遵化豆荚状铬铁矿岩浆流变学性质

对遵化豆荚状铬铁矿中250个铬铁矿豆体的形态、大小、向椭球体转变的程度等统计分析表明,豆体在上升期间与岩浆作用的过程中伴有由等轴体(近似为球体)向椭球体转变的过程。其主要原因是豆体在相对岩浆运动的过程中,豆体的表面与岩浆之间的粘滞摩擦造成的。粘滞摩擦力的大小、作用于豆体表面的时间又取决于岩浆的粘度、豆体相对于岩浆的沉降速度、豆体半径的大小及岩浆上升的速度,所以这些因素将决定豆体变形(磨蚀、椭球化)的程度。因此,可用豆体与岩浆相互作用的物理过程来模拟豆体的变形特点,而反过来据实测的豆体变形程度数据又可推算岩浆真实的上升速度。     

Textural Evidence for the Chromite‐Oversaturated Character of the Melt Involved in Podiform Chromitite Formation

Well‐preserved oval‐shaped dunite clots occur within the exceptionally fresh massive podiform chromitites from the Coto Block of the Zambales Ophiolite Complex, the Philippines. The dunite/chromitite boundary shows an interlocking texture; olivine inclusions in chromites in the podiform chromitites show the same optical extinction with larger adjacent olivines in the dunite clots. This texture was formed by the reaction between chromite‐oversaturated melt and its dunite inclusions. The existence of such type of melt was previously only hypothesized to explain the origin of layered and podiform chromitites but is now confirmed by this discovery.     

西藏罗布莎蛇绿岩豆荚状铬铁矿石中的合金成分

从西藏雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带的罗布莎豆荚状铬铁矿床中 ,揭示出包含 70～ 80种矿物的一个地幔矿物群 ,其中特别引人注意的是含有多种合金。本文报道了已发现的合金类型和它们的化学成分。这些合金矿物主要通过人工重砂选矿提取的 ,少数合金在矿石光片中可以见到。本文报道的部分合金系有 :Ni(Fe) - C- Cr系 ,W-Cr- Co系 ,Al- Fe- L a系 ,Fe- Si- Ti系 ,Ag- Sn- Si系 ,Ni- Ir- Fe系 ,Fe- Pd- Pt系 ,Fe- Ni- C系。这些碳化物、金属硅以及铁合金等表明它们形成于还原环境 ,然而主岩铬铁矿石则形成于氧化环境 ,认为罗布莎铬铁矿是从玻安质岩浆中结晶的。这样合金矿物可能是外来晶体 ;或者它们形成于地核被后来上升的地幔柱带到浅部 ,包在铬铁矿中 ;或者是滞留在地幔中的成核物质后来被铬铁矿捕获。     

西藏罗布莎蛇绿岩豆荚状铬铁矿中镁橄榄石的晶体结构及其意义

在西藏罗布莎蛇绿岩块的豆荚状铬铁矿中，存在包裹体矿物镁橄榄石，这些镁橄榄石为无色透明多晶面形成的自形晶，Fo值可达到97－98，具富镁端员组分，选取一代表性颗粒的单晶进行X单晶和衍射分析，表明其为斜方晶系，空间群Pbnm，镁橄榄石晶胞参数,a,b,c以及M1－0和M2－0键长均小于地幔包裹体和一般地幔岩中橄缆中的对应值，测试出的晶胞参数与人工合成镁橄榄石的一致，镁橄榄石具有橄榄石族中已知最小的晶胞参数，据此推断它是在超高压环境下结晶的。     

