沉积有机质的喇曼光谱研究

本文用激光喇曼光谱显微探针研究了选自广西、湖南和New Caldeonin（澳大利亚）的11个有代表性沉积变质岩样品中的沉积有机质。有机质有两个主要喇曼频率振动区域:1600cm-1峰和1350cm-1峰。文中对这两个特征喇曼谱峰的归属进行了说明,讨论了不同类型沉积有机质特征喇曼谱峰的差异和不同变质演化阶段有机质产生的喇曼光谱系统性变化规律,指出激光喇曼光谱显微探针技术是一种研究沉积有机质特征十分便利、有效的方法。     

石油中饱合烃类的喇曼特征

本文试通过一些饱合烃类标样的喇曼分析,总结出石油中饱和烷烃组分的最大喇曼特征是在2700~2970 cm-1区域有一系列强烈的喇曼效应,有三种情况:1)直链烷烃类是以—CH3链基对称喇曼效应(约2872 cm-1)最强;2)带异构骨架链烷烃类是以—CH链基喇曼效应(约2911 cm-1)最强;3)环烷烃类是以—CH2链基对称喇曼效应(约2857 cm-1)最强。另外异构骨架在748 cm-1处有一强的喇曼效应,烷烃环基在804 cm-1处有一个强的喇曼效应。并发现不同的烃或烃混合物,若结构基团相同,喇曼谱图也相同;在混合烃组分(或烃类包裹体)的喇曼谱图中2905~2921 cm-1间喇曼峰应是—CH基团,而不能单作甲烷存在的证据。     

应用激光喇曼光谱特征参数反映有机碳质的成熟度

激光喇曼光谱技术具有测试简便和准确等优点，有机碳质物的激光喇曼光谱参数可以作为成熟度指标。并计算出镜质体反射率与激光喇曼光谱参数的回归关系式，喇曼光谱成熟度指标对应的成熟度范围为2.1%-15.0%(Ro)。     

不同变质程度煤的激光拉曼光谱特征

对不同矿区，不同变质程度煤的9个镜煤样品进行了激光拉曼光谱测定，并对其特征光谱进行了参数化。在1000－2000cm^-1的波数范围内有两个明显的拉曼频率振动峰G峰和D峰。当镜质体反射率R0＜2．28％时，D峰位置随R0的增大向低波数位置偏移。G峰与D峰峰位差和峰高比随R0的增大而增加。当R0约为2．1％时，拉曼光谱特征趋势发生逆转性变化。在2500－3250cm^-1之间有一个明显的拉曼谱带，并随煤变质程度的增加呈现如下规律，其谱带的变化与有机质的成熟度演化具有一珲的同步性，特别是在有机质进入成熟门限后，由于油相和气相成分的大量生成，出现明显的振动峰，而进入无烟煤（R0＞4．4％）后，其振动峰变弱，因此，煤的激光拉曼光谱特征可作为油气盆地判断有机质成熟度的一个指标。     

金红石和锡石的喇曼光谱研究

对我国不同地区和不同成因类型矿床的金红石和锡石及人工合成的金红石样品进行了室温下的喇曼光谱测定。每一粉末样品的喇曼图谱中都见有群论所预言的四条本征喇曼谱带。对于每一谱带的归属进行了说明。对单晶体的喇曼光谱测定说明,不同的入射和接受方向只对谱带的相对强度产生影响。     

不同压力下Ⅰ型甲烷水合物拉曼光谱

本文描述了合成的Ⅰ型甲烷水合物高压下拉曼光谱测定结果。甲烷水合物用细粒冰和甲烷气在温度0℃～9℃和压力18MPa下历时2天合成,在金刚石压腔里进行了原位的显微观察和拉曼光谱测定。一组温度25℃和压力范围132～901MPa下的拉曼光谱数据显示,样品的光谱呈左高右低的双峰结构,左谱峰位置范围为2904.4～2907.2cm~(-1),右谱峰位置范围为2915～2922cm~(-1),谱峰位置随压力变化,典型光谱的左右谱峰强度比近似为3:1,系典型的Ⅰ型结构特征;这说明甲烷水合物在较高压力下也能保持Ⅰ型结构。作为比较,甲烷气和溶解水中的甲烷的拉曼光谱也进行了测定,它们的拉曼光谱特征与Ⅰ型甲烷水合物的明显不同。     

天然变石和提拉法合成变石的红外-拉曼光谱分析

合成变石的晶体结构、化学成分及宝石学特征与天然变石基本一致,常规宝石学检测方法很难区分。实验采用红外光谱仪和拉曼光谱仪测试分析,发现天然变石以2 800cm~(-1)~3 300cm~(-1) O—H伸缩振动和2 362cm~(-1) CO_2伸缩振动为红外特征吸收峰,而提拉法合成变石无此特征吸收;拉曼分析中,638cm~(-1) Be—O弯曲振动为天然变石的特征吸收,674cm~(-1) Be—O伸缩振动、708cm~(-1) Be—O弯曲振动、473cm~(-1) Al—O平移运动为提拉法合成变石的特征吸收;对天然变石与提拉法合成变石拉曼谱932cm~(-1)进行洛伦兹线性拟合,得到天然变石半高宽均在17.0cm~(-1)以上,而提拉法合成变石均在17.0cm~(-1)以下。     

