错位转换层位置对高层建筑抗震性能影响的研究

本文采用有限元程序对设有错位转换的高层结构进行了空间时程地震反应分析,论述了错位转换层整体位置、错位转换层相对位置对结构动力特性、动力反应及竖向构件内力的影响。分析结果表明,错位转换层整体位置的变动及相对变动对结构周期、主要振型和相对位移影响不大;随着错位转换层整体向上移动,在转换层处的层间位移角的突变会加剧;当两错位转换层相距3层左右时,高层结构地震反应最不利;错位转换层的存在会使两错位转换层附近的竖向构件内力发生突变,设计中应予以加强。     

带SRC桁架转换层及钢加强层高层建筑抗震性能研究

本文对一座设置钢骨混凝土桁架转换层及两道钢桁架加强层的超高层建筑结构模型振动台试验结果进行了分析,发现Ⅶ度小震和中震阶段在下部转换层和中部加强层加速度突变较大,而上部加强层突变较小：在Ⅶ度大震阶段由于转换层及其附近楼层裂缝的出现,地震能量转嫁到中部加强层,致使中部加强层加速度突变出现大幅度的增长,该层及附近楼层核心筒墙肢出现一定程度的破坏。采用SAP2000有限元程序对该结构模型进行了小震阶段三维分析,并与试验值进行了对比：从动力特性来看,前几阶周期比较吻合,高阶周期误差较大;从动力反应来看,侧移曲线、加速度包络图、地震作用包络图在整体上符合较好,但在中部加强层和转换层处突变幅度计算值偏小;从层间剪力包络图来看,试验值与有限元计算值都呈现近似直线分布。     

错位转换高层建筑结构水平地震作用下的扭转反应研究

根据中国规范设计了一总层数为40层的错位转换高层建筑结构,为对比分析需要另设计具有相同楼层数的两带单层转换高层建筑结构。采用Etabs和Satwe对比分析了三结构在水平地震作用下的相对位移比、层间位移比沿楼层分布情况;其相对扭转角、层间扭转角、层间有害扭转角的分布特点;顶层角点扭转位移轨迹。研究分析表明,错位转换高层结构的扭转反应远大于同类带单层转换高层结构的反应;对单层转换结构采用位移比不能很好反映其扭转反应,而结构扭转位移角沿楼层分布规律更能体现其扭转反应特征。     

基于地震观测数据的结构损伤水平表征参数研究

为了能在震后更好地利用测得的结构动力响应参数快速对结构损伤程度进行评估,文中挑选了最大层间位移角、自振频率相对改变量和顶层加速度放大系数3个参数,分析结构损伤指数与3个参数之间的相关性,并且提出了一种组合结构体系参数.结果表明,结构损伤指数与最大层间位移角的相关性为高度相关,与自振频率相对改变量和顶层加速度放大系数的相...     

地裂缝场地结构抗震设防避让距离研究

以西安地铁二号线沿线地质勘查资料为基础,借助ABAQUS有限元软件建立地裂缝场地与结构共同作用模型,将结构分别置于距地裂缝不同距离的位置,并施加El-Centro地震波,通过比较不同位置结构的层间位移角、框架柱剪力的变化情况,研究近地裂缝结构在地震作用下的工作特性,找出不同避让距离下的结构动力响应变化规律,并与地表峰值加速度的变化规律进行对比分析,为地裂缝场地结构的避让距离选取提供参考。结果表明:上盘结构层间位移角放大幅度为30%~41%,而下盘结构层间位移角放大幅度为18%~22%,上盘结构的破坏程度远大于下盘结构。随避让距离的增大,地表加速度峰值逐渐减小,结构破坏情况相应减弱,但地表峰值加速度表现出现较为平缓的线性下降,而其上部结构的峰值位移曲线则出现大幅度的下降,甚至在近地裂缝处产生突变,其最大层间位移角放大幅度由41%降为21%,地表加速度峰值的变化并不能完全反映出近地裂缝结构的动力响应规律。位于地裂缝场地的结构动力时程响应规律明显区别于普通场地上的结构,对位于地裂缝场地的结构进行抗震设计时应对水平地震影响系数最大值αmax进行调整。     

