第二松花江流域地表水与地下水相互关系

通过野外采样和室内分析,采用稳定氢氧同位素和水化学相结合的方法,研究了第二松花江地表水和地下水的相互关系。地表水和地下水中稳定氢氧同位素（δD,δ18O）空间差异明显,上游水体中同位素最贫化,下游最富集。水化学类型从长白山源区的Na-HCO₃型,演化成Ca-Mg-HCO₃型;而在人类活动的影响下,向Ca（Mg）-Cl（SO₄）演化。运用端元法定量计算了地表水与地下水的相互转换比例,上游山区深层地下水接受江水和浅层地下水的补给,浅层地下水补给比例占50%左右;下游平原区浅层地下水补给江水,补给比例占20%左右。研究结果可为综合利用地表水和地下水、促进水资源的可持续利用提供理论基础。     

乌蒙山以礼河流域岩溶地下水富集特征及供水意义研究

岩溶地下水是乌蒙山集中连片贫困区内居民生产生活的主要水源,归纳区内地下水富集特征并探讨岩溶地下水的供水意义对于当地地下水资源勘察和开发利用具有重要的现实意义。文章针对乌蒙山以礼河中上游区域,基于现场水文地质调查,对水样进行采样和测试,并结合地下水天然资源量的计算方法,归纳总结了研究区内岩溶地下水的富集特征,并结合富水程度、供水条件和水质特征三个方面探讨了岩溶水的供水意义。研究得到以下结论：（1）研究区内岩溶地下水的富集特征可归纳为五种类型：断裂导水带、断裂溶蚀谷、条带溶蚀谷、褶皱溶蚀谷、阻水接触带;（2）富水块段内地下水化学类型以Na-HCO₃型和Ca·Mg-HCO₃型为主,水质整体较好,I~III类水占比为79%,超标指标主要为硝酸盐和耗氧量;（3）各富水块段地下水的天然补给量和排泄量分别为329.7~14 512.4万m³·a⁻¹和4.6~1 308.4万m³·a⁻¹,排泄量占补给量比值为0.3%~15.5%,区内地下水资源剩余开发潜力较大;（4）断裂溶蚀谷、条带溶蚀谷和阻水接触带供水意义显著,其余富水块段在不同程度上受限于水资源时空分配不均、不具备供水条件、水质较差等情况,其供水受到影响。     

岩溶区典型工业型城市地下水水化学特征及成因机制

文章以广西柳州市岩溶地下水为研究对象,在岩溶水文地质调查和样品采集测试的基础上,采用数理统计法、水化学方法（Piper图、Gibbs图、离子比值系数,矿物饱和指数计算）、因子分析法和模糊综合评价法,分析工业型城市岩溶地下水水化学特征及形成机制,开展岩溶地下水质量评价。结果表明,研究区岩溶地下水为中-弱碱性水,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、HCO₃⁻、SO₄²⁻是主要的阴阳离子,水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型和HCO₃-Ca·Mg型为主,且城区的SO₄²⁻型水的比例远高于非城区。区内岩溶地下水水化学组分及演化主要受水－岩作用、工业污染、城镇生活污染和农业活动等主控因素的影响,贡献率分别为31.52%、25.15%、18.12%和10.74%。其中,城区的水化学组分受人类活动的影响程度大于非城区的。矿物饱和指数表明,区内方解石和绝大多数白云石为饱和状态,而石膏和盐岩均为溶解状态。不同功能区的水化学敏感指标有差异,工业区以重金属为主,农业区以三氮为主,生活区以K⁺、Na⁺、Cl⁻、SO₄²⁻为主。研究区整体水质较好,Ⅰ－Ⅲ类水的比例高达约87.39%;但不同区域的水质差异较大,其中城区的水质较差,超标因子主要为Al、Mn、Pb、Fe、Hg;非城区的水质较好,超标因子主要为三氮。研究成果可以为工业型城市岩溶地下水污染防治提供科学依据。     

珠琳地区岩溶水分布规律及找水经验

本文在研究区域水文地质条件的基础上，分析了珠琳地区岩溶水的分布规律，认为新构造运动的间歇性和持续上升、弱透水层的存在是造成自分水岭至排泄区岩溶水的富水性由弱到强及岩溶发育均匀程度由高到低，地下水埋深呈阶梯状降低的主要因素。总结提出了高原斜坡地带岩溶石山区找水要在古溶蚀台面上接近分水岭的地段、溶蚀洼地的扬起端寻找表层带岩溶水，以及悬托的弱透水层之上寻找滞水型岩溶水；不宜在强迳流区、负地形最低部位布井。     

