地震反射法的横向分辨能力——物理模型研究

一、前言最近,地震地层学(Sheriff,1980;Neidell,1980;Berg & Woolverton,1985;Hardage,1987)已把注意力集中于地质特征的地震波探测性和分辨率问题方面。现在,一般认为薄层的检测范围是λ/30(即反射波波长的三十分之一)(Sheriff,1980)。岩层顶部与底部界面的脉冲反射波的干涉作用决定垂向分辨范围为λ/4(Widess,1973;Kallweit &Wood,1982)。对于厚度小于一个波长的岩层,合成子波(干涉图形)的峰值振幅对岩层厚度敏感,经过适当地标定,可用于推断岩层的厚度(Weidell & Poggiaglidmi,1977)。若岩层     

基于方位电磁波的煤岩层界面及低阻异常体探测方法（英文）

以煤岩介质和煤岩界面作为电磁波传播响应研究对象,构建与煤岩电磁参数相关的地质模型。针对煤矿井下随钻方位电磁波探测技术在煤岩地质导向中的响应特性进行深入分析,研究煤岩界面探测识别方法及其适用性。模拟仪器在煤岩层响应特性规律,建立煤层顶底板界面的方位、仪器到煤层界面距离的计算方法。利用拟牛顿法对随钻方位电磁波电阻率仪器响应理论模型进行反演计算,并对模拟数据数据进行实时反演,降低了Jacobian矩阵的计算次数,提高了反演速度并降低了对初值的依赖性。基于正反演数值仿真模拟,获得低阻含水层、异常地质体（陷落柱、夹矸层等）方位电磁波探测的信号响应规律。通过正交线圈的定向电动势模拟成像方法研究,验证了高阻煤层中方位电磁波电阻率应用的可行性、能够为煤层界面、地质异常体探测及地质导向应用提供依据。     

云南玉溪盆地电性结构MT测深研究

利用大地电磁测深技术探测了云南玉溪盆地的电性结构及可能的断裂构造分布。在与地质构造近垂直的方向,布设了两条测线进行大地电磁观测,应用Rebocc二维反演方法获得了玉溪盆地两条测线的视电阻率剖面。结果显示,低阻体厚度的变化趋势与盆地第四系沉积层平均厚度的变化类似,在盆地西侧,厚度较深,高阻和低阻界面变化较陡。自西向东,低阻体厚度逐渐减小,高低阻界面变化趋势趋缓。总体来说,低阻体厚度比已有资料给出的沉积层厚度要深,导致这一结果的原因一方面可能是盆地沉积层厚度在不同的区域变化较大,另一方面也可能和沉积层下的岩层富含水资源有关。     

利用H/V谱比法研究三河和唐山地震震区地壳浅部沉积结构

利用一条穿过三河和唐山地震区的密集地震探测剖面数据,采用H/V谱比法获得了三河、唐山地震区及邻近区域的地壳浅部沉积结构特征、场地共振频率及易破坏程度等参数.结果表明:研究区松散沉积层厚度约为100—800 m,呈现出NW浅而SE深的变化特征;探测剖面西北部通县隆起的沉积层厚度约为350—450 m,沉积层界面起伏平缓;大厂凹陷沉积层厚度约为300—600 m,横向变化特征显著.测线东南部唐山地震区地壳浅部存在上下两组较明显的沉积界面:上层界面深度约为100 m,呈水平展布;下层界面深度约为300—800 m,且向东南方向逐渐加深.三河和唐山地震区的场地放大系数约为3—4,场地易破坏程度均大于20,显示出地表建筑物易破坏程度较高的特征.     

地震横波勘探及其在浅层岩土分层中的应用

简单论述了横波的基本特点,指出在松散层勘探中,横波勘探的优势主要在于探测精度高且不受饱水度的影响.因此,可以选择地震横波勘探进行第四纪松散层层序划分及厚度探测.并以广州市城市地质调查项目为例,介绍了地震横波勘探在浅层地层勘测中的数据采集方法,分析了地质解释依据,并结合波速测井方法对地层层面进行了划分.分析结果表明了多数岩土层与反射界面有较好的对应关系,用地震横波勘探结合波速测井进行第四纪松散层层序划分及厚度探测是可行的.     