基于增量动力分析的带耗能腋撑钢筋混凝土转换结构抗震性能评估

增量动力分析(IDA)是一种用于结构抗震性能评估的参数分析方法。通过分析IDA曲线,可更全面地了解结构的地震需求、刚度退化、强度退化与地震动强度的关系。基于转换结构抗震性能差的问题,在转换层处设置耗能腋撑,以普通和带耗能腋撑钢筋混凝土框架转换结构为研究对象,对其进行增量动力分析,评估普通与带耗能腋撑钢筋混凝土转换结构的抗震性能。分析表明,耗能腋撑能有效地降低转换层处的地震反应,不同工况下的最大层间位移角减幅为20%～60%,最大层间位移角均值曲线在转换层处的突变得到减缓。普通与带耗能腋撑钢筋混凝土框架转换结构对应"基本完好"和"防止倒塌"性能水准的层间位移角限值分别为1/850、1/100与1/720、1/80,均小于高规规定框架结构在相应性能水准下的层间位移角限值1/550和1/50。普通与带耗能腋撑钢筋混凝土框架转换结构无法满足"大震不倒"的要求,需要调整耗能腋撑的参数以满足规范要求。     

剪力墙转换结构分析下建筑抗震性能研究

传统的动力弹塑性分析法在研究剪力墙的抗震性能时,忽略了对剪力墙转换结构关键结点的有效分析,导致建筑抗震性研究结果存在局限性。提出剪力墙转换结构关键结点对建筑抗震性能影响的分析方法。塑造剪力墙转换结构平面布置图,确定剪力墙转换结构关键结点,分析剪力墙转换结构关键结点的层间位移与位移角和关键结点处的楼层剪力,关键结点位置上升使得最大楼层的位移减小、位移角也逐渐变小。根据关键结点处于不同楼层时层间位移、位移角以及受力作用的不同,获取建筑结构上下层刚度的波动。实验结果说明,所提方法能够高精度、高效的对建筑抗震性能进行分析。     

增设翼柱的底商多层砌体房屋抗震性能试验研究

为研究在结构前纵墙底层部位增设翼柱对底商多层砌体房屋抗倒塌性能的影响,分别设计了一个1/5缩尺比例的普通底商多层砌体房屋及增设翼柱的砌体房屋模型分别进行振动台试验研究,对比分析各模型的破坏过程、加速度放大系数、相对位移及典型位置应变等参数。结果表明,在同样的地震动输入下,带有翼柱的底商多层砌体房屋破坏程度、层间相对位移及层间位移角均明显低于普通底商多层砌体房屋,带有翼柱的底商多层砌体房屋抗倒塌性能显著提高。     

双向速度脉冲地震下偏心重力柱核心筒结构的弹塑性地震响应研究

研究速度脉冲地震和结构质量偏心综合不利条件下新型重力柱-核心筒结构体系的弹塑性反应规律。选取速度脉冲和非速度脉冲地震加速度记录各10条,进行地震动双向输入,采用结构非线性分析软件CANNY进行有限元数值分析,研究脉冲型地震和结构质量偏心对新型体系弹塑性地震反应的影响。分析结果表明,速度脉冲型地震作用下各结构的层间位移角、层间剪力和层间扭转角显著高于非速度脉冲地震下的相应值。质量偏心对结构弹塑性抗震需求影响显著,层间位移角和层间扭转角都随着偏心率的增大而增大,而层间剪力则随偏心率的增大呈减小趋势。建议在重力柱-核心筒结构设计中应重视速度脉冲地震和结构偏心的耦合不利影响。     

框架结构振动台试验分析及数值模拟

设计了10层的框架结构模型,进行了单向及双向作用时不同频谱地震波输入下的振动台试验,对试验结果进行了对比分析,揭示了结构的动力特性及地震反应之间的联系。结果显示:加速度、层间位移和应变在地震波作用下的变化趋势是一致的,结构的层间位移和加速度沿层高的分布不一样;双向作用下结构的反应并不一定比单向作用时的反应大。并依据试验过程当中的测试数据,进行了相应的数值模拟,与实测结果进行了对比,吻合较好,可以为后续类似的研究工作提供借鉴。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.