地下水水位及水温在查明矿区岩溶水补给条件中的应用——以福建马坑铁矿为例

综合利用马坑矿区积累的水位、水温资料,结合前期对矿区水文地质条件的认识,查明了矿区岩溶水在疏干条件下的补给的变化特征。矿区岩溶含水层以石炭系船山组至二叠系栖霞组灰岩为主,大气降水为其主要补给来源。矿区开采过程中由于矿山采石场开采灰岩造成的溶洞出露地表、采空塌陷裂隙、第四系扰动及沟谷堵塞等使大气降水入渗补给量增大;断层破碎带使分布于灰岩含水层上部的二叠系文笔山组泥质砂岩地层具有了良好的含水性及导水性,致使其上部加福组砂岩裂隙水通过小娘坑断层及F3断层等破碎带补给岩溶水;溪马河河水沿河床与F1断层交汇段渗漏补给岩溶水;深部花岗岩低温热水也沿F1及F10断层破碎带进入矿坑。      

鲁中南泰莱盆地岩溶地下水赋存特征和找水规律

结合泰安市岱岳区水文地质调查资料和实施27口钻井发现:在鲁中南泰莱盆地西部山区,碳酸盐岩裸露,崎岖不平的峰丛谷地、峰丛洼地地貌导致水力坡度大,地下水沿构造断裂呈线状快速径流,地下水非饱和,无统一水力联系,岩溶地下水分布极不均匀成为钻井取水的难点,寻找有利蓄水构造成为钻井找水关键;在盆地东部和南部靠近河谷的缓丘平原覆盖型岩溶分布区,水文地质单元上处于地下水径流排泄区,岩溶地下水丰富且呈层状、面状分布,水力联系密切,滞流形成饱水带,利于钻井开采地下水资源,但应着重关注火山侵入岩等隔水岩层的展布情况,综合分析岩溶含水层厚度、地下水水位和汇水条件。     

Response of groundwater chemistry to water deliveries in the lower reaches of Tarim River,Northwest China

In this paper, we analysed the monitored data from nine groundwater-monitoring transects in the lower reaches of Tarim River during the five times of stream water deliveries to the river transect where the stream flow ceased. The results showed that the groundwater depth in the lower reaches of Tarim River rose from −9.30 m before the conveyances to −8.17 and −6.50 m after the first and second conveyances, −5.81 and −6.00 m after the third and fourth the conveyance, and −4.73 m after the fifth. The horizontal extent of groundwater recharge was gradually enlarged along both sides of the channel of conveyance, i.e., from 250 m in width after the first conveyance to 1,050 m away from the channel after the fourth delivery. With the rising groundwater level, the concentrations of major anions Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and cations Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, as well as total dissolved solids (TDS) in groundwater underwent a significant change. The spatial variations in groundwater chemistry indicated that the groundwater chemistry at the transect near Daxihaizi Reservoir changed earlier than that farther from it. In the same transect, the chemical variations were earlier in the monitoring well close to watercourse than that farther away from the stream. In general, the concentration of the major ions and TDS at each monitoring well increased remarkably when the water delivery started, and decreased with the continued water delivery, and then increased once again at the end of the study period. Hence, the whole study period may be divided into three stages: the initial stage, the intermediate stage and the later stage. According to the three stages of groundwater chemistry reaction to water delivery and the relationships between groundwater chemical properties and groundwater depths, we educe that under the situation of water delivery, the optimum groundwater depth in the lower reaches of the Tarim River should be −5 m.     

美国Sand Hills地区地下水数值模拟及水量平衡分析

利用地下水数值模型MODFLOW和非饱和带水平衡模型对处于半干旱半湿润沙丘地区(Sand Hills)地下水位进行了模拟,并分析了含水层补排水量,河流与地下水补排关系,以及区域水平衡过程。揭示了独特沙丘地形和土壤特性对地下水补排量的影响。模拟结果表明,入渗率大、非饱和带厚的沙丘有利于降水入渗补给,减少了地下水蒸散发损失。加上下覆含水层具有良好的地下水储水空间,是该地区储存丰富的地下水量,以维持河流稳定流量,供给众多湖泊和湿地的原因。该研究对我国地下水资源评价和生态环境脆弱地区水资源保护具有指导意义。     