大别山榴辉岩中石榴石拉曼光谱特征及其地质学意义

利用拉曼分析技术测定大别山榴辉岩中石榴石的拉曼谱峰,测试结果表明榴辉岩中石榴子石的类型为镁铝-鉄铝石榴子石系列,与电子探针所得结果一致。石榴石高频区的拉曼位移与半高宽表现出反相关关系,并且从颗粒边部至中部再至边部呈现有规律的变化,具体表现为中部拉曼位移较小,在912.4cm~(-1)~913.9cm~(-1)之间,而边部拉曼位移较大,在914.6cm~(-1)~917.0cm~(-1)之间;半高宽则体现为中部较大,在23.46cm~(-1)~24.04cm~(-1)之间,而边部较小,在21.19cm~(-1)~23.11cm~(-1)之间。拉曼位移的变化体现了晶体结构的变化。说明榴辉岩折返过程中,因外部压力变化导致的矿物的晶格变形首先从颗粒中部开始,而中部及边部拉曼位移与半高宽的明显差异,说明晶格变形未达到均一化,很可能与榴辉岩的折返速率较快有关。研究榴辉岩中石榴石的拉曼谱峰特征可为探讨高压矿物在构造环境变化时的拉曼响应以及板块的俯冲及折返机制提供一定的依据。     

铁改性斜发沸石的制备及吸附Sb(Ⅴ)效果研究

用不同浓度的FeCl_3·6H_2O溶液对斜发沸石进行改性,制得铁改性斜发沸石(IMC),采用XRD,FTIR对改性前后的斜发沸石进行表征,消解后用原子吸收光谱仪对IMC表面负载铁量进行测定。以KSb(OH)6为Sb(Ⅴ)锑源、IMC为吸附剂,研究IMC对Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附去除效果。探讨了IMC载铁量、吸附时间、Sb(Ⅴ)初始浓度与吸附量的关系。结果表明:IMC对Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附量随载铁量的增加而增大,IMC90对Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附量为36.27×10~(-3);斜发沸石是羟基氧化铁(FeOOH)的优良载体;IMC_(50)吸附Sb(Ⅴ)所需平衡时间约12h;IMC_(50)对Sb(Ⅴ)的最大吸附量为35.05×10~(-3),是天然斜发沸石的9倍多;Elovich模型能较好反映吸附动力学过程;吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型;IMC50吸附处理Sb(Ⅴ)后3 333cm~(-1)处羟基宽化特征峰、695cm~(-1)和642cm~(-1)处的FeOOH特征峰强度明显降低,羟基宽化特征峰和695cm~(-1)处的FeOOH特征峰分别偏移到3 323cm~(-1)和694cm~(-1)处,Sb(Ⅴ)与羟基氧化铁(FeOOH)之间发生了络合反应。     

海相高过成熟页岩芳烃特征及页岩气意义

为了合理评价我国南方下古生界页岩有机质热演化程度,研究其与页岩含气性关系;采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对中扬子地区6口调查井、3个露头剖面的20件页岩样品的芳烃馏分进行了分析,并对代表不同区域的6件样品进行显微激光拉曼测试.分析结果显示拉曼D、G峰参数可以很好地计算过成熟至球粒石墨阶段高演化样品的有机质成熟度;拉曼D峰的子峰包含有芳烃含量的重要信息,随着有机质热演化程度的增加,与芳烃含量有关的D₄子峰强度不断降低.芳烃中菲系列化合物和二苯并噻吩系列化合物在_RmcR_o=2.73%~4.67%范围内的演化具有明显规律性;虽然甲基菲成熟度公式在该阶段已经不适用,但表征3-MP+2-MP相对含量的参数F1仍是很好的有机质成熟度指标;在有机质过成熟演化阶段,F1先随成熟度增加逐渐增加至0.74附近（R_o=3%附近）,之后随成熟度增加逐渐减小.二苯并噻吩化合物参数2,4-/1,4-DMDBT和4,6-/1,4-DMDBT在过成熟阶段随成熟度增加而增大,两值分别增至2和4.5时对应页岩等效镜质体反射率为4%.页岩芳烃系列化合物在过成熟阶段随有机质热演化程度增加而发生的异构化作用和脱甲基作用与有机质的比表面积变化有较好的耦合作用,与页岩气调查井的气显情况也有较好的相关性;页岩芳烃特征对过成熟阶段页岩气的生成具有重要的指示意义,可以作为我国南方下古生界有机质过成熟地区页岩气勘探的有效指标.      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.