燕山板内造山带中部“承德逆冲构造”的褶皱相关断裂构造模型

燕山板内造山带中部承德盆地复杂的中生代褶皱及逆冲断裂构造,曾被解释为土城子组沉积之后大型逆冲推覆构造(位移量大于40～45km)又经褶皱变形的结果。近年来,土城子组沉积相和物源区分析、中新元古界沉积古地理研究以及相关构造变形研究结果等,对这一变形大型逆冲构造模型提出了多方位质疑。但已有研究并未提出新的构造模型来解释这一复杂构造区域中生代构造变形样式和形成机制。文中通过对承德盆地区域主体构造——承德向斜、向斜两翼逆冲构造变形几何学与运动学特征、向斜转折端附近构造变形与断裂发育状况进行详细野外调查及对关键地质体同位素地质年代进行测试,发现承德向斜两翼逆冲断层为分别向向斜核部以外区域逆冲的独立逆冲断层,逆冲断层活动与承德向斜变形是在统一的收缩变形体制下准同时形成的。它们形成于土城子组之后、张家口组火山活动之前,即距今约139～136 Ma。据此提出了"承德逆冲构造"的背离向斜逆冲构造模型。这一模型合理地解释了燕山中部承德盆地区域中生代构造变形和相应的盆地充填特征,同时表明,燕山板内造山带并不存在碰撞造山带前陆褶皱逆冲带中常见的大型薄皮逆冲构造样式。这一研究结果展示了褶皱相关断裂构造模型在研究和揭示收缩构造变形区域大尺度褶皱与断裂构造相互关系及准确重建区域构造演化过程方面的重要意义。     

褶皱相关断裂构造形成条件与发育机制:燕山中部露头尺度变形研究为例

总结了褶皱相关断裂发育机制的3个构造几何学模型:同心圆褶皱模型、膝折带褶皱模型和弯流褶皱模型。基于燕山中部中、新元古界地层中发育的5个露头尺度褶皱及其中、小型断裂构造的实例剖析,探讨了收缩变形过程中褶皱与断裂构造发育时序与褶皱相关断裂构造的产生机制。研究指出,规模与所在褶皱构造相当或略小的断裂构造当中,既有形成时间早于褶皱变形的断层,也有在褶皱变形过程中调节褶皱不同部位应变差异的褶皱相关断裂构造,而且卷入后期变形的早期断裂可能成为制约褶皱成核位置的影响因素,以及成为枢纽叠覆楔构造的形成方式之一。断层位移-距离曲线特征和断层与褶皱变形几何学、运动学关系分析,可用来判断断层、褶皱变形发生相对时序。认为影响褶皱相关断裂构造发育的机制主要有3种:(1)纵弯滑褶皱作用中,翼部顺层滑动受到限制而无法持续时,将通过断层向上切层的方式予以调节,从而形成翼部或转折端揳入逆冲断裂以及背离向斜和指向背斜逆冲断层;(2)各种因素导致的褶皱曲率变化是褶皱相关断裂产生的重要机制之一,褶皱曲率变化可由褶皱轴面的合并和新生直观反映,轴面合并引起褶皱曲率变化的层位,可能是诱发褶皱相关断裂,如背离向斜和指向背斜逆冲构造开始产生的重要部位;(3)能干性差异和强硬层之间距离较大的岩层组合发生纵弯褶皱变形时,软弱岩系在褶皱核部的聚集和逃逸,是迫使递进收缩的强硬层产生褶皱相关断裂构造的重要机制。     

