土壤热参数及其影响因素测试分析

热性质是岩土体基本的物理性质之一,用以评价热量在其中的保持、传导和分布状况,以导热系数、比热容和热扩散系数最为常见,这些参数也是地热能管理与开发、工程冷冻开挖、寒区工程设计与施工的重要参数。已有研究表明,土壤热参数与土质、来源、含水率、密度等因素有关。通过广东湛江某工地粉质黏土和黏土的热参数测试结果分析发现：随含水率的增大,粉质黏土导热系数和热扩散系数的变化趋势是先增加至最大值,然后减小,而比热容基本呈线性增大。干密度对粉质黏土导热系数的影响与含水率大小有关,当含水率不超过20.0%时,其随干密度的增加而增大,而当含水率超过27.5%后,其随干密度的增加有减小趋势;当含水率在24.5%（液限）左右时,基本没有规律可循。干密度对粉质黏土热扩散系数影响规律不明显。黏土的导热系数和比热容都随含水率和干密度的增加而增大;热扩散系数随含水率的升高整体表现为非线性增加至稳定,在低含水率下干密度的影响不明显,在较高含水率下随干密度的增加热扩散系数先增大后减小。较大颗粒的存在导致粉质黏土的导热性较黏土复杂。     

含水率和干密度对黄土热参数影响的试验研究

黄土的热参数是黄土灾害成因机制研究及热工计算中的重要指标,而含水率和干密度对黄土的热参数具有一定的影响。对不同含水率、不同干密度黄土试样,采用Test Protocol Hot Disk TPS 2500S型热常数分析仪,在常温下开展热参数试验,探讨黄土热参数随含水率及干密度的变化规律。研究结果表明:黄土试样含水率一定时,干密度越大,其导热系数、比热容及热扩散系数也越大;黄土试样的导热系数和比热容随含水率的增大基本呈线性规律增大;当含水率较低时,热扩散系数随含水率的增大而增大;当达到一定含水率时,热扩散系数随含水率的增大而减小;继续增大含水率,热扩散系数趋于稳定。含水率对黄土热参数的影响程度大于干密度对其热参数的影响程度。在热工计算中,可根据土体含水率和干密度动态地选择热参数。     

不同遗址土的热物理参数研究

为了研究干密度、含水率和NaCl含量对遗址土热劣化的影响,采用Hot Disk热常数分析仪对良渚遗址、交河故城遗址和通古斯巴西古城遗址的遗址土重塑样进行了热物理参数的测试,分别确定了遗址土的导热系数、热扩散系数和体积比热随干密度和含水率的变化关系。对通古斯巴西古城遗址重塑样掺入了不同含量的NaCl,研究了含盐量对遗址土重塑样导热系数的影响。结果表明,当含水率与干密度增加时,3种遗址土的导热系数均呈线性增长,热扩散系数和体积比热也随着含水率与干密度的增加而增大;相同条件下3种遗址土的热物理参数存在差异,良渚遗址的较大,交河遗址的较小,通古斯巴西古城的居中总体上与土中SiO2含量成正相关关系。当干密度与含水率一定时, 掺入NaCl增加了遗址土的导热系数。     

含水率对非饱和黏土渗透与弥散特性及核素迁移的影响研究

基于拟建某低中放废物处置单元的包气带地质环境,研究了该区黏土材料在非饱和条件下的渗透系数K（）和弥散系数D（）随黏土体积含水率的变化特征。研究显示,在非饱和状态下,当体积含水率 25%时,黏土实际处于不透水状态;当 15%时,的微小变化,即可导致黏土非饱和渗透系数K（）发生数量级的改变。实验表明,非饱和黏土弥散系数随着体积含水率的降低而减小,当体积含水率=38%时,实测弥散系数为4.12 m2 a-1;当=6%时,弥散系数为0.04m2 a-1,仅为前者的1%左右。核素迁移模拟结果显示,当体积含水率 25%时,钚在黏土屏障中不发生显著迁移;当 30%时,核素迁移作用明显增强。     

地—空界面天然中子辐射场的扰动及其环境意义

介绍了地-空界面天然中子流的来源和轻便型天然中子流测量仪器。论述了地-空界面天然中子辐射场的扰动。理论与长期观测表明，在地-空界面上天然中子流注量率随高程的增加而呈指数规律增加，而在近地表（20m内）却随距地面高度的增加而呈指数规律减少；天然中子流注量率与大气压力呈负相关关系，气压系数为（－0．060～－ 0．064）中子计数／30min／kPa；地-空界面天然中子流的纬度效应与高空中更显著；天然中子流注量率异常与气象的变化密切相关；地表介质的含水率增高，则地-空界面上升快中子流明显降低。通过对地-空界面天然中子流测量，可以揭示气象的瞬态变化、确定地表介质的含水率的关系，以及在地震预报与环境电离辐射评价方面具有重要的科学意义与实用价值。     

