Significance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vibrio</Emphasis> species in the marine organic carbon cycle—A review

The genus Vibrio, belonging to Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Proteobacteria, is a genetically and ecologically diverse group of heterotrophic bacteria, that are ubiquitous in marine environments, especially in coastal areas. In particular, vibrios dominate, i.e. up to 10% of the readily culturable marine bacteria in these habitats. The distribution of Vibrio spp. is shaped by various environmental parameters, notably temperature, salinity and dissolved organic carbon. Vibriospp. may utilize a wide range of organic carbon compounds, including chitin (this may be metabolized by most Vibrio spp.), alginic acid and agar. Many Vibrio spp. have very short replication times (as short as ~10 min), which could facilitate them developing into high biomass content albeit for relatively short durations. Although Vibriospp. usually comprise a minor portion (typically ~1% of the total bacterioplankton in coastal waters) of the total microbial population, they have been shown to proliferate explosively in response to various nutrient pulses, e.g., organic nutrients from algae blooms and iron (Fe⁺) from Saharan dust. Thus, Vibrio spp. may exert large impacts on marine organic carbon cycling especially in marginal seas. Genomics and related areas of investigation will reveal more about the molecular components and mechanisms involved in Vibrio-mediated biotransformation and remineralization processes.     

Untangling the role that microbes play in ocean carbon cycle—A new paradigm in marine biogeochemistry

<正>An estimated amount of 3.7×10~5 petagrams(1 Pg=10~(15)g)of organic carbon is stored in marine sediments(Lipp et al.,2008),which supports an immense subsurface biosphere that contains approximately 2.9×10~(29)to 3.6×10~(30)cells of indigenous microorganisms(Kallmeyer et al.,2012;Whitman et al.,1997).The majority of that carbon is transported from surface oceans by a process called the"biological pump(BP)",which has been a prevailing doctrine in the ocean carbon cycle.     

Characterizing the dynamics of soil organic carbon in grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Carbon dynamics of grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau may play an important role in regional and global carbon cycles. The CENTURY model (Version 4.5) is used to examine temporal and spatial variations of soil organic carbon (SOC) in grasslands on the Plateau for the period from 1960 to 2002. The model successfully simulates the dynamics of aboveground carbon and soil surface SOC at the soil depth of 0-20 cm and the simulated results agree well to the measurements. Examination of SOC for eight typical grasslands shows different patterns of temporal variation in different ecosystems in 1960-2002. The extent of temporal variation increases with the increase of SOC of ecosystem. SOC increases first and decreases quickly then during the period from 1990 to 2000. Spatially, SOC density obtained for the equilibrium condition declines gradually from the southeast to the northwest on the plateau and showed a high heterogeneity in the eastern plateau. The results suggest that (i) SOC den-sity in the alpine grasslands shows remarkable response to climate change during the 42 years, and (ii) the net carbon exchange rate between the alpine grassland ecosystems and the atmosphere increases from 1990 to 2000 as compared with that before 1990.     

The POM-DOM piezophilic microorganism continuum(PDPMC)—The role of piezophilic microorganisms in the global ocean carbon cycle

The deep ocean piezosphere accounts for a significant part of the global ocean,hosts active and diverse microbial communities which probably play a more important role than hitherto recognized in the global ocean carbon cycle.The conventional biological pump concept and the recently proposed microbial carbon pump mechanism provide a foundation for our understanding of the role of microorganisms in cycling of carbon in the ocean.However,there are significant gaps in our knowledge and a lack of mechanistic understanding of the processes of microbially-mediated production,transformation,degradation,and export of marine dissolved and particulate organic matter(DOM and POM)in the deep ocean and the ecological consequence.Here we propose the POM-DOM piezophilic microorganism continuum(PDPMC)conceptual model,to address these important biogeochemical processes in the deep ocean.We propose that piezophilic microorganisms(bacteria and archaea)play a pivotal role in deep ocean carbon cycle where microbial production of exoenzymes,enzymatic breakdown of DOM and transformation of POM fuels the rapid cycling of marine organic matter,and serve as the primary driver for carbon cycle in the deep ocean.     