西藏罗布莎豆荚状铬铁矿中发现超高压矿物柯石英

在西藏雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带东段的罗布莎豆荚状铬铁矿床中发现典型的超高压矿物柯石英和蓝晶石, 二者呈针柱状交生, 产在一个以TiFe合金成分为主的颗粒(0.7mm× 0.5mm大小) 的最外部.该颗粒从内到外由4层矿物组成, 分别为TiFe合金主体、2 0~ 70 μm宽的自然钛、约10 μm宽的TiSi合金及30~ 5 0 μm宽的柯石英和蓝晶石为主的硅酸岩和氧化物层.主体矿物为高Ti低Fe的TiFe合金, 内部出现由细粒状低Ti高Fe的TiFe合金和自然钛组成的蠕英结构.最外层由柯石英和蓝晶石组成的格架中分布细粒的Si金红石和Ti-Mg -K -Na -Ca氧化物.初步认为TiFe合金从深部高温高压环境往浅部上升过程中, 内部发生局部熔融, 分解出自然Ti, 并在其边部与其他硅酸岩矿物或熔体发生反应, 形成柯石英和蓝晶石.这一过程可能发生在洋脊拉张环境, 由于地幔柱的上涌, 将深部的豆荚状铬铁矿带到浅部, 使得其中包裹的一些高温高压环境下稳定的矿物变得不稳定, 发生熔融和交代反应, 形成新的不平衡的矿物组合.罗布莎柯石英的这种不寻常产出特征说明是在减压过程中形成, 不同于造山带中常见的由板块俯冲增压过程中形成的柯石英      

西藏蛇绿岩豆荚状铬铁矿中简单氧化物矿物组合及其超高压成因

最近在西藏罗布莎蛇绿岩豆荚状铬铁矿中,发现包括金刚石、柯石英和某些简单氧化物,诸如SiO2、MgO、Fe2O3、Cr2O3、Al2O3以及(Si,Ti)O2等组成的矿物群。这些矿物是非常复杂的由70~80种矿物组成的地幔矿物群的一部分。这充分证实在地幔中存在简单氧化物。高压-高温相平衡实验表明,硅酸盐矿物在下地幔条件才可分解成FeO、MgO和SiO2等简单氧化物(>670km)。因此有理由认为罗布莎简单氧化物可能来自下地幔深部。     

祁连山玉石沟橄榄岩岩浆作用的记录和铬铁矿的成因

祁连山玉石沟蛇绿岩型铬铁矿是典型的高铬型铬铁矿床.通过对玉石沟铬铁矿和橄榄岩围岩进行原位定距离采样研究表明:全岩高的MgO和低的SiO2含量指示这些蛇纹石化橄榄岩不是简单的部分熔融残余,而是经历了后期的熔体再富集作用.玉石沟近矿橄榄岩尖晶石(Cr#>65)和铬铁矿尖晶石的矿物包裹体化学特征反映矿体和围岩形成于俯冲带上覆岩石圈地幔.距离矿体由近及远,赋矿围岩尖晶石化学成分(Cr#=43.9~77.2,TiO2=0.06%~0.34%)无规律变化.这说明高铬型铬铁矿体成矿所需铬并非来源于围岩,而是与玻安质熔体渗滤有关.尖晶石含水矿物包裹体仅赋存在玉石沟铬铁矿尖晶石与硅酸盐矿物接触部位附近可能揭示了玉石沟铬铁矿体的成因:成矿铬尖晶石在上侵的含水熔体与周围方辉橄榄岩的反应过程中形成聚集.     

古老大陆岩石圈地幔再循环与蛇绿岩中铬铁矿床成因

不同地区、不同时代蛇绿岩中不同类型铬铁矿岩的Re-Os同位素研究表明,在铬铁矿石或围岩中均存在极度亏损的具有大陆岩石圈地幔属性的物质。新疆达拉布特古生代蛇绿岩带中萨尔托海富Al铬铁矿岩的Os同位素组成为0.1109～0.1256,对应的模式年龄为3.5～0.6Ga;西藏班公湖—怒江中生代蛇绿岩带中东巧富Cr铬铁矿石及围岩Os同位素组成介于0.1175～0.1261,对应的模式年龄为1.5～0.1Ga;雅鲁藏布江中生代蛇绿岩带中罗布莎富Cr铬铁矿岩的Os同位素变化范围为0.1038～0.1266,对应的模式年龄为3.37～0.28Ga,而该带中不含矿的泽当二辉橄榄岩的Os同位素组成为0.1256～0.1261,没有古老大陆岩石圈地幔属性的物质存在,与新特提斯洋地幔Os组成较为接近。推测在蛇绿岩形成过程中,古老大陆岩石圈地幔参与循环有利于形成铬铁矿床,明确提出"熔体与古老大陆岩石圈地幔反应成矿"的假说,指出蛇绿岩带中存在的古老微陆块可能是找矿的指示标志。     

