地中海海岭泥火山的构造特征及其油气意义

地中海海岭泥火山属于典型的活动陆缘泥火山特征,上面覆盖着富含有机质、高沉积速率的沉积物盖层。受板块构造挤压作用的影响,增生楔内断裂和盐底辟构造发育,为地层深部高压的流体和气体的向上运移提供通道。同时,渗透性差的海底碳酸盐盖层和墨西拿期蒸发盐又是理想的油气和天然气水合物捕获体,已经成为海底油气、天然气水合物评估的重要标志地貌。台湾增生楔和地中海海岭有着相似的活动陆缘地质构造特征,具有类似的成油环境及沉积物中流体、气体的迁移机制。通过对比研究,可进一步了解活动板块陆缘增生楔的油气生储意义。     

南海北部陆坡区水合物发育的水深、热流特征及盖层控制作用模拟

南海北部陆坡区是中国最具潜力的天然气水合物聚集区。通过对研究区似海底反射层（BSR）、水深及热流值分布进行交会,得到了水深、热流双因素对天然气水合物形成的共同控制机理。研究认为,热流值中等（70～83mW／m^2）的地区最有利于天然气水合物的形成和聚集,热流值升高,天然气水合物形成的水深有总体增大的趋势。另外,天然气水合物的形成也需要良好的盖层条件。模拟了当上覆泥质沉积物盖层厚度不同时,天然气水合物形成所需的最低水深,并对不同泥质沉积物盖层厚度对天然气水合物稳定带底界面和厚度的影响做了研究和探讨。当泥质沉积物盖层的厚度越大时,天然气水合物形成的水深可以更浅;当泥质沉积物盖层厚度较小时,天然气水合物的形成则需要更大的水深。另外,当水深越大时,天然气水合物稳定带的底界面（BGHSZ）越深,天然气水合物稳定带的厚度越大。     

南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物形成及分布的地质因素

从天然气水合物发育的地质构造条件、沉积条件、气源条件、温压条件等分析了神狐海域影响水合物形成及分布的地质因素.指出神狐海域处在洋陆壳的过渡带上,断裂-褶皱构造及流体底辟构造发育,对水合物的形成具有重要的控制作用.受等深流和海底滑塌双重作用,研究区沉积异常体发育,沉积厚度大、沉积速率高,有利于水合物发育.通过对神狐海域附近钻探结果及区内地质调查站位资料的分析表明:目标区具有含巨量的生物气和热成因气资源潜力,具备形成天然气水合物的气源条件,气源为文昌-恩平组烃源岩.此外,受热流值北高南低的分布格局的影响,神狐海域BSR埋深也表现为北部浅南部深,且BSR分布区整体处在天然气水合物稳定存在的温压范围内,满足水合物形成及保存所需的温压条件.神狐海域的地质构造条件、沉积特征、气源条件、温压条件等都非常有利于天然气水合物发育.     

南沙海域天然气水合物地震特征

南沙海域水深为200∽2500m，其中大于500m的水域约50万km^2，该区大部分区域发育沉积盆地，构造类型多样，具有形成天然气水合物的气源、温度及压力条件。根据地质及地球物理调查资料，分析了南沙海域天然气水合物成藏的地质条件及地球物理标志特征，认为南沙海域具备形成天然气水合物矿藏的条件，南沙海槽和南沙中部海域是天然气水合物形成的有利地区。     

琼东南盆地陵水研究区海底地质灾害类型、分布和成因机制

琼东南盆地陵水研究区位于西沙海槽北部的陆架边缘和陆坡区,地质灾害广泛分布。利用三维反射地震数据,在琼东南盆地陵水研究区识别了海底滑坡、麻坑、丘状体、流体管道、天然气水合物(BSRs)、活动断层等海底地质灾害体,并分析了各类地质灾害体的地震反射特征和分布规律。结合区域构造和沉积演化过程,分析了地质灾害体的成因机制。研究表明,灾害体的分布面积总计超过2000km~2,各类灾害体相互叠置。构造断层活动、充足物源供给和海平面变化是导致该地区海底地质灾害广泛分布的重要原因。第四纪晚期高沉积速率导致陆架边缘和陆坡区沉积了较厚地层,有机质丰富,为水合物成藏提供了潜在气源。陆坡区的滑坡主要分布在加积层序较发育的陡坡区。在陆架边缘和滑坡不太发育的陆坡缓坡区,超压流体释放形成流体管道、丘状体和麻坑。高沉积速率、埋藏的古滑坡和区域的构造不稳定性是诱发超压流体释放的重要因素。     