Characteristics of pCO_2 in surface water of the Bering Abyssal Plain and their effects on carbon cycle in the western Arctic Ocean

The global warming has obviously been causingthe Arctic sea ice shrinking and thinning during thelast 30 years, which would increase free ice waters andenhance biological productivity. These changes willimpact the source and sink of carbon in the ArcticOcean and subarctic waters as well as a feedback tothe global change[1—3]. The Chukchi Sea is located in the southwest ofthe western Arctic Ocean and the Bering Sea in thenorthwest of the North Pacific Ocean. Both seas are 1997—2001) and…     

A review of: “Mathematical modelling of turbulent diffusion in the environment”

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Edited by C. J. Harris. Academic Press, 1979. 816 pp. (£19.80, $48.00) (ISBN 0 123283507)     

A review of: “Fundamental problems in the theory of stellar evolution”

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Edited by D. Sugimoto, D. Q. Lamb and D. N. Schramm. IAU Symposium No. 93, Reidel, Dordrecht, 1981. 343 pp. (Cloth Dfl. 90 ($47.50) ISBN 90-277-1273-5; Paper Dfl. 40 ($21.00) ISBN 90-277-1274-3)     

Inter-annual simulation of global carbon cycle variations in a terrestrial–aquatic continuum

The advanced process-based model, National Integrated Catchment-based Eco-hydrology (NICE)-BGC, which incorporates the whole process of carbon cycling in land, was modified to include the feedback between soil organic content and overland carbon fluxes. It is a crucial and difficult task to evaluate the balance of the terrestrial carbon budget including the effect of inland water robustly. To accomplish this purpose, NICE-BGC was applied to quantify the global biogeochemical carbon cycle closely associated with the complex hydrological cycle during the 36 years between 1980 and 2015. The model demonstrated that the inter-annual variations of carbon cycle have been greatly affected by the extreme weather patterns. In particular, spatial distribution of temporal trends in riverine carbon fluxes and their relation to soil organic carbon (SOC) were analysed between different biomes and major river basins. Although there was a positive relationship between SOC and riverine flux of dissolved organic carbon and particulate organic carbon in the northern boreal region, it is difficult to see this relation in other regions. Further, the evaluation of potential controlling factors of temporal trends in SOC and fluvial carbon exports was also helpful to quantify the inter-annual variation or temporal trend caused by the various effects. SOC was more influenced by temperature variations, whereas riverine carbon exports were mainly determined by precipitation variations. Finally, net land flux including inland water (−1.49 ± 0.50 PgC/year) showed a slight decrease in the carbon sink in comparison with previous values (−2.33 ± 0.50 PgC/year). These results help to distinguish the carbon cycle in different river basins and to re-evaluate carbon cycle change explicitly including the effect of inland water because this effect has been so far implicitly included within the range of uncertainty in the Earth's global carbon cycle comprising land, oceans, and atmosphere.     

A review of: “Interiors of the planets”

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By A. H. Cook (Cambridge Planetary Sciences Series). University Press, Cambridge, 1980. xi + 348 pp. (£25.00) (ISBN 0 521 23214 7).     

A review of: “Energetics of the earth”

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By John Verhoogen. National Academy Press, 1980. 139 pp. ($9.00) (ISBN 0 309 03076 5) 1980.     

A review of: “Transport and energy conversion in the heliosphere”

Lectures given at the CNRS Summer School on Solar Astrophysics, Oleron, France, 25-29 May 1998, edited by P.-P. Rozelot, L. Klein and J.-C. Vial, Lecture Notes in Physics: Vol. 553, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2000. VIII+214 pp., DM 104.00, hardbound (ISBN 3-540-67595-7)     

Soil organic carbon storage and soil CO_2 flux in the alpine meadow ecosystem

High-resolution sampling,measurements of organic carbon contents and 14C signatures of selected four soil profiles in the Haibei Station situated on the northeast Tibetan Plateau,and application of 14C tracing technology were conducted in an attempt to investigate the turnover times of soil organic car-bon and the soil-CO2 flux in the alpine meadow ecosystem. The results show that the organic carbon stored in the soils varies from 22.12×104 kg C hm-2 to 30.75×104 kg C hm-2 in the alpine meadow eco-systems,with an average of 26.86×104 kg C hm-2. Turnover times of organic carbon pools increase with depth from 45 a to 73 a in the surface soil horizon to hundreds of years or millennia or even longer at the deep soil horizons in the alpine meadow ecosystems. The soil-CO2 flux ranges from 103.24 g C m-2 a-1 to 254.93 gC m-2 a-1,with an average of 191.23 g C m-2 a-1. The CO2 efflux produced from microbial decomposition of organic matter varies from 73.3 g C m-2 a-1 to 181 g C m-2 a-1. More than 30% of total soil organic carbon resides in the active carbon pool and 72.8%―81.23% of total CO2 emitted from or-ganic matter decomposition results from the topsoil horizon (from 0 cm to 10 cm) for the Kobresia meadow. Responding to global warming,the storage,volume of flow and fate of the soil organic carbon in the alpine meadow ecosystem of the Tibetan Plateau will be changed,which needs further research.     

