不同定义的湿位涡分析及在台风中的诊断

本文对不同定义的湿位涡做了理论分析,并利用1522号台风“彩虹”的数值模拟结果对各种湿位涡进行了诊断。主要结论有:经典湿位涡、广义湿位涡和改进湿位涡的差异主要是由不同定义的位温造成的,相当位温、广义位温和修改位温的构成均是在位温基础上添加一显含水汽的附加量;经典湿位涡、广义湿位涡和改进湿位涡的构成均能分为干、湿分量两部分,其干分量表达式相同,都与Ertel干位涡的定义一样,水物质相变潜热的影响隐含在位温中;不同定义湿位涡的本质差异表现在不同的湿分量上,湿分量的表达式中显含了水物质的作用。对台风的诊断分析发现,改进湿位涡分布与Ertel干位涡非常相似,呈现中空分布的位涡塔结构,大值区对应眼墙内侧,改进湿位涡湿分量与经典湿位涡的湿分量分布相似,只是湿分量的绝对值更小,这反映了改进湿位涡既能保持干位涡的分布特征,其分布和演变可反映台风的结构和演变,又能合理地体现水汽分布的影响,所以在台风诊断中有更广泛的应用前景。经典湿位涡在低层表现为负值,这与水汽梯度的分布关系很大,但与垂直速度、潜热加热大值区等都没有很好的匹配关系,用其分析台风结构和演变具有一定局限性;广义湿位涡其形式较复杂,仅在近饱和区域才能发挥其诊断优势。     

2011年7月初一次大暴雨过程分析

2011年7月初四川中部至东部出现一次持续的强降水过程,采用NCEP再分析资料、常规观测资料、自动站资料和FY-2E资料对此次过程进行诊断分析。结果表明,本次区域性大暴雨过程主要影响系统为副高外围西南气流和中尺度对流云团,副高西伸带来充沛的暖湿气流向川内输送,与北下干冷空气在四川上空汇合,增强大气层结不稳定;雨区上空对流层内有强上升运动且中低层不稳定呈高温高湿状态;700hPa水汽通量散度分析显示本次暴雨水汽源于孟加拉湾,水汽辐合区内有TBB大值中心及视热源、视水汽汇大值区;本次降水为对流性降水,水汽凝结加热对大气加热起重要作用,视热源、视水汽汇及垂直螺旋度与暴雨有很好的对应关系,当强降水出现时螺旋度呈(高空)上负(低空)下正分布,高层负螺旋度的生消与降水有更好的对应关系;雨区上空水汽收支显示南、北两边界是主要水汽来源,且水汽以南北向辐合为主。      

Assessment of several moist adiabatic processes associated with convective energy calculation

Several methods dealing with the moist adiabatic process are described in this paper. They are basedon static energy conservation, pseudoequivalent potential temperature conservation, the strict pseudoadiabatic equation, and the reversible moist adiabatic process, respectively. Convective energy parameters, which are closely related to the moist adiabatic process and which reflect the gravitational effects ofcondensed liquid water, are reintroduced or defined, including MCAPE [Modified-CAPE (convective available potential energy)], DCAPE (Downdraft-CAPE), and MDCAPE (Modified-Downdraft-CAPE). Two real case analyses with special attention given to condensed liquid water show that the selection of moist adiabatic process does affect the calculated results of CAPE and the gravitational effects of condensed liquid water are not negligible in severe storms. Intercomparisons of these methods show that static energy conservation is consistent with pseudo-equivalent potential temperature conservation not only in physical properties but also in calculated results, and both are good approximations to the strict pseudo-adiabatic equation. The lapse rate linked with the reversible moist adiabatic process is relatively smaller than that linked with other moist adiabatic processes, especially when considering solidification of liquid water in the reversible adiabatic process.     