贺根山豆荚状铬铁矿中硅酸盐包体及其地质意义

贺根山豆荚状铬铁矿是典型的高Al型铬铁矿(Cr#=47.8～54.9,Mg#=64.1～73.7),其中的包体以硅酸盐矿物为主(包括橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石、韭闪石、钠长石).根据包体形状、矿物组合及分布特征可将其划分为三类.第一类包体呈孤立单矿物相,主要包括橄榄石和单斜辉石,第二类包体由平衡共生的单斜辉石和斜方辉石构成,上述两类包体均具有被熔蚀的边,且零星分布在尖晶石中,属于捕虏晶成因.第三类包体属于熔融包体,具有多边形外形,包含复杂的矿物相并密集分布于尖晶石核部.利用尖晶石颗粒内部保存完好的单斜辉石以及单斜辉石和斜方辉石包体估算的温度(1148～1254℃)与压力(490～1290 MPa)表明,贺根山豆荚状铬铁矿矿床的形成深度为16～43 km.熔融包体中含大量钠长石和韭闪石,指示铬铁矿母熔体富集H2 O、Na和Si.与铬铁矿平衡母熔体的Al2 O3含量(15.4％～16.3％)、TiO2含量(0.3％～0.9％)和FeO/MgO比值(0.6～1.1)与低Ti拉斑玄武质熔体的类似.利用尖晶石和橄榄石包体计算获得铬铁矿原始熔体的Mg O含量为～19.8％.贺根山豆荚状铬铁矿经历了深部预富集和浅部成矿两个阶段,其中浅部成矿作用涉及熔体与方辉橄榄岩反应以及演化的熔体与原始熔体混合等过程.     

Platinum–Group Minerals in Podiform Chromitite from the Kamuikotan Zone, Hokkaido, Northern Japan

Abstract: Ru–Os–Ir alloys have been found in two podiform chromitites located at the Chiroro and Bankei mines in the Sarugawa peridotite complex in the Kamuikotan zone, Hokkaido, Japan. This is the first report on the occurrence of PGM (= platinum-group minerals) from chromitites in Japan. The Ru–Os–Ir alloys most typically form polyhedra associated with other minerals (Ni–Fe alloys and heazlewoodite) in chromian spinel. The PGM are possibly pseudomorphs after some primary PGM such as laurite and are chemically highly inhomogeneous, indicating a low-temperature alteration origin. This is consistent with intense alteration (formation of serpentine, uvarovite and kämmererite) imposed on the Kamuikotan chromitites. High-temperature primary PGE (platinum–group elements)–bearing sulfides were possibly recrystallized at low temperatures into a new assemblage of PGM, Ni-Fe alloys and sulfides. Placer PGM around the peridotite complexes are chemically different from the PGM in dunite and chromitite possibly due to the, as yet, incomplete search for the rock-hosted PGM. The PGE content in chromitites is distinctly higher in those in the Kamuikotan zone than in those in the Sangun zone of Southwest Japan, consistent with the more refractory nature (Cr# of spinel, up to 0.8) of the former than the latter (Cr# of spinel, 0.5).     

Petrochemical Investigation of the Antique Ophiolite (Philippines): Implications on Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide and Podiform Chromitite Deposits

