2016—2017年夏季舟山近岸海域富营养化程度与浮游植物多样性

文章根据2016-2017年夏季的调查资料,对2016-2017年夏季舟山近岸海域富营养化状态及浮游植物进行分析。结果表明:2016-2017年夏季舟山近岸海域富营养化程度较高,且由近岸至外海递减;浮游植物群落主要由硅藻和甲藻组成,其密度、多样性指数均由近岸至外海递增;受其他因素影响,富营养化程度与浮游植物多样性关系的规律性不显著。     

长江口海域春季浮游植物的年际变化

于2014年5月在长江口海域采集海水样品,分析了浮游植物种类组成、细胞丰度、优势种等群落结构特征。共鉴定浮游植物105种,其中硅藻30属56种,甲藻19属41种,以及隶属于金藻、蓝藻等的8个种。浮游硅藻以近岸半咸水种为主,优势种类是中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum);浮游甲藻以沿岸广布种为主,典型代表是东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)。为了更好地了解长江口海域浮游植物的年际变化趋势,本文收集整理了该海域1986—2014年间的春季数据,分析了浮游硅藻、浮游甲藻主要群落特征的年际变化,以及浮游硅藻优势种类细胞粒径的变化趋势。结果表明:(1)浮游硅藻、浮游甲藻的种类数均呈现不同程度的上升趋势,浮游甲藻的上升幅度更为明显;(2)浮游甲藻种类数在浮游植物种类数中的占有比例呈上升趋势,而浮游硅藻所占比例呈下降趋势;(3)浮游硅藻优势种类的细胞粒径呈现小型化趋势。     

渤海浮游植物群落结构及与环境因子的相关性分析

2011年11月25日-12月1日在渤海(37°00′-40°00′N,118°00′-121°00′E)21个站位进行了水文、化学和生物的综合调查,应用Uterm觟hl方法对调查海域的浮游植物群落进行了研究,并将群落数据与环境因子(温度、盐度和营养盐)进行了相关性分析。本次调查共发现浮游植物3门30属65种,主要由硅藻和甲藻组成,还有少量的金藻,生态类型以温带近岸性物种为主,主要优势种为:具槽帕拉藻[Paralia sulcata(Ehrenberg)Cleve]、偏心圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus excentricus Ehrenberg)、梭状角藻[Ceratium fusus(Ehrenberg)Dujardin]、相似曲舟藻(Pleurosigma affine Grunow)、星脐圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus asteromphalus Ehrenberg)和菱形藻(Nitzschia sp.)等。调查区浮游植物细胞丰度介于0.89×103~16.4×103cells/L,平均值为4.36×103cells/L。表层浮游植物细胞丰度分布主要受硅藻刻画,高值区集中在辽东湾南侧和渤海海峡西侧海域,甲藻则主要集中在调查区西部和西北部海域。细胞丰度在水体中的垂直分布为随水深增加先升高后降低。调查区浮游植物群落多样性指数和均匀度指数均在调查区中部海域较高,在外侧海域较低。与历史资料的对比发现,近30年来渤海中部海域浮游植物群落结构由早期的硅藻占绝对优势转化为硅藻和甲藻联合占优。PCA和CCA分析以及与历史资料的对比表明,渤海中部海域营养盐结构的改变可能是造成这种转化的主要原因。     

春季东海产卵场及其邻近海域的浮游植物群落

根据2007年5月在东海产卵场及其邻近海域(26°50′～34°07′N,120°50′～123°59′E)进行的多学科综合调查,研究了该海域浮游植物群落的结构特征.经Uterm(o)hl方法分析,共发现浮游植物4门55属144种,其主要类群为硅藻和甲藻,优势物种为柔弱伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima)、具齿原甲藻(Prorocendrum dentatum=东海原甲藻Prorocentrum donghaiense)和中肋骨条藻(Sletonema costatum).浮游植物的细胞丰度介于0.1×103～1158.6×103个/L,平均值为78.9×103个/L;细胞丰度在表层较高,随水深增加而降低;表层的高值主要分布在长江口至南麂列岛的成淡水交汇处以及象山外海域.调查区浮游植物群落的多样性总体水平较低,Shannon-wiener指数和Pielou指数均与细胞丰度呈镶嵌分布,细胞丰度较高的区域多样性水平较低.     

2015年春季桑沟湾浮游植物群落研究

2015年春季, 在桑沟湾海域(122.48°E～122.64°E, 37.04°N～37.14°N) 21个站位进行了水文、生物和化学的综合调查, 应用Uterm?hl方法对调查海域浮游植物的物种组成、细胞丰度、优势物种以及群落多样性等相关生态特征进行了分析。结果表明, 本次调查共鉴定浮游植物4门36属70种, 主要由硅藻和甲藻组成, 也有少数的蓝藻和金藻出现, 浮游植物生态类型主要为温带近岸型。硅藻主要优势种为具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata) 和离心列海链藻(Thalassiosira excentrica); 甲藻主要优势种为双刺原多甲藻(Protoperidinium bipes)。调查海域浮游植物细胞丰度范围为3×10³～417.4×10³个/L,平均值为130.76×10³个/L。相比历史资料, 桑沟湾浮游植物物种数整体呈下降趋势。浮游植物细胞丰度的平面分布主要由硅藻分布所决定, 呈现中部较低, 逐渐向西部与东部增加的趋势; 其垂直分布呈现随水深的增加, 先降低后升高的趋势。浮游植物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数范围为0.486～2.305, 平均值为1.25; Pielou均匀度指数的区间范围为0.172～0.849, 平均值为0.462。由于Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数的高值区与浮游植物细胞丰度的低值区相对应, 从而说明优势种的出现会降低浮游植物的多样性。     