冲绳海槽天然气水合物与地质构造的关系

海底天然气水合物大多与通过切穿沉积盖层的断裂的上升烃类流体相关,这些高渗透带包括底辟和泥火山等侵入构造,所以海底断裂、底辟和泥火山等构造周围可能赋存天然气水合物;其次,高沉积速率和巨厚沉积层可使有机质迅速掩埋而保存起来,为天然气水合物的生成提供充足物源,因此,邻近陆坡河谷口的海底沉积扇也是天然气水合物赋存的有利地区;另外,由于陆坡区的水合物沉积层比海盆更容易受外界温压变化的影响发生失稳分解,诱发海底滑坡,所以滑坡与天然气水合物赋存之间的关系也非常密切。冲绳海槽邻近海域具有覆水深、沉积厚度大、沉积速率高和有机质丰富等有利赋存条件,目前的研究已经在该海域发现了天然气水合物赋存的地球物理证据BSR,因此,在现有研究基础上开展断裂、泥火山、海底扇、海底滑坡等与天然气水合物相关的构造研究,可以深入了解天然气水合物在不同地质构造中的分布特征与演化,为更精确地评估其资源潜力提供参考。     

冲绳海槽天然气水合物综合异常特征及成藏地质条件

从冲绳海槽的地质条件来看,该区有利于天然气水合物的稳定存在,从沉积厚度和沉积速率来看,位于冲绳海槽盆地西侧的陆架前缘坳陷最有利于有机质的保存和转化,可以为冲绳海槽水合物的形成提供充足气源。通过对冲绳海槽区域地质条件和地球化学异常的综合分析以及地震特殊处理资料的精细解释,认为冲绳海槽南段很可能更适宜水合物的形成和聚集,因而可能会有很好的远景。     

南海北部陆缘天然气水合物初探

根据天然气水合物存在的温度－压力条件,研究了南海北部的地球物理资料,发现有些地方在地震剖面上出现的海底反射ＢＳＲ,而在另一些地方海底第一沉积的层速度偏高,比一般海洋沉积高０．２－０．６４ｋｍ／ｓ。将这些地方海底第一层沉积界面处的温度－压力参数投于甲烷形成天然气水合物的温度－压力图上,发现它们的出现于水合物存在之区域中。     

中国海域天然气水合物资源远景

南海东北部活动陆缘和北部被动陆缘以及东海冲绳海槽南部具有形成天然气水合物的良好成矿条件。从水深来看，上述3个有代表性的地区最小水深都在300m以上，有利于水合物的稳定存在；从沉积厚度和沉积速率来看，上述3个地区新生代地层厚度一般都在3000～6000m，有利于提供水合物形成所需的充足气源；从地球物理、地球化学等调查结果来看，上述3个地区普遍存在重要的地球标志——似海底反射BSR等，以及重要的地球化学标志——底水甲烷异常、孔隙水氯异常等。通过对上述海区的区域地质条件、地球物理和地球化学异常的综合分析认为，上述3个地区可能更适宜水合物的形成和聚集，因而可能会有很好的远景。     

天然气水合物分解对海底斜坡稳定性影响研究进展

天然气水合物作为一种新型能源,已经逐渐引起人们的重视。赋存于海底沉积物中的天然气水合物虽然本身作为亚稳定胶结物对海底有建造作用,但是由于其对特定温度和压力条件的严格依赖,海底温压条件的改变会引起其分解,从而使海底沉积物失稳甚至导致海底滑坡。本研究系统介绍了近年来国内外针对天然气水合物合成、物理性质及对海底稳定性影响进行...     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.