Abstract: The Antique ophiolite, located in Panay island (west‐central Philippines), corresponds to several tectonic slices within the suture zone between the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) and the North Palawan Block (NPB). It includes dismembered fragments of a basaltic sequence, dominantly pillow‐lavas with minor sheet flows, rare exposures of sheeted dikes, isotropic gabbros, subordinate layered mafic and ultramafic rock sequences and serpentinites. Most of the ophiolite units commonly occur as clasts and blocks within the serpentinites, which intrude the whole ophiolitic body, as well as, the basal conglomerate of the overlying Middle Miocene sedimentary formation. The volcanic rock sequence is characterized by chemical compositions ranging from transitional (T)‐MORB, normal (N)‐MORB and to chemistry intermediate between those of MORB and island arc basalt (IAB). The residual upper mantle sequence is harzburgitic and generally more depleted than the upper mantle underlying modern mid‐oceanic ridges. Calculations using whole‐rock and mineral compositions show that they can represent the residue of a fertile mantle source, which have undergone degrees of partial melting ranging from 9‐22.5 %. Some of the mantle samples display chondrite‐nor‐malized REE and extended multi‐element patterns suggesting enrichments in LREE, Rb, Sr and Zr, which are comparable to those found in fore‐arc peridotites from the Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana (IBM) arc system. The Antique ultramafic rocks also record relatively oxidizing mantle conditions (Δlog f_O2 (FMQ)=0.9‐3.5). As a whole, the ophiolite probably represents an agglomeration of oceanic ridge and fore‐arc crust fragments, which were juxtaposed during the Miocene collision of the PMB and the NPB. The intrusion of the serpentinites might be either coeval or subsequent to the accretion of the oceanic crust onto the fore‐arc. Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits occur either in or near the contact between the pillow basalts and the overlying sediments or interbedded with the sediments. The morphology of the deposits, type of metals, ore texture and the nature of the host rocks suggest that the formation of the VMS bodies was similar to the accumulation of metals around and in the subsurface of hydrothermal vents observed in modern mid‐oceanic ridge and back‐arc basin rift settings. The podiform chromitites occur as pods and subordinate layers within totally serpentinized dunite in the residual upper mantle sequence. No large coherent chromitite deposit was found since the host dunitic rocks often occur as blocks within the serpentinites. It is difficult to evaluate the original geodynamic setting of the mineralized bodies since the chemistry of the host rocks were considerably modified by alteration during their tectonic emplacement. A preliminary conclusion for Antique is that the VMS is apparently associated with a primitive tholeiitic intermediate MORB‐IAB volcanic suite, the chemistry of which is close to the calculated composition of the liquid that coexisted with the podiform chromitites.     

Magma Mixing as a Trigger for Sulphide Saturation in the UG2 Chromitite (Bushveld): Evidence from the Silicate and Sulphide Melt Inclusions in Chromite

It is of great importance to understand the origin of UG2 chromitite reefs and reasons why some chromitite reefs contain relatively high contents of platinum group elements(PGEs: Os, Ir, Ru, Rh,Pt, Pd) or highly siderophile elements(HSEs: Au, Re, PGE). This paper documents sulphide-silicate assemblages enclosed in chromite grains from the UG2 chromitite. These are formed as a result of crystallisation of sulphide and silicate melts that are trapped during chromite crystallisation. The inclusions display negative crystal shapes ranging from several micrometres to 100 μm in size.Interstitial sulphide assemblages lack pyrrhotite and consist of chalcopyrite, pentlandite and some pyrite. The electron microprobe data of these sulphides show that the pentlandite grains present in some of the sulphide inclusions have a significantly higher iron(Fe) and lower nickel(Ni) content than the pentlandite in the rock matrix. Pyrite and chalcopyrite show no difference. The contrast in composition between inter-cumulus plagioclase(An_(68)) and plagioclase enclosed in chromite(An_(13)), as well as the presence of quartz, is consistent with the existence of a felsic melt at the time of chromite saturation.Detailed studies of HSE distribution in the sulphides and chromite were conducted by LA-ICP-MS(laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry), which showed the following.(Ⅰ) Chromite contained no detectable HSE in solid solution.(Ⅱ) HSE distribution in sulphide assemblages interstitial to chromite was variable. In general, Pd, Rh, Ru and Ir occurred dominantly in pentlandite, whereas Os,Pt and Au were detected only in matrix sulphide grains and were clearly associated with Bi and Te.(Ⅲ)In the sulphide inclusions,(a) pyrrhotite did not contain any significant amount of HSE,(b) chalcopyrite contained only some Rh compared to the other sulphides,(c) pentlandite was the main host for Pd,(d)pyrite contained most of the Ru, Os, Ir and Re,(e) Pt and Rh were closely associated with Bi forming a continuous rim between pyrite and pentlandite and(f) no Au was detected. These results show that the use of ArF excimer laser to produce high-resolution trace element maps provides information that cannot be obtained by conventional(spot) LA-ICP-MS analysis or trace element maps that use relatively large beam diameters.     