塔里木盆地塔中Ⅰ号构造带分段变形的运动学特征与成因探讨

塔里木盆地塔中Ⅰ号构造带在构造样式、活动强度等方面表现出明显的分段性,但分段变形的运动学特征与成因仍不够明确,需要开展进一步研究。本文利用二维、三维地震资料,通过精细构造解析、运动学参数统计、活动期次厘定等手段,研究了塔中Ⅰ号构造带的几何学、运动学特征,分析其分段变形机制,并讨论了分段控制因素。研究表明:以中古15井与中古21井位置为界,塔中Ⅰ号构造带构造样式、运动学特征主要呈三段的特点,西段主要活动机制是断裂短距离滑动逆冲和地层旋转变形,同一层位的落差/垂直断距(H/h)值最大;中段为断裂沿走向滑动,H/h值约为1;东段为断裂长距离滑动逆冲和强烈褶皱,H/h值介于二者之间。活动机制的差异导致各段构造样式分别为基底卷入逆冲断裂控制的断层传播褶皱、走滑断裂发育的断控坡折、逆冲断裂强烈活动控制的断块褶皱,且活动强度呈现东段最大、西段次之、中段较小的特点。两大造山带分期活动是塔中Ⅰ号构造带分段变形的发育背景,基底结构与先存断裂是造成分段的主控因素,NE向走滑断裂调节塔中Ⅰ号构造带差异逆冲变形,并作为伴生断裂发育。     

柴达木盆地北缘赛什腾-锡铁山左行逆冲断裂及地质意义

本文在对赛什腾-锡铁山斜冲断裂构造重点地段详细构造解析的基础上,结合沉积、地球物理资料对该斜冲断裂构造的几何学、运动学及时代进行了研究,探讨了断裂形成与区域地质背景的关系,提出柴达木盆地北缘的赛什腾、绿梁山、锡铁山是向南斜向逆覆于新第三纪沉积岩之上的无根推覆体,并认为该断裂的形成与喜马拉雅造山带陆内俯冲远程效应相关。      

河北东北部兴隆煤田区逆冲构造的特征及其区域构造意义

兴隆煤田及邻区的逆冲构造系基底卷入变形的厚皮逆冲构造,并具有典型的断坪-断坡式几何学结构.断层上盘逆冲方向指向NNW,沿着主干逆冲断层发生的倾向位移量约为13.1 km,逆冲断层及相关褶皱变形所造成的局部表层地壳缩短率约32.3%.对兴隆逆冲构造的几何学结构、运动学性质及其地层效应的分析表明,在申家胡同到黄土梁近东西向一线以南的区域,寻找到因逆冲断层作用导致的隐伏煤田的可能性是极小的.主干逆冲断层上、下盘地层大面积陡立乃至倒转的特征,更容易用断展褶皱,尤其是三角形剪切断展褶皱模型做出合理解释.该逆冲构造主要逆冲断层的上、下盘盖层岩系不整合于基底结晶变质岩系之上,地层序列发育完整而且可以一一对应,不存在沿着相对软弱层发育的大规模逆冲断层之断坪,因此,将该逆冲构造作为区域上承德逆冲构造的根带是不合适的.     

南大巴山西北段镇巴—下高川地区地质构造解析

在南大巴山西北段镇巴—下高川地区进行1∶50 000地质填图基础上,通过对地质构造现象野外的详细观测,运用持平投影的构造几何学和运动学等方法对主要断层面擦痕和断层两侧不对称褶皱枢纽以及褶皱两翼产状进行统计分析和构造解析,结合区域沉积资料和地质年代学资料,对该区构造进行构造序列分析,并探讨南大巴山构造带的变形时限、动力学机制及其演化。研究表明：南大巴山西北段镇巴—下高川地区断裂构造特征表现为高角度逆冲推覆兼有右行走滑性质的叠瓦式逆冲推覆构造;与逆冲推覆构造相关褶皱多为轴面东倾西倒的同斜褶皱和斜歪褶皱,而且由东向西褶皱紧闭程度逐渐减弱,表明逆冲推覆方向由东向西,扩展方式为前展式。该区是在印支期扬子地块与秦岭造山带全面碰撞造山作用基础上,在燕山期中—晚期整个大巴山构造系由北东向南西方向大规模的陆内造山,形成了现今的构造几何形态,其中右行走滑构造是燕山期中—晚期（J3-K2）逆冲推覆构造持续向西南推移过程中形成的。     

