环境稳定或动荡,自然伽马曲线值的高低对应了气候的温湿或干冷,因而可以利用自然伽马测井曲线分析古气候及沉积环境。     

测井曲线在许疃井田煤岩层对比中的应用

许疃井田位于安徽省宿州市西南部,临涣矿区的南端。井田东西宽3～7km,南北长8～12km,勘探面积约55km。通过分析该区视电阻率、自然伽马和伽马伽马等测井曲线的形态及组合特征,对该井田的煤岩层进行综合对比。其中82煤层下铝质泥岩的高伽马异常可作为本井田82煤层判定的主要依据;而位于11煤层至石炭系第一层石灰岩间自上而下的缓波状视电祖率曲线形态与自然伽马曲线幅值相对较高的组合特征,可作为二叠系煤系地层与石炭系地层划分依据。三个实例表明在该井田利用测井曲线异常形态及组合特征,可有效进行煤岩层变化规律研究、层位划分及断层判定。     

华北邯邢地区奥灰中统三组八段测井曲线特征

华北邯邢地区奥陶系中统灰岩平均厚度562m,分为三组八段,与上覆石炭系煤系地层呈不整合关系,为本地区主要含水地层。为消除下组煤开采威胁、有效防治奥灰水,必须对下伏灰岩各组段给予准确划分。根据该区奥陶系中统灰岩的沉积规律和物性特征,对各组段地层的单一测井曲线特征及多种物性曲线组合特征进行分析,确定了物性标志稳定、连续性强、全区可追踪对比的各组段地层醒目划分标志。鉴于本区自然伽马曲线形态的稳定性,利用数理统计方法对本区40个钻孔进行各组段自然伽马峰值几率计算,求得各组段自然伽马峰值几率表,并以东庞矿观2孔自然伽马曲线奥灰地层中的一段（O2f1）为例,介绍使用该表确定灰岩组段的方法。     

测井曲线特征在贵州省兴达井田煤岩层对比中的应用

贵州兴达井田含煤9-17层,其中K1、K2、K3、K4四层煤较稳定,为主要可采煤层。依据钻孔资料,分析测井曲线形态与煤层顶底板以及上下标志层间的组合关系,对井田的煤岩层进行了对比。该井田K1煤层常分叉为K1上、K1下两个分层,其直接顶板高视电阻率异常,三叠系至K1煤层组间自上而下的缓坡状视电阻率曲线形态与自然伽马幅值相对较高的组合特征可作为二叠系含煤地层与三叠系地层划分依据;K2煤层位于龙潭组顶部,下距长兴组灰岩标志层10m左右,煤层本身高伽马异常;K3、K4煤层及其底板具较高的自然伽马特征。     

应用伽马测井曲线小波变换计算粒度参数

伽马测井曲线包含了储层的粒度信息,采用二进制小波变换对伽马测井曲线处理可以提取粒度参数。通过分析不同粒度区间单位体积含量(以Udden-Wentworth方案为标准)与伽马测井曲线变换后信号的幅度、频率之间关系,考虑测井仪器探头测量速率造成的采样间隔的影响,建立求解不同粒度区间体积含量的递归方程组。将获得不同粒度区间的绝对体积转化为相对体积含量,按照Trask或Folk-Ward公式,计算粒度中值、平均粒度、分选系数、偏度、峰度。选择塔里木盆地大北地区DB101等4口井51个取样点进行方法适用性和可靠性验证,此方法的计算结果与筛选法相比,各项参数误差均在允许接受范围内。与国内外同类方法相比,此方法在信息来源、耗时、成本方面的要求均有所降低。     

自然伽马异常在宣东矿区岩煤层对比中的应用

自然伽马曲线是反映钻孔岩石放射强度的重要资料。在伴有岩浆活动影响的地层中,常常形成放射性物质的富集或降低,因而在自然伽马测井曲线上呈现出异常反映。通过分析宣东矿区钻孔自然伽马测井曲线异常形成的原因,总结出广泛分布于全区的箱形、剑形和台阶型曲线异常等典型特征与钻孔剖面的对应关系,并据此对该区进行了岩性划分及地层对比。     

松辽盆地大庆长垣四方台组可地浸砂岩铀成矿测井评价

为了研究孔隙度、渗透率、泥质等参数与砂岩型铀矿成矿的关系,本文对松辽盆地中央坳陷大庆长垣南部某区块四方台组底部砂岩进行分析。含铀矿砂岩具有高放射性,这使得测井曲线的密度值异常降低,自然伽马值异常升高。通过研究总结出利用升高的自然伽马曲线校正密度曲线的方法,以及利用其他不受放射性影响曲线重构自然伽马曲线的方法。与岩心的对比分析结果证明,校正后的密度曲线与重构后的自然伽马曲线较准确,密度曲线校正与自然伽马曲线重构解决了含铀砂岩利用测井曲线求取孔隙度、渗透率参数不准的问题。在准确求取测井参数的基础上,得到能展现砂体内部非均质性特点的物性空间展布并成图分析,进而得出本地区有利于铀成矿的物性条件：产生铀矿的砂体并不是孔渗性质最好的地方,也不是孔渗性质最差的地方,而是处于由高孔渗向低孔渗过渡的地方。     

电性放射性测井曲线在陕北侏罗纪煤田中的物性反映特征及其解释规律

由于各煤田的地质条件不同,煤岩层的物性存在差异,由于多种原因,常会出现测井曲线的多解性,因此掌握勘探区煤岩层的测井曲线规律,是避免测井工作出现人为误差的基础工作。通过总结陕北侏罗纪煤田中煤层及砂泥岩在4种测井曲线上的响应特征,指出该区电阻率、人工伽马曲线上的高幅值及自然伽马低幅值与自然电位的负异常是判断煤层解释的依据。在解释煤厚的原则上,电阻率、人工伽马曲线需根据煤的厚度与电极距、源距的关系进行判定,而自然伽马和自然电位曲线的煤层解释点一般确定在异常幅值的1/2处。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the