华南地区二叠纪栖霞组燧石结核成因研究及其地质意义

燧石结核是华南地区二叠纪栖霞组的重要识别特征之一，其成因具重要的古地理、古海洋意义。通过对湖北黄石、江苏南京和广西来宾三地栖霞组燧石结核的岩石矿物学研究，确定了栖霞组燧石结核的矿物组成和成岩作用序列。研究区燧石结核主要由微石英、负延性玉髓、粗晶石英组成，并含少量白云石、方解石及生物碎屑。其中，微石英、负延性玉髓、正延性玉髓、白云石形成于早期成岩作用，方解石晶粒形成于晚期成岩作用，粗晶石英的形成则具有多期性。结合栖霞组菊花状天青石和海泡石成因研究结果，本文认为组成栖霞组燧石结核的硅质来源与当时全球硅质生物的繁盛有关。燧石结核内玉髓和白云石形成环境条件及形成时间的确定，为建立更加合理的燧石结核成因模式和白云岩化模式提供了重要资料，同时也对深入探讨本区二叠纪层状硅质岩的成因具启发意义。     

The Genesis of Intermediate and Silicic Magmas in Deep Crustal Hot Zones

A model for the generation of intermediate and silicic igneousrocks is presented, based on experimental data and numericalmodelling. The model is directed at subduction-related magmatism,but has general applicability to magmas generated in other platetectonic settings, including continental rift zones. In themodel mantle-derived hydrous basalts emplaced as a successionof sills into the lower crust generate a deep crustal hot zone.Numerical modelling of the hot zone shows that melts are generatedfrom two distinct sources; partial crystallization of basaltsills to produce residual H₂O-rich melts; and partial meltingof pre-existing crustal rocks. Incubation times between theinjection of the first sill and generation of residual meltsfrom basalt crystallization are controlled by the initial geotherm,the magma input rate and the emplacement depth. After this incubationperiod, the melt fraction and composition of residual meltsare controlled by the temperature of the crust into which thebasalt is intruded. Heat and H₂O transfer from the crystallizingbasalt promote partial melting of the surrounding crust, whichcan include meta-sedimentary and meta-igneous basement rocksand earlier basalt intrusions. Mixing of residual and crustalpartial melts leads to diversity in isotope and trace elementchemistry. Hot zone melts are H₂O-rich. Consequently, they havelow viscosity and density, and can readily detach from theirsource and ascend rapidly. In the case of adiabatic ascent themagma attains a super-liquidus state, because of the relativeslopes of the adiabat and the liquidus. This leads to resorptionof any entrained crystals or country rock xenoliths. Crystallizationbegins only when the ascending magma intersects its H₂O-saturatedliquidus at shallow depths. Decompression and degassing arethe driving forces behind crystallization, which takes placeat shallow depth on timescales of decades or less. Degassingand crystallization at shallow depth lead to large increasesin viscosity and stalling of the magma to form volcano-feedingmagma chambers and shallow plutons. It is proposed that chemicaldiversity in arc magmas is largely acquired in the lower crust,whereas textural diversity is related to shallow-level crystallization. KEY WORDS: magma genesis; deep hot zone; residual melt; partial melt; adiabatic ascent     

西藏罗布莎蛇绿岩铬铁矿中的超高压矿物和新矿物(综述)

近十余年来的研究,在西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带中的罗布莎蛇绿岩型铬铁矿中,发现可能来自深部(>300km深度)异常地幔矿物群.该矿物群中具有深部成因指示意义的矿物有:①呈斯石英假象的柯石英;②微粒金刚石和产在锇铱矿中的原位金刚石;③铬铁矿和饿铱矿巾发现硅尖晶石;④铬铁矿中发现硅金红石;⑤呈八面体假象的蛇纹石和绿泥石,并具有清晰的爆炸结构;⑥方铁矿和自然铁矿物组合.此外,罗布莎铬铁矿中有4个新矿物获批准,并在极地乌拉尔蛇绿岩铬铁矿中也发现了大最微粒金刚石和碳硅石等地幔超高压矿物.蛇绿岩铬铁矿中发现来自地幔深部的超高压矿物,提供了铬铁矿可能深部成因的重要信息,该发现有可能改变传统的蛇绿岩铬铁矿的形成于俯冲带上的浅部环境(<50 km深度)的认识以及蛇绿岩成因的概念.     