大兴安岭秋季冻结期土壤水热变化对多年冻土泥炭地可溶性有机碳的影响北大核心CSCD

土壤温度和含水量是影响可溶性有机碳(DOC)变化的重要因素。然而,多年冻土泥炭地土壤DOC变化对秋季冻结期土壤水热变化的响应尚不明确。本研究选取大兴安岭3种多年冻土泥炭地[小叶章泥炭地(CP)、兴安落叶松-泥炭藓泥炭地(LP)、白毛羊胡子苔草泥炭地(EP)]作为研究对象,开展野外原位试验探究秋季冻结期土壤水热变化对多年冻土泥炭地土壤DOC变化的影响。结果表明:秋季冻结期土壤DOC含量表现为EP>CP>LP,平均含量分别为83.99、45.75和43.13mg·L^(-1)。在秋季冻结前期3种类型多年冻土泥炭地土壤DOC含量均呈波动下降趋势,中、后期CP,LP土壤DOC变化较平缓。在秋季冻结前期,CP整体土壤DOC含量随浅层土壤温度的降低而减少;在后期CP浅层和整体土壤DOC含量随浅层土壤含水量的增加而增加。在秋季冻结中期,LP浅层土壤温度升高和含水量的减少,降低了土壤DOC含量;LP整体土壤DOC的变化随着浅层温度的升高逐渐降低。在秋季冻结后期,EP深层和整体土壤DOC含量随深层含水量增加而增加。在整个秋季冻结期,LP浅层土壤DOC主要受地表温度驱动,深层土壤DOC则主要受深层含水量的影响;整体土壤DOC则受地表温度影响较大。研究表明秋季冻结期多年冻土泥炭地土壤水热变化驱动土壤DOC含量的变化。研究结果为多年冻土区碳循环和“双碳”背景下的碳排放研究提供基础科学数据。     

渭河流域西部季节冻融对浅层非饱和土壤水热变化的影响

以黄土高原渭河流域西部黄土丘陵沟壑区为研究区域,建立了野外观测场地,对该区域浅层非饱和土体冻融过程及水热运移规律对气候作用的响应过程进行了研究与分析。结果表明：气温对地温及地温变幅的影响随深度增加而迅速衰减,地温振幅随深度增加按指数规律衰减且温度波的相位随深度的增加而滞后,地表下200 cm深度以内地温振幅受气温影响较大。该区域裸露地表土壤的最大冻结深度在20～50 cm之间。在土壤冻结过程中,深层土壤未冻水逐渐向冻结层运移,导致深层含水量逐渐减少。不同深度土壤冻结系数随土壤深度的增加而减小,融化系数则相反。地表下50 cm深度以内的土体含水量受降水影响波动显著。土壤含水量与温度呈相似变化,地温峰值出现的时间总滞后于土壤水分,其变异程度均随土壤深度的增加而减小。     

非饱和含砂细粒土的气体渗透特性研究

为了探讨非饱和含砂细粒土的气体渗透规律,制备不同含水率和干密度试样进行气体渗透试验,并基于多孔介质渗流理论分析进气压力、孔隙比和饱和度等对气体渗透率的影响规律,总结了非饱和土中渗透率的经验公式。试验结果表明,随着进气压力的增加,土样气体渗透率测试值逐渐趋于稳定值;含水率较高时,进气压力对土样气体渗透率的影响程度较大;含水率较低时,土样气体渗透率随进气压力增加而变化幅值较小。气体渗透率随土样含水率的增加（或饱和度的增加）呈减小趋势;当含水率低于最优含水率时,气体渗透率变化较小,但当含水率大于最优含水率后,气体渗透率急剧降低;在最优含水率两侧,土样微观结构的差异（絮凝结构和分散结构）是导致气体渗透率发生突变的主要原因;气隙比可有效表征土体孔隙比与饱和度对气体渗透率的影响规律,气体渗透率与气隙比呈良好的幂函数关系,并采用已有文献中试验数据验证了经验公式的合理性。     