昌黎黄金海岸国家级自然保护区海域浮游植物群落结构

2016年对昌黎黄金海岸国家级自然保护区海域浮游植物群落结构进行了春季(5月)和夏季(8月)2个航次调查,描述了浮游植物的种类组成、细胞数量、生物多样性指数、均匀度指数等群落特征,分析了浮游植物群落的变化及平面分布趋势。结果表明,2个航次共检出浮游植物70种,以硅藻为主,细胞数量平面分布差异较大,春季生物多样性指数及均匀度较低,夏季多样性指数和均匀度总体水平较高。     

2011～2012年度大亚湾海域浮游植物群落的季节变化

于2011年12月至2012年11月采集了大亚湾海域9个站位表层水样, 对大亚湾海域的浮游植物群落结构进行了周年调查。本次调查共鉴定出浮游植物93种, 其中硅藻门40属55种, 甲藻14属33种。秋季浮游植物种类较为丰富, 春季和夏季较低。浮游植物细胞密度为41～396个/mL, 年平均值为72.5个/mL。浮游植物细胞密度夏季较高, 春季较低。硅藻是浮游植物优势类群, 年均占浮游植物总细胞密度的83.6%, 优势硅藻主要有拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia spp.)、丹麦细柱藻(Leptocylindrus danicus)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)等。甲藻细胞密度一般较低, 各季节甲藻的百分比含量为1.5%～32.6%, 春季血红哈卡藻(Akashiwo sanguinea)大量出现, 最大细胞密度高达82.3 个/mL。浮游植物种类多样性指数(H′)和均匀度(J)在冬季和秋季较高, 夏季较低; 远岸站点较高, 近岸站点较低。研究结果说明虽然大亚湾浮游植物群落结构仍以硅藻占据优势, 但甲藻种类与数量及百分比具有明显上升的趋势, 同时近岸海域的富营养化导致了浮游植物种类多样性的下降。     

春夏季大亚湾核电厂温排水对海洋浮游植物群落结构的影响

在2008年4～8月温升季节,对大亚湾核电厂进水口和排水口附近水体4个测站浮游植物种类组成进行了逐月调查,以评估温排水对海区浮游植物群落结构的影响.结果表明获得的网采浮游植物有1 17种,其中硅藻为该海区的主要种类,其次是甲藻;甲藻与硅藻的种数比为64:36.比较分析了核电厂进水口和排水口外水体浮游植物群落差异,结果显示温排水区水体浮游植物密度有增加趋势,在4～8月份增加的细胞密度总平均值为17 492×103 cells/m3,平均密度是排水口站位的2.73倍,没有迹象表明温排水导致排水口站位上浮游植物细胞密度降低.不相似性分析结果表明导致核电厂进、排水口水体浮游植物细胞密度差异的主要贡献种是硅藻;在排水口外水体中甲藻种数减少,但其细胞密度未见明显变化,显示冷却水系统对甲藻的损害.调查结果表明:除6月份外,核电厂排水口外水体的浮游植物均匀度指数和种类多样性指数普遍降低,其降幅分别达到0.15(0.03 ～0.22)和0.54(0.23 ～0.92);水温和盐度测定结果表明核电厂温排水区调查站位水体平均温升不高于2℃,且各站间盐度差不大.但是,6月份特大暴雨后各调查站位水温、盐度结构出现很大变化,各站之间表层水温温差缩小,仅在0.1℃左右,站位间盐度差拉大,最大差值达6.9;同时,核电厂温排水对浮游植物群落的影响随之减弱,排水口站位上的浮游植物均匀度和种类多样性指数均高于进水口站位的对应值.     

2012年春季渤海湾天津近岸海域网采浮游植物群落结构初探

于2012年春季(5月)调查了渤海湾天津近岸海域的网采浮游植物群落,经初步分析发现网采浮游植物共2门17属28种,其中硅藻26种,占种类组成的92.9%;甲藻2种,占种类组成的7.1%。调查海域浮游植物以广温型近岸种为主,主要优势种为柔弱几内亚藻Guinardia delicatula、中华齿状藻Odontella sinensis、布氏双尾藻Ditylum brightwellii和格氏圆筛藻Coscinodiscus granii;调查海域网采浮游植物细胞丰度的分布主要由浮游硅藻的分布所决定,高值区主要分布在塘沽、大港和歧口周围海域;20个站位根据浮游植物的物种及丰度相似性可以划分为5组;浮游植物物种多样性指数在0.43～3.59之间,平均为2.15,多样性指数出现由南、北向中央逐渐缩小的趋势;水温、DO、pH值和无机氮与浮游植物种类组成和细胞丰度分布呈最大等级相关,这4个环境因子是对观察到的群落结构的最好解释。     

庙岛群岛南部海域浮游生物群落特征初步分析

于2012~2013年4个航次对庙岛群岛南部海域进行了浮游生物调查。利用多元统计分析方法对浮游植物和浮游动物的群落特征进行了分析。调查结果显示,浮游植物共发现131种,硅藻为该海域主要浮游植物优势种;浮游动物共发现25种成体,13种幼体,桡足类为该海域主要浮游动物类群。对浮游植物和浮游动物的CLUSTER聚类结果表明,二者的群落结构季节间差异均较显著,秋季和冬季的浮游植物群落较相似,春季和冬季的浮游动物群落较相似。MDS标序结果表明,夏季的浮游植物群落间的差异较显著,而浮游动物群落则为秋季。浮游植物群落的季节变化为硅-甲藻群落(秋季)→硅藻群落(冬季)→硅藻群落(春季)→硅-甲藻群落(夏季);浮游动物群落的季节变化为毛颚动物群落(秋季)→毛颚动物-桡足类群落(冬季)→桡足类群落(春季)→浮游幼体-毛颚动物群落(夏季)。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.