Moisture recycling and the maximum of precipitation in spring in the Iberian Peninsula

In the semiarid interior of the Iberian Peninsula, the topographic insulation from the surrounding seas promotes the role of internal sources of moisture and water recycling in the rainfall regime. In inland Iberia, the annual cycle of precipitation often has a distinctive peak in the springtime, when evapotranspiration (ET) is the highest, in contrast to the coastal areas, where it is more closely related to the external moisture availability and synoptic forcing, with a maximum in winter-autumn and a pronounced minimum in the summer. In this work we investigate the role of land surface water fluxes in the intensification of the hydrological cycle in the Iberian spring. We used data from 5 km resolution WRF-ARW model simulations over the Iberian Peninsula for eleven months of May (2000–2010). To bring out the effect of ET fluxes, we conducted experiments where ET water over land was removed from the system. Our findings indicate that the impact of ET on precipitation is on average very large (37 % increase). The impact is particularly strong in the interior north and northeast areas where the observed annual rainfall cycle has a peak in May, suggesting that the role of surface water fluxes is very important there. To investigate whether this role is as a water source or to amplify precipitation dynamics, we computed the recycling ratio analytically from the model data. In addition, we developed a procedure to quantify the amplification impact by comparing the recycling ratio and the relative change in precipitation between control and experiments with ET removed. Results show that the role of surface water fluxes on precipitation depends on large-scale forcing and moisture advection. When the synoptic forcing and moisture advection are strong, such as in fronts associated to Atlantic storms, the impact of ET fluxes is small. When there is potential for convection, as is commonly the case of late spring in the Iberian Peninsula, ET fluxes have a significant impact. Surface moisture fluxes moisten the boundary layer and increase moist static energy, strengthening convective processes, and their role goes from being a primary water source for precipitation (recycling) to have mostly an amplification effect as external moisture availability increases. Our findings show that for the eleven simulated May cases over the Iberian Peninsula, the role of ET fluxes in activating recycling is important and explains 27–58 % of their total impact on precipitation, depending on the method used to calculate the recycling ratio. This indicates that the complementary effect of ET on amplifying rainfall from external sources of moisture is comparable in magnitude to the recycling mechanism and important as well.     

山东半岛一次区域性暴雪天气过程分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°的6 h再分析资料与高空地面观测资料,对2005年12月4日山东半岛出现的罕见区域性暴雪过程进行分析。结果表明:冷涡后横槽影响是造成大范围暴雪的主要天气系统,黄、渤海为大暴雪提供了充足的水汽来源,低层辐合、高层辐散有利于产生大范围强烈的上升运动;途经海面的强冷平流带来丰富的水汽,是造成大暴雪的最终原因。通过对湿位涡的分析发现,暴雪落区与MPV2负值中心有很好的对应关系。     

The Effect of Moisture on the Kinetic Energy Budget of a Mediterranean Cyclone

Summary  A diagnostic energetics analysis is used to study the effects of moisture-related processes on a developing cyclone over the Mediterranean. This is done by using the moist wind component to calculate the energy budget and then the effect due to wind field changes on the kinetic energy budget is illustrated. The horizontal flux convergence serves as a major energy budget source in both cases (actual and moist wind), although the magnitude values of this term are small in the case of the moist wind. Generation of kinetic energy, is generally (in the case of moist wind), a prominent sink during the life cycle of the cyclone, and its values are greater than the corresponding ones for the actual wind field except at the decay period. Subgrid-scale sources of kinetic energy provide a substantial energy gain throughout the life cycle of the cyclone. The values of the dissipation term differ from using the actual or moist components where its values are influenced by the values of the other terms in the budget. The baroclinic generation due to the divergent moist wind component offsets by 80.8% and 12.1% for the barotropic destruction of kinetic energy by the rotational moist wind component. The divergent moist wind component was found to be very important in the synoptic-scale environments of the cyclogenesis. Both demonstrate that the divergent moist wind component is as important as the rotational moist wind component in producing generation and horizontal flux divergence of kinetic energy. Generation of kinetic energy by the divergent moist wind component seems to be a major factor leading to the creation of upper-level wind maxima north of the storm areas. Thus, these diagnostic findings suggest possible modifications to the wind field by investigating the role of the divergent moist wind component and may also be fruitful in exploring the effects of cyclogensis on the large-scale environment. Received April 27, 1998/Revised April 23, 1999     