甲基叔丁基醚污染黏土的Archie电阻率模型修正方法

通过引入污染物影响系数及修正孔隙率，提出了一种挥发性有机物污染黏土的Archie电阻率修正模型，并通过米勒土盒单元试验结果给出了模型中的4个参数（胶结指数、饱和度指数、污染物影响系数和孔隙微观分布不均匀性系数）的确定方法。结果表明，黏土的地层因子与孔隙率呈正相关关系，与砂土的相应关系相反，这是黏土颗粒表面电荷对电阻率的影响所致。饱和度指数随体积含湿率的增加呈抛物线变化，随孔隙率的增加呈线性增加，据此提出了同时考虑两种因素的饱和度指数经验公式。综合土体电阻率与体积含水率之间的幂函数关系及与体积含污率之间的线性关系，得到了污染物影响系数的确定方法。孔隙微观分布不均匀性系数a随体积含水率的变化可分为陡降、趋平和缓升3个阶段，土中孔隙水的赋存状态是主要影响因素。     

土体电阻率与导热系数的相关性实验研究

将南京下蜀土与中砂以不同比例混合,配制了四种土样,利用室内四极法分别测试了每种土样在不同含水率条件下 的电阻率,发现随含水率和黏土颗粒含量的增加,土体电阻率减小;同时,采用DRE导热系数测试仪测试了每个试样的导 热系数,发现随含水率和砂含量的增高,导热系数增大。已有研究表明,土的电阻率与导热系数均与土体饱和度及孔隙率 等物理性质有关。通过将土的电阻率与导热系数进行拟合,发现两者符合指数关系,并建立了表征电阻率与导热系数相关 性的数学模型。该文研究结果为利用现场实测的电阻率指标间接求取土体的导热系数提供了依据。     

非饱和冻土水汽迁移与相变过程的光滑粒子法模拟

为了研究多年冻土表层的水热分布情况,在非饱和冻土的能量守恒方程和水分迁移的质量控制方程的基础上考虑冰水相变和水汽相变过程,并考虑水汽运移传热及温度势对水汽迁移的影响,建立了非饱和冻土的水-热-汽耦合模型。采用光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,简称SPH)方法可方便地计算它们的演化过程。为此,在计算中先求解能量守恒方程的含冰量及气态水含量,再对未冻水含量和温度场进行求解,从而实现了温度场与水汽场的耦合。在此基础上,模拟计算了第1类热边界条件下半无限空间介质内非稳态温度场、体积含水率及水汽通量的分布情况,并将计算结果与未考虑耦合的解析解进行比较,结果显示水汽耦合的作用不容忽略。最后,针对处于季节性周期温度边界下路基的水热场的分布情况进行计算。研究表明,相比于水-热耦合模型,所建立的水-热-汽耦合模型得到的计算结果更为接近实际监测结果,可很好地揭示非饱和冻土中的水热汽迁移特征及其相变过程。     

冻土导热系数研究现状及进展

冻土导热系数是影响冻土温度及热通量变化的一个重要参数,也是研究陆地表层水热盐耦合运移的基本物理参数。根据国内外研究现状,列举了导热系数的测试方法（稳态法和瞬态法）,总结并讨论了冻土导热系数的影响因素及其变化规律,并对目前已有的导热系数计算模型进行了比较分析。现有研究认为：土壤质地、温度和含水（冰）量、孔隙度、土壤有机质等是影响冻土导热系数的主要因素,因此,冻土土导热系数随这些影响因素的变化规律方面的研究工作非常多;而关于未冻水含量、土骨架组成及冻土结构等对冻土导热系数影响的相关研究较为缺乏。通过比较分析国内外土壤热导率计算的相关模型,认为适用于常温下导热系数的模型发展趋于成熟;而现存的适用于冻土区的导热系数计算模型多以一种或几种土壤条件为前提,或者多考虑局地因素影响,模型的适用性具有局限性。考虑到多年冻土区土壤受冻融循环影响较大,以及多年冻土内部水热传输过程的复杂性,多年冻土区导热系数的计算模型仍需进一步深入研究。     

Investigating soil thermodynamic parameters of the active layer on the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The soil thermodynamic parameters, including thermal conductivity, diffusivity and volumetric capacity within the active layer on the northern Tibetan Plateau, were calculated using the measured data of soil temperature gradient, heat flux, and moisture at four stations from October 2003 to September 2004. The results showed that the soil thermodynamic parameters exhibited clear seasonal fluctuation. The thermal conductivity and diffusivity in summer and autumn at Beiluhe, Kexinling, and Tongtianhe were larger than those in winter. The volumetric thermal capacity causes an opposite change; it was larger in autumn and winter than in summer. In spring, the soil thermal conductivity at the Kekexili station was larger than that in summer. Generally, fine-grained soils and lower saturation degrees in the topsoil might be a reason for the lower soil thermal conductivity in winter. For a given soil, soil moisture was the main factor influencing the thermodynamic parameters. The unfrozen water content that existed in frozen soils greatly affected the soil thermal conductivity, whose contribution rate was estimated to be 55 %. The thermodynamic parameters of frozen soils could be expressed as a function of soil temperature, volumetric ice content and soil salinity, while for the unfrozen ground the soil moisture content is the dominant factor for those thermal parameters. As for the soil thermal diffusivity, there exists a critical value of soil moisture content. When the soil moisture content becomes less than a critical value, the soil thermal diffusivity increases as the soil moisture content rises.     