A decade of Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB)—a review

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The Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUB) initiative of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS), launched in 2003 and concluded by the PUB Symposium 2012 held in Delft (23–25 October 2012), set out to shift the scientific culture of hydrology towards improved scientific understanding of hydrological processes, as well as associated uncertainties and the development of models with increasing realism and predictive power. This paper reviews the work that has been done under the six science themes of the PUB Decade and outlines the challenges ahead for the hydrological sciences community.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis

Citation Hrachowitz, M., Savenije, H.H.G., Blöschl, G., McDonnell, J.J., Sivapalan, M., Pomeroy, J.W., Arheimer, B., Blume, T., Clark, M.P., Ehret, U., Fenicia, F., Freer, J.E., Gelfan, A., Gupta, H.V., Hughes, D.A., Hut, R.W., Montanari, A., Pande, S., Tetzlaff, D., Troch, P.A., Uhlenbrook, S., Wagener, T., Winsemius, H.C., Woods, R.A., Zehe, E., and Cudennec, C., 2013. A decade of Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB)—a review. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (6), 1198–1255.     

Charged meteoric smoke as ice nuclei in the mesosphere: Part 1—A review of basic concepts

The role of meteoric smoke as condensation nuclei for mesospheric ice has recently been challenged by model simulations on the global transport of meteoric material. At the same time a considerable fraction of smoke particles is charged in the mesosphere. This has significant effects on nucleation processes as it can remove the Kelvin barrier. We suggest that in particular nucleation on negatively charged smoke is likely to be a dominant mechanism for mesospheric ice formation. This is in contrast to nucleation on positive ion clusters as the latter is largely hampered by efficient ion/electron recombination. Surprisingly, the large potential of nucleation on charged smoke has so far not been considered in mesospheric ice models. A challenging question concerns the fraction of mesospheric smoke that is actually charged. An improved understanding of mesospheric charging and nucleation will require laboratory experiments on nuclei in the transition regime between molecular and particulate sizes.     

The relationship between the concentrations and distribution of organic pollutants and black carbon content in benthic sediments in the Gulf of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea

The influence of the sediment’s physico-chemical properties and black carbon content, on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in benthic sediments of the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea) was determined. Sediments from port, marine dump site of dredged spoils, the Vistula river mouth, Gdansk Deep were selected.The concentrations of ∑PAHs (fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(ah)anthracene, benzo(ghi)perylene) were 294-2200 ng/g d.w. and for ∑PCBs (28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180) were 2.4-11.3 ng/g d.w.The sediments content of loss on ignition was 1.13-16.15%, total organic carbon was 0.89-7.15%, black carbon was 0.20-1.15%. The highest correlation coefficient values (r = 0.76-0.92, p < 0.05) for a relationship between the concentrations of organic pollutants, and organic matter, organic and black carbon contents were obtained in harbor sediments with low content of organic matter (<5%) and high share of black carbon in total carbon (up to 40%).     

A review of: “Investigating the universe”

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Edited by F. D. Kahn, D. Reidel Publishing Company (ISBN 90-277-1325-1) 1981. Price Dfl. 125.00/U.S. $54.50. Approx. 448 pp.     

A review of: “Exercises in astronomy”

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By J. Kleczek. D. Reidel Publishing Company, xxiii+339 pp., us$ 64 (ISBN 90-277-2409-1), Paperback Edition US$19.50 (ISBN 90-277-2423-7).     

A review of: “Dynamics of the upper atmosphere”

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By Susumu Kato. Center for Academic Publications Japan/D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1980. xiii+233pp. (£15.95) (ISBN 90277 1132 1).     

A review of: “Free oscillations of the earth”

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By E. R. Lapwood and T. Usami, Cambridge University Press, 1981. xii + 243 pp. $25 (ISBN 0 521 23563 7).