断层相关褶皱理论与应用研究新进展

自Rich(1934)提出断层转折褶皱的几何学概念以来,Suppe(1983)首次将其定量化,建立了褶皱形态与断层形态和断层滑动之间的定量关系,奠立了断层相关褶皱理论的基本模型。20年来,不但建立了断层传播褶皱、断层滑脱褶皱等基本端员类型的几何学与运动学模型,也建立与完善了断层相关褶皱叠加样式的几何学与运动学模型,例如叠瓦构造、构造楔与干涉构造等。研究同构造沉积作用,建立了生长断层相关褶皱的几何学与运动学模型,将沉积作用与断裂作用、褶皱作用及构造隆升作用等有机地联系起来。考虑地层的力学性质与变形差异,提出与建立了剪切断层转折褶皱理论,并建立了断层相关褶皱的一系列力学模型。20年来,断层相关褶皱的基本研究方法经历了由二维剖面与平面分析向全三维空间分析的转变,由几何学、运动学模型向力学模型的转变,实验模拟技术与数值模拟技术在断层相关褶皱理论模型的建立与检验中发挥了重要作用。断层相关褶皱的理论和方法在工程地质、地震灾害预报与油气勘探开发等领域获得了广泛的应用。中国在天山、祁连山和龙门山等相邻的前陆盆地的活动构造与含油气圈闭研究中,应用断层相关褶皱的理论与方法取得了重要进展。     

西北婆罗洲深水褶皱冲断带相关褶皱构造样式

深水褶皱冲断带的构造形态和特征会随着时间而变化进而影响深水油气勘探开发,而针对这个方面的研究在西北婆罗洲褶皱冲断带内相对薄弱.利用地震和地质相结合的方法,确定了逆冲相关褶皱的构造样式,探讨了其形成演化过程和主控因素,建立了研究区逆冲相关褶皱成藏模式.结果表明:研究区深水褶皱冲断带内发育隐伏型、顶部断裂型、滑塌型以及埋藏型4种逆冲相关褶皱构造样式,且平面上这4种逆冲相关褶皱自海向陆依次发育,其中隐伏型背斜褶皱幅度较低,海底无突出地形显示,主要发育于褶皱冲断带最前端;顶部断裂型背斜在海底有清晰的地形显示,以背斜顶部断裂发育为特征;滑塌型背斜顶部受正断层效应影响,翼部发育块体滑塌沉积;埋藏型背斜主要发育于现今陆架边缘附近,上覆厚层沉积层,在海底无突出地形表现.研究区所发育的4种逆冲相关褶皱构造是成因上有密切联系的统一整体,一个典型逆冲相关褶皱的形成大致经历滑脱、初始逆冲、强烈逆冲和埋藏4个阶段,依次发育隐伏型、顶部断裂型、滑塌型以及埋藏型4种背斜构造样式.同时,沿逆冲褶皱冲断带走向,受地形、沉积物供给、天然气水合物发育等因素控制,在同一挤压应力作用下,不同部位发育的逆冲相关褶皱样式存在差异性.在这种特殊的构造背景下,研究区发育独特的断裂控藏模式,极具勘探潜力.      

南沙海槽东南缘深水逆冲推覆构造

位于我国南海南部南沙海槽东南缘深水逆冲推覆构造系统记录着古南海俯冲与消亡及南海扩张的演化史,为现今仍在活动的构造系统。本文综合阐述了深水逆冲推覆构造的几何学和运动学特征、形成时代和形成过程,并结合区域地质背景探讨其动力学机制,建立构造演化模式。研究结果表明,基于几何学特征差异该构造系统在平面上可划分为南段和北段,垂向上分为上部逆冲推覆构造体系和下部逆冲推覆构造体系。受控于动力学机制,北段褶皱构造变形强度明显大于南段,体现在相邻逆冲褶皱排列间距明显小于南段。综合区域地质背景分析认为:下部逆冲推覆构造体系变形机制为晚白垩世—早中新世古南海俯冲消亡于婆罗洲之下的地壳缩短作用,而上部逆冲推覆构造体系变形机制为中中新世以来三角洲推进的重力滑脱作用与苏禄海盆扩张的地壳缩短作用的叠加结果。     