新疆伊犁河流域河水同位素与水化学特征及成因

本文以新疆伊犁河流域（伊犁河、特克斯河、巩乃斯河及喀什河）河水为研究对象,对其氢氧稳定同位素与水化学特征及成因进行了分析探讨。研究结果表明：伊犁河干流水化学类型以SO4·HCO3-Ca·Na型为主,长期农业生产致使其矿化度最高;特克斯河、喀什河次之,以低矿化度HCO3·SO4-Ca型水为主;巩乃斯河沿程由HCO3·SO4-Ca型水逐渐转变为SO4·Cl-Na·Ca型水,受地形、地下水补给影响,矿化度沿程变化幅度流域内同比较大。伊犁河水离子主要来源于蒸发岩的风化溶解,支流（特克斯河、巩乃斯河、喀什河）河水离子主要来源于蒸发岩和碳酸盐岩的风化溶解。伊犁河流域河水δD、δ18O值偏负,具有明显的内陆特征,空间表现出由南向北逐渐贫化、由东向西逐渐富集的特征。本文建立流域河水线（RWL）为：δD=7.14δ18O+6.16（R2=0.93）,表明河水氢氧同位素组成受到一定程度蒸发作用影响。值得注意的是,伊犁河和特克斯河水体中δD、δ18O组成表现出反高程效应,当高程增加100m时,δD和δ18O值分别增加0.6‰和5.2‰,其主要原因是纬度效应掩盖了高程效应。氘盈余值d-excess（d-excess=δD-8δ18O）与δ18O关系指示出,喀什河补给来源异于其他河流,可能接受氢氧同位素较贫化的冰雪融水补给。     

甘肃河西走廊内陆河流域节水战略选择——地表水与地下水联合管理

过去20多年甘肃河西走廊内陆河流域的水资源管理经历了各类制度改革,不同程度地推动了地表水和地下水的联合管理。但是,由于机构设置及其权限制约以及改革目标差异,河西走廊地区的3个内陆河流域水资源管理效率差异化越来越显著,与石羊河流域相比,黑河和疏勒河流域的监管制度和管理办法并未完全跳出多头管理体制的窠臼,地表水和地下水没有形成有效的联合管理。通过梳理3个流域的水资源管理机构设置和管理模式,总结农业灌溉用水监管的经验教训,对比分析地表水和地下水联合管理措施在实践操作中的利弊,进一步探讨流域联合管理的实践意义和实现路径,寻求普遍适用于内陆河流域水资源的管理办法,保障内陆河流域节水战略的顺利实施。近10 a的实践经验表明：地表水和地下水联合管理是内陆河流域提高水资源利用效率、促进水资源可持续利用最为有效的路径,更是实现区域生态环境绿色发展的必由之路。     

Hydrogeologic uncertainties and policy implications: The Water Consumer Protection Act of Tucson, Arizona, USA

 The 1995 Water Consumer Protection Act of Tucson, Arizona, USA (hereafter known as the Act) was passed following complaints from Tucson Water customers receiving treated Central Arizona Project (CAP) water. Consequences of the Act demonstrate the uncertainties and difficulties that arise when the public is asked to vote on a highly technical issue. The recharge requirements of the Act neglect hydrogeological uncertainties because of confusion between "infiltration" and "recharge." Thus, the Act implies that infiltration in stream channels along the Central Wellfield will promote recharge in the Central Wellfield. In fact, permeability differences between channel alluvium and underlying basin-fill deposits may lead to subjacent outflow. Additionally, even if recharge of Colorado River water occurs in the Central Wellfield, groundwater will become gradually salinized. The Act's restrictions on the use of CAP water affect the four regulatory mechanisms in Arizona's 1980 Groundwater Code as they relate to the Tucson Active Management Area: (a) supply augmentation; (b) requirements for groundwater withdrawals and permitting; (c) Management Plan requirements, particularly mandatory conservation and water-quality issues; and (d) the requirement that all new subdivisions use renewable water supplies in lieu of groundwater. Political fallout includes disruption of normal governmental activities because of the demands in implementing the Act. Received, December 1996 · Revised, October 1997 · Accepted, October 1997     

岩溶区地表水与地下水资源及环境统一评价的流域边界划分研究

岩溶地区地表水流域与地下水流域边界的分异形式有三类,即：地表分水岭与地下水流域边界在平面分布上基本一致;地表分水岭超出了地下水流域边界;地下水流域边界超出了地表分水岭。岩溶区地表水与地下水耦合流域的顶界为地表水流域的水面及下垫面,底界为浅循环潜水含水层或潜水—承压含水层下伏的隔水层顶面,在大厚度岩溶含水层分布区,可以弱岩溶发育带的顶面作为底界。其中地表水与地下水两个子系统间的次级边界,为地表水流域的下垫面。结合专门调查（勘查）评价和区域调查评价的特性,提出评价单元划分的原则及方法。这有助于在新一轮自然资源调查评价中,以流域为单元系统地开展水资源及环境调查评价,实行地表水和地下水资源及环境的统一管理。     