煤层上覆地层含水不均匀性电法探测的可能性

煤田上覆岩层中含水直接对煤层的开采构成威胁，本文先从理论上阐述了电阻率勘探可以探测煤层上覆地层含水不均匀性的可能性，然后用简单的断层型薄层含水模型的CSAMT正演模拟结果展示出：地下900m深处，尽管只有20m厚的的含水岩层，但在电阻率剖面上该薄层的反映具有非常明显的特征，从理论上和数值模拟实例说明，一定深度内一定厚度的薄层含水性的电阻率法探测是可能的。     

电磁测深新方法的基本原理

用电磁波探测深度在几千米范围以内地层电性结构作为识别条件,指出入射波与地层界面反射波场强的复振幅或波形的叠加必须是能反映层次结构的“阶梯式”叠加。给出利用波形前沿叠加得出地层电导率、厚度及界面深度的方法。分析结果表明,该办法可以实现,并能得到唯一解。     

京津唐地区地壳上地幔立体构造

本文介绍在京津唐地区利用地震转换波法所测得的地壳、上地幔主要深部界面构造图以及地壳下层(玄武岩层)厚度分布图。将深部构造与本区震中分布进行了对比,指出了强震震源区的深部构造特征     

黄泛冲积区、滨海软土区和流动沙丘地区的浅层地震勘探

以物探大队在郑州、天津、内蒙等地进行工程勘察时的浅层地震勘探资料为实例，阐述浅层地震反射法在黄泛洪、冲积区和流动沙丘等地区进行工程勘察时的方法特点及应用效果。结果表明，浅层地震反射法在岩层划分、探测覆盖层厚度及断层勘察等方面有独到作用，可为工程的设计和建设提供准确可靠的地质依据。     

浅海域海底极低频电磁响应特征研究

极低频电磁探测方法(WEM)是一种新型人工源低频电磁探测技术,目前尚未见极低频电磁探测方法的海区研究,缺少相关经验.为测试WEM在海洋环境中的电磁响应特征,本文将"地-电离层"全空间电磁波传播理论应用到含海水介质的"地-电离层"全空间模型,由地表处数值格林函数出发,利用空气层与海水层界面谢昆诺夫势函数满足的边界条件,推导了海底界面的场强表达式.采用高采样密度的Hankel数字滤波方法进行数值模拟计算.为探究WEM在海洋油气资源探测中的适用性,建立简化海洋地电模型,通过分析WEM对不含异常体的背景场和含高阻油气异常体时的电磁响应曲线差异来检测WEM探测海底高阻油气层的可行性.并讨论不同观测方式、不同收发距以及海水层厚度、油气层埋深和油气藏厚度对WEM电磁响应特征的影响.研究结果表明,WEM可在数百千米收发距下探测浅海区域海底下方电性异常体的存在.     

Numerical simulations of full-wave fields and analysis of channel wave characteristics in 3-D coal mine roadway models

Currently, numerical simulations of seismic channel waves for the advance detection of geological structures in coal mine roadways focus mainly on modeling twodimensional wave fields and therefore cannot accurately simulate three-dimensional (3-D) full-wave fields or seismic records in a full-space observation system. In this study, we use the first-order velocity–stress staggered-grid finite difference algorithm to simulate 3-D full-wave fields with P-wave sources in front of coal mine roadways. We determine the three components of velocity V_x, V_y, and V_z for the same node in 3-D staggered-grid finite difference models by calculating the average value of V_y, and V_z of the nodes around the same node. We ascertain the wave patterns and their propagation characteristics in both symmetrical and asymmetric coal mine roadway models. Our simulation results indicate that the Rayleigh channel wave is stronger than the Love channel wave in front of the roadway face. The reflected Rayleigh waves from the roadway face are concentrated in the coal seam, release less energy to the roof and floor, and propagate for a longer distance. There are surface waves and refraction head waves around the roadway. In the seismic records, the Rayleigh wave energy is stronger than that of the Love channel wave along coal walls of the roadway, and the interference of the head waves and surface waves with the Rayleigh channel wave is weaker than with the Love channel wave. It is thus difficult to identify the Love channel wave in the seismic records. Increasing the depth of the receivers in the coal walls can effectively weaken the interference of surface waves with the Rayleigh channel wave, but cannot weaken the interference of surface waves with the Love channel wave. Our research results also suggest that the Love channel wave, which is often used to detect geological structures in coal mine stopes, is not suitable for detecting geological structures in front of coal mine roadways. Instead, the Rayleigh channel wave can be used for the advance detection of geological structures in coal mine roadways.     