压能、湿焓场与暴雨落区的诊断分析

通过分析压能场与湿焓场的分布特征，讨论了它们对暴雨发生可能产生的影响，这种影响实质上是由于动力学与热力学的相互作用所造成的，在本文分析的暴雨仆例中，暴雨过程都与等压能线密集带和等湿焓线密集带有一定联系，在暴雨发生前24h一般有强的正湿焓平流，暴雨主要落区一般出现在平流最强的地方，因此，分析压能场与湿焓场可以获取一些新的信息，这对提高暴雨的预报能力可以起到一定的作用。     

Characteristics of the Mean Water Vapor Transport over Monsoon Asia

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上海一次连续大雾过程的成因分析

利用上海市遥测能见度数据、常规气象资料和T213、GFS分析资料以及GPS-PWV资料,分析了2008年1月5-11日发生在上海地区的一次连续大雾天气过程.分析表明当有天气尺度西风槽频繁活动、槽前暖湿气流不断向气层输入暖湿空气,如再遇特定暖水面或暖海面从近地面向气层输送暖湿气流时,在晴天和微风的早晨极易形成辐射雾;当东、黄海暖湿空气从近地面流向冷水面或冷陆面,如再遇江南低空偏南暖湿气流辐合聚积时,极易形成平流雾.雾区登陆距离与东风气流强弱有关,东风气流越强,雾区西进距离越长.在平流雾期间,0～300 m平均相对湿度的高湿区与雾区吻合.当绝对湿度小于3 g/kg时不会有大雾发生,绝对湿度在9～1 5 g/kg和GPS-PWV值在15 mm左右时,在合适的大气条件下容易形成大雾.     

一次高原低涡东移引发四川盆地暴雨的机制分析

利用T213L19资料以及地面和高空观测资料,对2008年7月20～25日一次高原低涡东移引发四川盆地暴雨的机制进行了分析,结果表明:降水的发生、发展与湿位涡的时空演变有很好的对应关系,湿位涡高低层正负区叠加的配置是低涡暴雨发展的有利形势,MPV1负值中心和MPV2正值中心及其包围的密集区是暴雨产生的警戒区。中低层z-螺旋度水平分布对降水落区和强降水中心的分布有较好的指示性,z-螺旋度垂直分布能反映暴雨发生时大气的动力特征,雨区上空高层负涡度、辐散与低层正涡度、辐合相配合,是触发暴雨的动力机制;相对螺旋度与降水落区及降水中心亦配合较好,并与未来6h的降水落区和强度分布存在较好的正相关,这对降水落区及强度分布的预报有一定参考价值,强降水中心通常出现在相对螺旋度梯度的高值一侧。     

Annual CO2 Flux in Dry and Moist Arctic Tundra: Field Responses to Increases in Summer Temperatures and Winter Snow Depth

We examined the annual exchange of CO₂ between the atmosphere and moist tussock and dry heath tundra ecosystems (which together account for over one-third of the low arctic land area) under ambient field conditions and under increased winter snow deposition, increased summer temperatures, or both. Our results indicate that these two arctic tundra ecosystems were net annual sources of CO₂ to the atmosphere from September 1994 to September 1996 under ambient weather conditions and under our three climate change scenarios. Carbon was lost from these ecosystems in both winter and summer, although the majority of CO₂ evolution took place during the short summer. Our results indicate that (1) warmer summer temperatures will increase annual CO₂ efflux from both moist and dry tundra ecosystems by 45–55% compared to current ambient temperatures; (2) deeper winter snow cover will increase winter CO₂ efflux in both moist and dry tundra ecosystems, but will decrease net summer CO₂ efflux; and (3) deeper winter snow cover coupled with warmer summer temperatures will nearly double the annual amount of CO₂ emitted from moist tundra and will result in a 24% increase in the annual CO₂ efflux of dry tundra. If, as predicted, climate change alters both winter snow deposition and summer temperatures, then shifts in CO₂ exchange between the biosphere and atmosphere will likely not be uniform across the Arctic tundra landscape. Increased snow deposition in dry tundra is likely to have a larger effect on annual CO₂ flux than warmer summer temperatures alone or warmer temperatures coupled with increased winter snow depth. The combined effects of increased summer temperatures and winter snow deposition on annual CO₂ flux in moist tundra will be much larger than the effects of either climate change scenario alone.     