开采浅层水增雨水入渗引河水补源实现水资源可持续利用

南皮县淡水资源严重短缺,制约工农业与经济社会的发展.春季开采浅层地下水包括微咸水和半咸水抗旱灌溉,腾出地下含水层空间;汛期增加降雨入渗,减少径流流失,防渍防涝,把时空分布不均的天然降雨转化为地下水资源;秋冬利用河道沟渠引蓄河水补源,淡化地下水质,增加地下水可采量.地上水地下水联合运用,保持水资源采补平衡.实现旱涝碱咸综合治理、水资源可持续利用与经济社会可持续发展.     

乌蒙山区革香河流域干旱成因及打井找水模式

地下水是乌蒙山区革香河流域重要的饮用水源,由于地下水发育规律复杂,地形起伏巨大,给地下水的有效开发利用带来了诸多困难,广大地区存在干旱缺水问题。文章利用岩溶地下水综合调查—探测—评价方法,查明革香河流域地下水赋存发育规律,揭示流域内干旱频发的成因机理,归纳总结出向斜蓄水构造、背斜蓄水构造、断层蓄水带和断陷盆地蓄水构造四类典型蓄水构造模式,优选了断层阻水、向斜蓄水、岩性界线阻水、上下阻水和地下河径流带五种富水成井区位,并有效应用于严重干旱缺水区的打井找水工作,定井成功率达到70%以上,解决了流域内2万多人的饮水困难问题,有效服务脱贫攻坚。     

桂西大型岩溶地下河系统离子来源及碳稳定同位素信息——以坡心地下河流域为例

为探讨坡心地下河系统内地表和地下水体的水化学离子特征、来源及其控制因素,无机碳来源及其稳定性。运用水化学计量法和同位素法对采自坡心地下河流域的38个采样点的水化学和碳稳定同位素样品数据进行分析。结果表明,地下河干流沿程受到局部岩性和支流稀释作用的影响明显,各水化学离子均有所变化。化学离子比例分析发现:大气降水对部分泉水的Cl~-和Na~+影响较大;碳酸盐岩溶解类型主要以灰岩溶解为主,地表水和地下河天窗的Mg~(2+)/Ca~(2+)摩尔比值与HCO_3~-呈负相关,说明在宏观上灰岩溶解程度越强烈,HCO_3~-值就越高,并且H_2SO_4和HNO_3积极参与流域内碳酸盐岩风化。硅酸盐岩的风化对地表和地下水体的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、K~+有一定的贡献。此外,人为采矿活动和农业活动对SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-的产生有较大的影响。质量平衡正推模型结果显示:受到区域岩性和水文条件的影响,地表和地下河天窗水体主要受碳酸盐岩溶解影响,硅酸盐岩溶解和大气输入也有一定的贡献,三大来源的相对比例在空间上变化较大。水体内的可溶性无机碳(DIC)主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解和土壤内CO_2的贡献。地表水和地下水的DIC浓度和δ~(13)C_(DIC)值差别较大,DIC值与δ~(13)C_(DIC)呈反相关关系,这说明来自土壤CO_2贡献的DIC越多,其对碳酸盐岩矿物的溶解能力越强。根据本研究区的数据与前人在西江干流的上、中、下游进行对比,结果表明碳酸盐岩风化产生的DIC可以被西江干流的水生植物利用,从而形成稳定的碳汇。     

洞庭湖湖区降水-地表水-地下水同位素特征

为探明洞庭湖湖区水体稳定同位素时间和空间上的变化规律,弄清各水体间的相互关系,分别在2012年4月和8月对区域内具有代表性的采样点进行了地表水和地下水的采样。通过对样品进行D、18O同位素分析,结合全球大气降水同位素监测网（GNIP）公布的1988—1992年间长沙降水同位素数据,发现湖区年内受不同盛行风影响,降水及地表水的同位素存在较大的季节性差异,4月份同位素富集,8月份贫化。此外,河水、湖水同位素也呈现明显的空间差异。两个时期地表水的水线斜率均小于当地降水线,地表水在两个时期均存在蒸发作用。虽然地表水和地下水的来源均为大气降水,但与地表水相比,地下水同位素季节变化较小,地下水接受地表水补给是一个较为长期的过程。     