含小断层煤层Rayleigh型槽波波场和频散分析

煤层隐伏小断层在煤田地质勘探期间能否查明,是影响煤矿安全生产的主要地质因素.煤层中传播的地震槽波,非常适用于探测煤田异常构造.本文利用谱元法模拟计算了含断层模型Rayleigh型地震槽波的产生、传播过程,对于直达槽波、反射槽波、透射槽波进行了波场特征分析,频散特征分析,频谱特征分析.根据不同小落差断层模型（垂直断距分别为1/4、1/2、3/4、1个煤厚;断层倾角分别为90°、60°、45°）,分析了Rayleigh型槽波传播过程中断层对反射槽波、透射槽波能量、频谱的影响效应.基于以上分析,对于小断层模型中的Rayleigh型地震槽波取得了一些规律性认识,并对Rayleigh型地震槽波的勘探应用做了一些探讨.     

THE INFLUENCE OF AN ASYMMETRY IN THE SEQUENCE ROCK/COAL/ROCK ON THE PROPAGATION OF RAYLEIGH SEAM WAVES*

Small offsets in hard coal seams can be detected with the aid of seam (channel) waves. Transmission and reflection of seam waves depend, among other parameters, upon the symmetry properties of the sequence rock/coal/rock. Two typical unsymmetrical sequences are found in European coal deposits: (i) coal seams with roof and floor of differing acoustic impedance and (ii) coal seams interlayered with rock and soil. Two-dimensional analog models with appropriate impedance contrasts are used to study the effect of the unsymmetrical layers upon the propagation of Rayleigh seam waves. Data analysis is based upon amplitude measurements both parallel and perpendicular to the layers and dispersion curves. The effect of unsymmetrical roof (rock 1) and floor (rock 2) was studied with models containing homogeneous coal seams. Leaky mode wave groups with phase velocities (c_R) in the range between the SV-wave velocities (β_{r1, 2}) of the two rock materials, i.e. β_r1≥c_R > β_r2, form a characteristic part of the Rayleigh seam wave signal. Using Knott's energy coefficient calculations it is shown that in that range energy leakage into the surrounding rock by refracted SV-waves is restricted to only one of the two interfaces, namely coal/rock 2. At the other interface, coal/rock 1, all waves are totally reflected. Thus, the high amplitudes of these leaky mode wave groups are explained by “quasi-normal mode” features. The influence of a dirt bed on wave propagation was studied in models where the roof and the floor have the same elastic properties. The maximum thickness of the dirt bed did not exceed 20% of the total seam thickness. The effect of the bed's location within the seam was also investigated. For all recorded normal-mode wave groups either the total seam or the coal layers could be regarded as wave guides. This was shown by the fact that the phases could be associated with the phase velocity dispersion curves calculated for the symmetrical sequence rock/coal/rock. These curves are relevant under the condition that the thickness of the coal layer assumed under the calculation coincides with the thickness of the effective wave guide of the respective wave groups. Wave groups guided in the total seam are not influenced by either the thickness or the position of the dirt bed. On the other hand, for wave groups guided in the coal layers, the quotient of signal amplitudes in the coal layers is influenced by the position of the dirt bed.     

煤巷小构造Rayleigh型槽波超前探测数值模拟

对煤巷小构造地震波场进行了数值模拟研究,分析了层状煤层中地震波的传播特征.研究表明:(1)在煤巷迎头前方煤层内以纵波震源激发的Rayleigh型槽波相对于体波能量较强,波列较长,波速较低.(2)沿煤层传播的Rayleigh型槽波在小构造面上产生Rayleigh型槽波反射波,反射Rayleigh型槽波垂直分量相对于水平分量能量较强.沿煤层反向传播的反射Rayleigh型槽波在煤巷迎头面上转换为沿煤巷底板传播的Rayleigh面波.沿煤巷底板可以接收到能量较强的反射Rayleigh型槽波产生的Rayleigh面波,其可以作为超前探测小构造面的特征波.在地震记录上反射Rayleigh型槽波产生的Rayleigh面波波至最迟,在时间域与其他波列时间间隔较大,其垂直分量能量相对于水平分量较强,在地震记录上容易识别.(3)在相同的地质条件下应用反射地震超前探测方法,标志煤巷迎头前方存在小构造面的反射地震波能量较弱,受煤巷顶、底板界面和采煤迎头面的强反射波干扰,在地震记录中难以识别.     