非均匀饱和广义湿位涡在暴雨分析与预测中的应用

考虑实际大气非均匀饱和特性, 通过引入广义位温及广义湿位涡方程, 对华北暴雨和江淮梅雨锋暴雨的发生及落区进行了广义湿位涡异常的诊断分析, 表明暴雨形成时大气低层有广义湿位涡的异常出现。对广义湿位涡倾向的计算表明:它对暴雨的发生有一定指示作用, 因而可利用广义湿位涡的异常来识别暴雨的出现。     

中尺度对流系统演变中的一些非平衡动力学问题

深厚湿对流运动发展机制包含湿大气的对称不稳定(MSI和CSI)及锋面环流．它们需要的基本条件是不稳定、水汽和抬升，这些机理在动力学中是有联系和区别的，即虽然都是与基流平衡状态被破坏后引起的中尺度环流有关，但是扰动流非平衡运动是不同的。本文综合概述了有关平衡动力学的研究进展，提出了中尺度对流系统演变中的一些非平衡动力学主要问题，并评述了一些研究的方法及主要结论和尚需进一步探索的方面．以加深对不同机制下深对流运动的认识。     

湿急流的结构及形成过程

利用比较稠密的无线电探空和气球测风观测网,通过对华北夏季一次暴雨过程的三维流场和湿度场的分析,揭示了湿急流的结构和形成过程。湿急流是指低层空气在湿不稳定大气的上升过程中,不断加速形成一支斜穿整个对流层的自下而上的急流。在湿急流附近,凝结饱和区的分布和发展过程,似乎表明水汽在急流形成过程中起了一种主动作用。湿急流在对流层顶附近和副热带急流合併,并使副热带急流的动能增加。这似乎启示,湿斜压过程可能是大气环流中的基本过程之一。     

近44年来我国西北地区干湿特征分析

利用我国西北地区1960—2003年131个测站降水和小型蒸发皿蒸发量资料, 综合考虑降水和蒸发这两个水分平衡最关键的分量构造了降水蒸发均一化干湿指数, 进而研究了西北地区干湿的时空演变特征。结果表明:一致性异常是西北地区近44年干湿特征的最主要空间分布模态; 西北地区干湿异常特征主要分为西风带气候区型, 高原气候区型和季风气候区型; 整个西北地区及其西风带气候区、高原气候区年干湿特征呈较为显著的变湿趋势, 大约在20世纪70年代中期均发生了由干向湿的突变, 而季风气候区表现为变干趋势, 并且在90年代前期发生了由湿向干的突变; 整个西北地区及各分区近44年来主要以年代际周期振荡为主。     

梅雨锋降水运动诊断分析与（大）暴雨形成——江淮梅雨锋暴雨的天气学成因个例分析

对T213 L31再分析模式大气,在等熵坐标系上对天气学大尺度凝结函数降水、水汽通量散度降水做了诊断计算;同时,对整层对流不稳定性降水和气块（团）湿不稳定降水做了理想设计与诊断计算.对2003年7月江淮梅雨锋暴雨的计算与分析表明：两种天气尺度波动的大尺度稳定性降水运动的降水量级较小,都不足以直接形成暴雨;而对流不稳定降水运动可以形成暴雨,却不足以形成大暴雨;只有气块不稳定降水运动,才是梅雨锋上大暴雨的自组织、正反馈的唯一降水机制.研究表明,该江淮梅雨锋暴雨虽然存在着明显的梅雨锋天气尺度降水系统,但充沛的水汽通量和异常高温高湿气团的维持,使得在梅雨锋上发生着的非等熵湿绝热运动及其对流不稳定降水和气块不稳定降水,是（大）暴雨发生的天气学成因.     