Petrology and PGE Abundances of High‐Cr and High‐Al Podiform Chromitites and Peridotites from the Bulqiza Ultramafic Massif,Eastern Mirdita Ophiolite,Albania

The Bulqiza ultramafic massif, which is part of the eastern Mirdita ophiolite of northern Albania, is world renowned for its high-Cr chromitite deposits. High-Cr chromitites hosted in the mantle section are the crystallized products of boninitic melts in a supra-subduction zone (SSZ). However, economically important high-Al chromitites are also present in massive dunite of the mantle-crust transition zone (MTZ). Chromian-spinel in the high-Al chromitites and dunites of the MTZ have much lower Cr# values (100Cr/(Cr+Al)) (47.7–55.1 and 46.5–51.7, respectively) than those in the high-Cr chromitites (78.2–80.4), harzburgites (72.6–77.9) and mantle dunites (79.4–84.3). The chemical differences in these two types of chromitites are reflected in the behaviors of their platinum-group elements (PGE). The high-Cr chromitites are rich in IPGE relative to PPGE with 0.10–0.45 PPGE/IPGE ratios, whereas the high-Al chromitites have relatively higher PPGE/IPGE ratios between 1.20 and 7.80. The calculated melts in equilibrium with the high-Cr chromitites are boninitic-like, and those associated with the high-Al chromitites are MORB-like but with hydrous, oxidized and TiO2-poor features. We propose that the coexistence of both types of chromitites in the Bulqiza ultramafic massif may indicates a change in magma composition from MORB-like to boninitic-like in a proto-forearc setting during subduction initiation.     

雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段达机翁地幔橄榄岩及铬铁矿的铂族元素特征

达机翁蛇绿岩位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带的西段北亚带,该蛇绿岩主要由地幔橄榄岩、玄武岩以及硅质岩组成,其中地幔橄榄岩以方辉橄榄岩为主,同时含有少量的纯橄榄岩,纯橄岩主要呈不规则透镜状或团块状分布于方辉橄榄岩中。在达机翁地幔橄榄岩中产出有3种不同类型的铬铁矿,分别为块状,豆状以及浸染状铬铁矿。文章主要对达机翁地幔橄榄岩的方辉橄榄岩及豆荚状铬铁矿进行了研究,结合岩石的主量元素和铂族元素,对地幔橄榄岩和豆荚状铬铁矿的成因以及雅鲁藏布江缝合带的找矿远景进行了探讨。达机翁地幔橄榄岩具有较高的Mg O含量以及较低的Al2O3和Ca O等含量,这种亏损的全岩成分指示了达机翁地幔橄榄岩经历了较高的部分熔融作用,同时方辉橄榄岩的PGEs的总量为23.68×10-9~31.02×10-9,高于原始地幔的值,Pd和Cu 2个元素的含量较为分散明显偏离部分熔融曲线,指示了达机翁方辉橄榄岩可能遭受了熔体的改造,在熔体-岩石反应的过程中,导致了富含PPGE的硫化物的加入。达机翁豆荚状铬铁矿为高Cr型铬铁矿,具有IPGE和Rh明显富集以及Pt,Pd明显亏损的特征,不同类型的铬铁矿之间具有一致的PGEs的分配模式。雅鲁藏布江缝合带内大量分布的超镁铁岩体在岩石组合、地球化学特征、成因以及形成时代等方面,均具有相似性,是中国铬铁矿找矿的有利远景区。     

Platinum‐Group Elements Geochemistry and Chromian Spinel Composition in Podiform Chromitites and Associated Peridotites from the Cheshmeh‐Bid Deposit,Neyriz, Southern Iran: Implications for Geotectonic Setting