造山带逆冲推覆构造研究的主要新进展

造山带逆冲推覆构造研究是造山带研究中最为重要的课题之一。造山带外带即前陆褶皱冲断带(主要发育盖层冲断推覆体,一般遵循薄皮构造变形规则)与造山带内带(主要是基底褶皱推覆体,呈现厚皮构造变形规律)结晶逆冲推覆构造的几何学、运动学特征存在较大差异,二者形成机制也不相同,但其间仍有紧密的联系。近20年来造山带逆冲推覆构造研究的主要新进展为:①前陆褶皱冲断带逆冲断层及其相关褶皱的几何学特征分析已趋定量化,对其组合类型与演化时序有了更全面的认识,且对前陆褶皱冲断带的发展演化模式取得了新的共识,即遵循临界库仑楔模式;②平衡剖面技术在前陆褶皱冲断带的应用已从二维平衡与复原演进到三维平衡与复原,且日渐计算机化;③对造山带内带结晶基底逆冲推覆构造的主要类型(C型与F型逆冲岩席)及其特征已有较深的理解;④对前陆褶皱冲断带与结晶基底逆冲构造的相互关系及其形成演化模式有了新认识。目前造山带逆冲推覆构造研究过程中存在的主要问题为:①造山带内带结晶逆冲推覆构造的研究比较薄弱;②造山带晚期走滑构造及伸展构造的叠加与改造使得造山带内结晶逆冲推覆构造更为复杂化,致使其研究难度加大;③全面、精细的造山带深部地球物理资料较缺乏;④造山带内结晶逆冲岩席变形变质历史与超高压变质岩的形成机制及折返过程之间的关系尚未揭示清楚。在今后研究过程中应加强对上述问题的深入研究。     

库车坳陷东部断裂特征与构造演化

山前逆冲褶皱带的几何学和运动学研究属于构造地质学前沿课题,也是全球山前盆地油气勘探开发所关注的问题.综合二维地震剖面、钻测井数据、地质填图资料,建立了库车坳陷东部两类断层几何学和运动学模型,绘制了吐孜洛克断层和东秋里塔格断层断距分布图以及东秋里塔格背斜位移缩短量分布图.研究资料表明库车坳陷东部发育两种类型断层,古近纪发育高角度逆冲断层,造成山前基底抬升,白垩系-古近系被剥蚀;上新世发育低角度逆冲断层,引发库车坳陷中生界-新生界变形,形成盆地腹部隐伏的叠瓦状逆冲构造.      

Styles of tectonic inversion within syn-orogenic basins: examples from the Central Apennines, Italy

The geometry of several thrust-related folds in the Central Apennines of Italy results from a switch in deformation regime, from extension to contraction. This switch in tectonic regime occurred during the deposition of syn-orogenic sediments, and the emplacement and migration of the thrust belt–foredeep system towards the foreland in Neogene time. The styles of positive tectonic inversion result from normal faults that were steepened, rotated and truncated by thrusts, with local development of minor folds due to buttressing. Normal fault-controlled escarpments are also locally preserved in the forelimbs and backlimbs of thrust-related anticlines. The location and amplitudes of contractional structures across the belt reflects the distribution of pre-thrusting normal faults within precursor syn-orogenic basins, a result that may improve our understanding of the evolution of Apennine, as well as other thrust belt–foredeep systems.     

Geometry of sheath folds and related fabrics at the Luikonlahti mine,Svecokarelides, eastern Finland

The Luikonlahti Cu-Co-Zn sulphide ore deposit is hosted by metasediments associated with serpentinites in the 1.97 Ga old Outokumpu assemblage in the Svecokarelides of eastern Finland. Polyphase deformation of the host rocks, a history shared by the ore body, includes a phase of sheath fold propagation. A modified vergence rule, utilizing only the intersection geometry of planar fabric elements, permits recognition of these extremely curvilinear folds in poorly exposed terrain. The detailed geometry of these rocks is independently resolved from borehole and underground stope records. Sheath fold propagation occurred during D₂, the second phase of regional deformation. In the Kaavi district D₂ major structures are either thrusts or thrust-related. The Luikonlahti sheaths are located in a steeply dipping shear zone formed during this deformation episode.     