地下河系统水动态监测网络优化对比分析:以桂林海洋-寨底地下河系统为例

基于我国南方地区岩溶发育极不均匀、水位水质动态变化快的特点,通过对信息熵法和防污性能法所得结果的对比,分析在缺少系列监测资料条件下,利用岩溶水系统防污性能评价结果快速布设地下河系统水动态监测网的可行性及其布设原则。根据防污性能评价结果,结合水循环特征,桂林海洋-寨底地下河系统水动态监测网需由17个监测站组成;采用信息熵法对现有35个监测站进行优化后,认为只需要12个监测站就可组成最优监测网,但这12个监测站点与采用防污性能评价法得到的点位完全重合,且均位于防污性能差的地区。对比分析认为,以地下水系统防污性能评价结果布设地下水动态监测网是可行性的,因为岩溶发育区既是防污性能差的地区,也是地下水动态变化快的地区,能充分反映地下河系统水质水量变化。采用防污性能评价法布设地下水动态监测网时,需要充分认识和了解地下河系统水文地质条件和地下河管道结构特征,且需要遵循以下原则:(1)在岩溶发育相对较弱的系统中部(基本上不存在防污性能差的地区)不设置监测站点;(2)在距离地下河出口较近的岩溶发育区内(即防污性能差的地区)监测站点可由地下河出口替代;(3)对于多支管道系统,岩溶发育相对较弱且距离较短的小型支管道上可以不布设监测站,由支管道与主管道交汇处的监测站代替。     

Analysis of the exchange of groundwater and river water by using Radon-222 in the middle Heihe Basin of northwestern China

In arid regions of western China, water resources come from mountain watersheds and disappear in the desert plain. The exchange of surface water and groundwater takes place two or three times in a basin. It is essential to analyze the interaction of groundwater with surface water to use water resources effectively and predict the change in the water environment. The conventional method of analysis, however, measures only the flow of a stream and cannot determine groundwater seepage accurately. As the concentration of Radon-222 (²²²Rn) in groundwater is much higher than in surface water, the use of ²²²Rn was examined as an indicator for the analysis of the interaction between surface water and groundwater. Measurement of the ²²²Rn concentration in surface water was conducted to detect groundwater seepage into a stream in the middle Heihe Basin of northwestern China. Furthermore, the simultaneous groundwater flow into and out of a stream from the aquifers was quantified by solving the ²²²Rn mass balance equation, in which the losses of gas exchange and radioactive decay of ²²²Rn are considered. Meanwhile, river runoff was gauged to determine the exchange rates between surface water and groundwater. The result shows that ²²²Rn isotope can be used as a good environmental tracer with high sensitivity for the interaction between surface water and groundwater, especially in the fractured aquifer system, karst aquifer system and discharge basins.     

Integrative assessment of hydrological, ecological, and economic systems for water resources management at river basin scale

This study presents a basin-scale integrative hydrological, ecological, and economic (HEE) modeling system, aimed at evaluating the impact of resources management, especially agricultural water resources management, on the sustainability of regional water resources. The hydrological model in the modeling system was adapted from SWAT, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool, to simulate the water balance in terms of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and streamflow. An ecological model was integrated into the hydrological model to compute the ecosystem production of biomass production and yield for different land use types. The economic model estimated the monetary values of crop production and water productivity over irrigated areas. The modeling system was primarily integrated and run on a Windows platform and was able to produce simulation results at daily time steps with a spatial resolution of hydrological response unit (HRU). The modeling system was then calibrated over the period from 1983 to 1991 for the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River basin, China. Calibration results showed that the efficiencies of the modeling system in simulating monthly streamflow over 5 hydrological stations were from 0.54 to 0.68 with an average of 0.64, indicating an acceptable calibration. Preliminary simulation results from 1986 to 1995 revealed that water use in the study region has largely reduced the streamflow in many parts of the area except for that in the riverhead. Spatial distribution of biomass production, and crop yield showed a strong impact of irrigation on agricultural production. Water productivity over irrigated cropland ranged from 1 to 1640 USD/(ha·mm⁻¹), indicating a wide variation of the production conditions within the study region and a great potential in promoting water use efficiency in low water productivity areas. Generally, simulation results from this study indicated that the modeling system was capable of tracking the temporal and spatial variability of pertinent water balance variables, ecosystem dynamics, and regional economy, and provided a useful simulation tool in evaluating long-term water resources management strategies in a basin scale.