基于微观结构重塑的非饱和冻土导热系数预测

为预测非饱和冻土的导热性能,基于土体微观结构,提出了非饱和冻土特征结构识别算法和多元素生成算法,并将该算法与传统有限单元法组合,建立非饱和冻土导热系数蒙特卡洛预测模型。通过土体SEM电镜图像,采用逆向四参数增长识别法识别土体中各组分含量、大小以及各方向分布概率;改进传统的四参数随机增长法,提出了考虑土、水、冰和气的多元素生成算法;基于生成的非饱和冻土模型,通过蒙特卡洛方法获得非饱和冻土导热系数,并与规范中冻土导热系数进行对比,验证了蒙特卡洛法预测模型的合理性（平均误差<4%）;通过多因素分析研究孔隙率、颗粒大小、土体导热性、饱和度以及结冰率对非饱和冻土导热性影响,各因素与导热系数的相关系数依次为：-0.352、-0.098、0.641、0.520和0.060,影响大小为：土颗粒导热性>饱和度>孔隙率>土颗粒大小>结冰率。各影响因素对非饱和冻土导热系数影响可以归纳为对热通量形成“热链”密度、宽度、连通性、热流承载力以及对“热桥”通量的影响。     

Response of hydrothermal activity in different types of soil at ground surface to rainfall in permafrost region

In order to understand the hydrothermal activity mechanism of active layers to rainfall in permafrost regions caused by humidification of climate, the differences of ground surface energy balance and hydrothermal activity in different types of shallow soil with the consideration of rainfall were discussed. Based on the meteorological data in 2013 observed at Beiluhe observation station of Tibet Plateau, three types of shallow ground soil (i.e., sandy soil, sandy loam and silty clay) were selected to compare the differences in the water content and energy balance at the ground surface, dynamic processes of water and energy transport in active layers and coupling mechanism under rainfall condition in the plateau using a coupled water-vapor-heat transport model. The results show that the increase of soil particle size leads to the increase of surface net radiation and latent heat of evaporation, but the decrease of soil heat flux. The difference of surface energy balance, especially the sensible heat flux and latent heat of evaporation, are larger in the warm season but smaller in the cold season. The liquid water transport under hydraulic gradient and the water-vapor transport under thermal gradient are obvious as the particle size in soil increases. However, the water-vapor flux under thermal gradient increases but the liquid water flux under hydraulic potential gradient decreases. As a result, the water content in shallow soil decreases accordingly but it increases slightly at the depth of 25 ~75 cm. Moreover, with the increase of soil particle size, the thermal conductivity of soil, convective heat transfer under rainfall and surface evaporation increase, but the soil heat conduction flux and soil temperature gradient decrease. Thus, soil temperature in sandy soil is much higher than that of sandy loam and silty clay at the same depth. The permafrost table declines with the increase of the thickness of active layer, which is unfavourable to permafrost stability. The results can provide theoretical reference for stability prediction and protection of permafrost caused by humidification of climate.     

基于主动加热型分布式温度感测光缆的土体导热系数测量方法

主动加热型分布式温度感测技术（AH-DTS）可通过植入土体中的光缆实现不同层位土体导热系数的分布式连续测量,但AH-DTS光缆导热系数测量方法的准确性和敏感性有待进一步研究。通过室内试验,对比了碳纤维加热感测光缆（CFHC）和铜网加热感测光缆（CMHC）的热响应过程,通过数值模拟验证了光缆结构对导热系数测量结果的影响。研究结果表明：（1）CFHC和CMHC的热响应过程可通过微分法分为光缆内部传热、纤-土过渡以及土体稳定传热3个阶段,光缆结构差异导致传热速率不同,使得CFHC导热系数测量初始时刻比CMHC提前100 s;（2）光缆尺寸与比热容差异下CFHC的升温值更高,相同测温精度CFHC的导热系数测量结果较CMHC更加稳定准确;（3）增大加热功率或延长加热时间均会提高CFHC和CMHC测量土体导热系数的准确性。研究成果为该技术的进一步完善和推广提供了重要依据。     