南天山山前复杂褶皱的构造形态分析:以库车秋里塔克背斜和柯坪八盘水磨背斜为例

南天山山前发育叠瓦状断层和叠加褶皱,这类褶皱构造形态复杂,研究难度大。应用断层相关褶皱理论,依据地表倾角产状、二维地震剖面和钻测井数据,建立了南天山山前库车秋里塔克背斜和柯坪八盘水磨背斜的构造模型。该研究思路和手段对中国西部山前带复杂褶皱的研究有借鉴作用。     

The glaciotectonic deformation of Quaternary sediments by fault-propagation folding

Fault-propagation folding is an important yet seldom recognised structural style within sediments affected by glacier-induced deformation. Fault-propagation folds develop in the hanging wall of low angle thrust faults and compensate part of the slip along the fault. Field examples are recognised across northern Europe, in glaciotectonic complexes of north Germany, Wales and the Isle of Man. The recognition of the fault-propagation fold mechanism in glaciotectonic deformation is important because resultant structures are related to exactly the same phase of deformation (i.e. the same phase of ice advance), and thus play a critical role in analyses of the temporal and spatial evolution of glacier-induced deformation. Some field examples show monoclinal geometries that are in good agreement with predictions of trishear kinematic theory. The trishear approach is appropriate to model these structures because the structures analysed in the field and simulated below show characteristics that are compatible with fault-propagation folds that were produced by trishear kinematics. The curved forelimb and the monocline geometry of the fault-propagation folds fit to the trishear model. The occurrence of footwall synclines is also in good agreement with trishear kinematics. These synclines show the typical thickening of the strata in the hinge. With respect to the modelling output, most important factors for the structural evolution of the fault-propagation folds is the ramp angle of the thrust, the position of the tip line and the propagation-to-slip ratio along the fault. This fits to observations made by previous studies at large scale fault-propagation folds in fold-and-thrust belts.     

Structural evolution of a gneiss dome in the axial zone of the proterozoic South Delhi Fold Belt in central Rajasthan

The structural geometry of the Anasagar gneiss dome in the axial zone of the South Delhi Fold Belt is controlled by polyphase folding. It is classified as a thrust-related gneiss dome and not as a metamorphic core complex. Four phases of deformation have affected both the gneiss and the enveloping supracrustal rocks. D₂ and D₃ deformations probably represent early and late stages of a progressive deformation episode in a simple shear regime combined with compression. The contact between the gneiss and the supracrustal rocks is a dislocation plane (thrust) with top-to-east sense of movement which is consistent with the vergence of the D₂ folds. The thrust had a ramp-and-flat geometry at depth. At the present level of exposure it is a footwall flat (that is, parallel to the gneissosity in the footwall), but it truncates the bedding of the hanging wall at some places and is parallel at others. The thrusting was probably broadly coeval with the D₂ folds and the thrust plane is locally folded by D₂. D₂ and D₃ folds have similar style and orientation as the first and second phases respectively of major folds in the Delhi Supergroup of the South Delhi Fold Belt and these are mutually correlatable. It is suggested that D1 may be Pre-Delhi in age. Available geochronological data indicate that the emplacement of the Anasagar gneiss predated the formation of volcanic rocks in the Delhi Supergroup and also predated the main crust forming event in the fold belt. The Anasagar gneiss and its enveloping supracrustal rocks are probably older than the Delhi Supergroup.     

Growth-strata geometry in fault-propagation folds: a case study from the Gafsa basin, southern Tunisian Atlas

The structural and sedimentological study of fault-propagation folds in Southern Tunisia highlights a special geometry of the growth strata (strata deposited simultaneously with the formation or growth of a fold). This distinct geometry is visible in the uppermost growth-strata beds and consists of one flank with unconformity as opposed to the other flank with perfect conformity. This geometry can be explained by the mechanism of fault-propagation folding, with asymmetrical flank dips and hinge migration kinematics. This kinematics was originally predicted by the fault-propagation fold model, which facilitates the study of this special geometry in a narrow domain of sedimentation-to-shortening ratios. A plot projection provides a generalisation of the results of all types of fault-propagation folds by revealing the expected geometry of the growth strata. This study constitutes one of the most complete examples of kinematic model validation on a field scale.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘断层相关褶皱与油气圈闭构造

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘三岔－演武地区野外调查和地震剖面分析,用断层相关褶皱理论对油气储集构造进行了研究。提出在盆地西南缘由断层转折褶皱形成油气圈闭构造的两种类型：（1）缺失前翼膝折带的断层转折褶皱;（2）完整结构的断层转折褶皱。