Two-dimensional scattering of SH waves due to a discontinuity in bedrock

The direct boundary integral equation technique is applied to determine the impact on surface amplification caused by an inhomogeneity in a bedrock half-space. The particular soil-rock configuration studied is one in which a soil layer rests on a rock half-space which includes a rock inclusion. The particular rock inclusion considered for this study is a semi-infinite rock layer with its upper boundary bordering the soil layer. Materials are considered viscoelastic except for the section of the rock half-space below the level of the rock inclusion which is considered elastic. A parametric study is performed to determine controlling factors for surface displacement due to a vertically incident shear wave. The study includes varying the stiffness and the thickness of the inclusion for a range of frequencies. Solutions from a one-dimensional analysis are compared with the results of a two-dimensional analysis in order to establish limits inside of which a two-dimensional analysis is required. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

露天煤矿地下水电磁探测与类型判别

为准确确定露天煤矿地下水分布与类型,根据不同赋存条件电磁差异,基于磁场强度与电阻率参数进行异常划分与类型判别。以新疆某露天煤矿为例,采用高精度磁法通过磁异常强度确定烧变岩边界,并采用高密度电法和瞬变电磁法通过电阻率圈定低阻异常区,结合异常响应差异分别推断地下水分布范围与赋存类型。地面钻探验证探测成果的准确性。结果表明:露天煤矿烧变岩水与砂岩裂隙水电磁响应差异明显,基于磁场强度与电阻率的双参数综合电磁法能准确圈定其分布范围,并判别其赋存类型。     

地震槽波的数学-物理模拟初探

针对地震槽波在低速层的传播特性,开展了煤层内地震槽波勘探的数值模拟和物理模拟研究的初探工作.在数值模拟研究方面,采用交错网格有限差分法对煤层中的地震槽波进行三分量全波场模拟.基于波场快照和人工合成地震记录研究了不同模型中的波场特征和各种波型的传播规律.在物理模拟方面,通过选用不同配比的环氧树脂和硅橡胶类材料构建地震槽波物理模型,利用透射法和反射法观测系统获得了清晰的地震槽波记录以研究槽波的地震学特征.研究表明,在煤层内槽波的地震波场中,Love型槽波的能量小于Rayleigh型槽波的SV分量,大于Rayleigh型槽波的SH分量.相对于Love型槽波和Rayleigh型槽波的SH分量,Rayleigh型槽波的SV分量在围岩中的泄露能量较强.在煤层界面附近的围岩中,地震波仍以槽波形式传播,随着距离的增加能量逐渐衰减.随着煤层变薄,煤层槽波主频向高频方向移动,频散现象增强,传播速度增大.     

利用煤体破裂电磁信号进行局部震源定位方法研究

准确预测煤岩破裂震源方位,确定采掘工作面重点灾害区域,可以使煤岩动力灾害防治措施更为有效.根据煤岩变形破裂电磁效应规律和电磁波基础理论,提出了一种利用电磁信号能量来确定局部震源方位的方法,并通过实验室定向接收实验和平煤十矿现场测试验证该方法的有效性.结果表明,电磁信号强度随着煤岩体应力状态变化而变化;两个正交天线接收的电磁信号能量分别与各自接收夹角余弦值的平方成正比,利用此比例关系可以确定震源的方位;电磁信号定位方法与静态指标法预测局部区域危险性具有较好的检验一致性.研究成果为煤岩动力灾害重点灾害区域的判定提供依据.     

人工地震影像法在煤矿采空区的应用

介绍了应用人工地震影像法对义县孟家屯煤矿采空区范围、厚度等进行探测的情况及结果。     

Two-dimensional scattering of in-plane body waves due to a discontinuity in bedrock

The direct boundary integral equation technique is used to study in-plane surface amplification of in-plane seismic body waves for the case of an inhomogeneity in a bedrock half-space. In the studied soil configuration, a soil layer rests on a rock half-space which includes a rock inclusion. The rock inclusion considered is a semi-infinite horizontal rock layer in which its upper boundary borders the soil layer. Materials in the soil–rock configuration are considered viscoelastic except for the section of the rock half-space below the level of the rock inclusion which is considered elastic. A parametric study is performed to determine controlling factors for surface displacement due to in-plane body waves. The study investigates varying the stiffness and the thickness of the rock inclusion for a range of frequencies and wave incidence angles. Anti-plane waves for this type of soil-rock configuration have been addressed in a previous article by Heymsfield (Earthquake Engng. Struct. Dyn. 28 : 841–855 (1999)). Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.