前期印度洋海温异常对夏季高原“湿池”水汽含量的影响及其可能原因

利用Hadley中心提供的逐月海温资料、ERA-Interim再分析资料以及NOAA（National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration）的逐月向外长波辐射（OLR）资料探讨了1979~2011年夏季青藏高原“湿池”的水汽含量与前期印度洋海温异常的关系,并对可能的原因进行了分析。结果表明,夏季青藏高原水汽（去趋势）EOF第二模态与前期印度洋海温存在密切的正相关,前期3~4月关键区（5°S~20°N,45°E~75°E）的海温异常可以作为夏季高原水汽的预测信号。在暖水年,赤道附近显著的东风异常对夏季高原水汽输送起到了至关重要的作用。500 hPa上副热带高压显著增强并西移,600 hPa上赤道附近为显著的异常东风,将水汽从西太平洋、南海、孟加拉湾向西输送到印度半岛,并在异常反气旋环流西侧的南风作用下,将水汽带向青藏高原。高层风场上,西太平洋地区辐合,青藏高原上空辐散。以上环流形势表明暖水年夏季青藏高原水汽偏多;冷水年则相反。就影响机制而言,前期春季印度洋海温显著偏暖,引起其上空异常的对流上升运动,驱动异常沃克环流从春到夏显著维持,副热带高压的季节性北跳和异常增强西移,有利于赤道东风异常的增强和西移,并经过水汽输送通道将水汽带向青藏高原上空。     

等熵面和湿等熵面倾斜发展的诊断分析

利用等压坐标系中的热力学方程和水汽方程推导出可以诊断分析等熵面（等位温面）和湿等熵面（等相当位温面） 倾斜变化的倾角方程。等熵面倾角的局地变化由倾角平流输送项、风速切变项和非绝热加热项共同决定,而影响湿等熵面倾角局地变化的强迫项除倾角平流输送项、风速切变项和非绝热加热项之外,还包括垂直热量通量切变项。NCEP/NCAR实时分析资料的分析结果表明,大气斜压性、相对垂直涡度与等熵面和湿等熵面的倾角密切相关,它们的正高值区互相重叠;垂直风速切变项,特别是垂直速度的经向切变项是影响等熵面倾斜发展的主要强迫项,而纬向和经向风速的垂直切变项对湿等熵面倾角演变的贡献最大。     

On the Diurnal Cycle of Heavy Rainfall over the Sichuan Basin during 10–18 August 2020※

A sustained heavy rainfall event occurred over the Sichuan basin in southwest China during 10–18 August 2020, showing pronounced diurnal rainfall variations with nighttime peak and afternoon minimum values, except on the first day. Results show that the westward extension of the anomalously strong western Pacific subtropical high was conducive to the maintenance of a southerly low-level jet (LLJ) in and to the southeast of the basin, which favored continuous water vapor transport and abnormally high precipitable water in the basin. The diurnal cycle of rainfall over the basin was closely related to the periodic oscillation of the LLJ in both wind speed and direction that was caused by the combination of inertial oscillation and terrain thermal forcing. The nocturnally enhanced rainfall was produced by moist convection mostly initiated during the evening hours over the southwest part of the basin where high convective available potential energy with moister near-surface moist air was present. The convective initiation took place as cold air from either previous precipitating clouds from the western Sichuan Plateau or a larger-scale northerly flow met a warm and humid current from the south. It was the slantwise lifting of the warm, moist airflow above the cold air, often facilitated by southwest vortices and quasi-geostrophic ascent, that released the convective instability and produced heavy rainfall.     

干、湿环境下中尺度对流系统发生的环流背景和地面特征分析

对2007～2010 年暖季(6～9 月)发生在江淮和黄淮流域46 个对流天气过程的环流背景和地面特征进行了统计研究。根据整层可降水量小于或大于等于50 mm 将这些个例发生的环境分成干环境(10 个个例)和湿环境(36 个个例)。干环境下发生强对流的天气形势可以分为槽后型和副高边缘型,湿环境下的天气形势可分为槽前型、副高边缘型和槽后型,湿环境下有明显的暖湿区配合。湿环境下槽前型发生的概率最高,地面系统较为复杂,有静止锋、倒槽、冷锋和暖锋,而干环境下在本研究的个例中无槽前型发生。干、湿环境下副高边缘型的对流,从地面到500 hPa 都发生在副高后部的“S”流型的拐弯处,但部分湿环境个例低层有切变线。干环境下槽后型的发生概率较高,而湿环境下发生概率则相对较少。由这些研究表明,干、湿环境下强对流系统的触发和维持机制存在明显的差异。