Dunite and serpentinized harzburgite in the Cheshmeh-Bid area, northwest of the Neyriz ophiolite in Iran, host podiform chromitite that occur as schlieren-type, tabular and aligned massive lenses of various sizes. The most important chromitite ore textures in the Cheshmeh-Bid deposit are massive, nodular and disseminated. Massive chromitite, dunite, and harzburgite host rocks were analyzed for trace and platinum-group elements geochemistry. Chromian spinel in chromitite is characterized by high Cr~#(0.72-0.78), high Mg~#(0.62–0.68) and low TiO_2(0.12 wt%-0.2 wt%) content. These data are similar to those of chromitites deposited from high degrees of mantle partial melting. The Cr~# of chromian spinel ranges from 0.73 to 0.8 in dunite, similar to the high-Cr chromitite, whereas it ranges from 0.56 to 0.65 in harzburgite. The calculated melt composition of the high-Cr chromitites of the Cheshmeh-Bid is 11.53 wt%–12.94 wt% Al_2O_3, 0.21 wt%–0.33 wt% TiO_2 with FeO/MgO ratios of 0.69-0.97, which are interpreted as more refractory melts akin to boninitic compositions. The total PGE content of the Cheshmeh-Bid chromitite, dunite and harzburgite are very low(average of 220.4, 34.5 and 47.3 ppb, respectively). The Pd/Ir ratio, which is an indicator of PGE fractionation, is very low(0.05–0.18) in the Cheshmeh-Bid chromitites and show that these rocks derived from a depleted mantle. The chromitites are characterized by high-Cr~#, low Pd + Pt(4–14 ppb) and high IPGE/PPGE ratios(8.2–22.25), resulting in a general negatively patterns, suggesting a high-degree of partial melting is responsible for the formation of the Cheshmeh-Bid chromitites. Therefore parent magma probably experiences a very low fractionation and was derived by an increasing partial melting. These geochemical characteristics show that the Cheshmeh-Bid chromitites have been probably derived from a boninitic melts in a supra-subduction setting that reacted with depleted peridotites. The high-Cr chromitite has relatively uniform mantle-normalized PGE patterns, with a steep slope, positive Ru and negative Pt, Pd anomalies, and enrichment of PGE relative to the chondrite. The dunite(total PGE = 47.25 ppb) and harzburgite(total PGE =3 4.5 ppb) are highly depleted in PGE and show slightly positive slopes PGE spidergrams, accompanied by a small positive Ru, Pt and Pd anomalies and their Pdn/Irn ratio ranges between 1.55–1.7 and 1.36-1.94, respectively. Trace element contents of the Cheshmeh-Bid chromitites, such as Ga, V, Zn, Co, Ni, and Mn, are low and vary between 13–26, 466–842, 22-84, 115–179, 826–-1210, and 697–1136 ppm, respectively. These contents are compatible with other boninitic chromitites worldwide. The chromian spinel and bulk PGE geochemistry for the Cheshmeh-Bid chromitites suggest that high-Cr chromitites were generated from Cr-rich and, Ti-and Al-poor boninitic melts, most probably in a fore-arc tectonic setting related with a supra-subduction zone, similarly to other ophiolites in the outer Zagros ophiolitic belt.     

浙西地区奥陶系砚瓦山组瘤状灰岩及其成因探讨*

对浙江常山黄泥塘剖面奥陶系砚瓦山组瘤状灰岩中瘤体和基质的矿物组成、结构、构造、化学成分及碳氧同位素等做了系统研究,并从其基本特征、尤其是碳氧同位素特征出发,结合前人研究成果,对瘤状灰岩的成因进行了初步探讨。研究表明,瘤状灰岩的瘤体和基质存在明显差异：瘤体主要由方解石组成（70％～98％）,基质则以黏土矿物为主（40％～78％）,方解石次之（20％～58％）;瘤体和基质的δ¹³C_VPDB值分别为0.5‰～1.4‰和-0.4‰～1.1‰,平均值分别为0.9‰和0.2‰, δ¹⁸O_VPDB 值分别为-12.8‰～-8.0‰和-11.7‰～-9.0‰,平均值分别为-10.6‰和-10.3‰;每个样品中瘤体的碳同位素值和形成温度均比基质高。黄泥塘剖面砚瓦山组瘤状灰岩是沉积物沉积时期周期性底流溶解和成岩过程中差异性压实和压溶共同作用的产物,瘤体原岩中非碳酸盐组分含量及后期压溶作用强度的差异导致瘤状灰岩不同的存在形式,有条带状、断续状和杂乱状3种。