Estimating apparent thermal diffusivity of soil using field temperature time series

Reliable estimates of soil thermal properties such as heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and diffusivity are important in analysis of heat transmission through soils in applications such as shallow geothermal applications, buried electrical conduits, and in general heat/fluid flow analyses. A number of analytical, numerical and experimental methods are available to determine the soil thermal properties. In this paper, the analytical and numerical methods developed on the basis of one-dimensional heat conduction equation are used to estimate the apparent thermal diffusivity of soil. Three of the four analytical methods, Amplitude, Phase, and Arctangent provide explicit equations for the apparent thermal diffusivity. Two methods, Harmonic and Numerical, make use of large number of temperature measurements to implicitly solve for the apparent thermal diffusivity. The temperature time series data monitored at different depths in two field sites in Melbourne, Australia for more than 2 year period were used to estimate the apparent thermal diffusivity of soil down to 2 m depth. The apparent thermal diffusivity was calculated using all five methods and compared with laboratory experimental results. The effectiveness of each method in predicting the thermal diffusivity was compared and observed discrepancies were discussed. Finally, the observed soil temperature data for a 12 month period are used to model the temperature variation in the ground analytically using Harmonic method and the model prediction for the following 12 month was compared independently with the field measurements. The analytical model prediction is found to be in good agreement with the field monitored data.     

Simulation and improvement of common land model on the bare soil of Loess Plateau underlying surface

Climate model has become an irreplaceable tool for the study and prediction of climate changes. The land surface process, as one of the important parts of all climate models, must be considered so that the simulative ability of climate models could be improved. Using the common land model (CoLM) that is driven by the LOPEX experiment data, the characteristics of land surface processes of the Loess Plateau are simulated. Furthermore, based on the comparison of the field observation data with the simulated results, the simulative performance of CoLM in the Loess Plateau region is also examined. The results show that, CoLM can be used in the Loess Plateau, and it perfectly simulates net radiations and net short-wave radiations. However, the simulated land-surface temperature is slightly higher than actual measured value, while the simulated soil temperature values in lower layers (5, 10, 20, 40 cm) are relatively less and the variety phase of these also lag. Moreover, the simulated sensible heat flux is a little larger, while the simulated soil thermal conductivity value is obviously lower. By modifying the calculation plan of soil thermal conductivity, the simulated result has been greatly improved. As a whole, if CoLM is applied in the Loess Plateau of Northwestern China, the parameterization of soil thermal conductivity should be ameliorated, which can improve its simulative capacity in the Loess Plateau regions.     

土壤冻融过程中水流迁移特性及通量模拟

为研究季节性冻土在冻融过程中水热盐的运移规律,在野外开展了一维及二维冻土水热盐运移试验,并通过Br离子示踪法及建立冻土水盐通量计算模型对土壤冻融过程中水盐的通量变化特性进行了计算分析。基于Hangen-Poiseuille孔隙通量方程,耦合孔隙冰柱体对水力传导度的影响机理,提出了冻土水流通量模型。结果表明,冻结过程中,液态水在水势和温度梯度作用下在冻结锋处聚集,形成通量峰值,冻融过程中自地表和最大冻深位置分别向下和向上的融化过程中,一维与二维试验水流通量变化对比表明,冻融过程中水流通量受到中间层冻土和地下水顶托的影响。冻土通量模型能够有效地描述冻土中不同温度条件下水流通量特性,从微观的角度很好地解释了土壤冻结过程中冰水共存状态下土壤中水流通量变化规律。     

水泥改良土杯型冻土壁融化温度场三维数值模拟

为掌握水泥改良土杯型冻土壁的解冻规律,以南京地铁10号线过江隧道盾构出洞水平冻结加固工程为例,对水泥改良土杯型冻土壁融化温度场进行了三维数值模拟,并研究了导热系数、比热容、相变潜热等因素变化对融化温度场的影响规律。结果表明：冻结水泥土解冻速度受初始温度影响较小,受冻土位置影响较大;解冻过程中,冻土壁外侧1 m处的非冻结土温度先降后升,冻土壁外侧3~7 m处土体温度始终呈下降趋势;随着导热系数减小、相变潜热增大、比热容增大,解冻时间延长;比热容对冻结水泥土解冻过程的影响主要体现在升温阶段,相变潜热主要影响冻土相变阶段,导热系数既影响升温阶段又影响相变阶段。