南澜沧江带曼兵岛弧花岗岩成因与构造启示:元素地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素约束

昌宁-孟连缝合带是中国西南三江特提斯重要的古特提斯洋残余,但其消减过程仍然存在争议。南澜沧江构造带曼兵岛弧花岗岩体为探究古特提斯洋俯冲过程提供了新的线索。本文对曼兵花岗岩体内的片麻状黑云花岗闪长岩和斜长角闪岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素和全岩元素地球化学研究。二者的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为251. 5±2. 7Ma、253. 8±1. 1Ma和241. 8±0. 8Ma、259. 5±1. 9Ma,指示其为晚二叠世-早三叠世的岩浆活动产物。曼兵花岗闪长岩属于钙碱性到高钾钙碱性系列I型花岗岩,富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ba、Sr和高场强元素,具有Eu的负异常(δEu=0. 45～0. 69)。花岗闪长岩和斜长角闪岩~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf平均值分别为0. 2829035和0. 2829762,锆石εHf(t)平均值为11. 0和12. 5;地壳模式年龄tDM C加权平均值分别为578. 4Ma和469. 3Ma,类似俯冲相关的新生下地壳演化的岛弧花岗岩。曼兵花岗岩具有低的Ce/Pb(3. 89～6. 57)、Th/La(0. 32～0. 58)和Sm/La(0. 11～0. 15)指示了新生下地壳被上部围岩的混染。综合区域古特提斯洋演化历史,认为曼兵岛弧花岗岩体形成于洋陆俯冲向地块增生转换的构造环境,提出三江地区古特提斯主洋盆的闭合延续至早三叠世才完成。     

滇西南团梁子岩组分异石英脉锆石U-Pb年龄——晚三叠世澜沧江构造带区域变质变形的时代制约

在滇西南澜沧江构造带东侧、扬子板块西缘中元古代团梁子岩组含有大量的平行于区域面理(S2)的构造热液石英脉,利用LA-ICP-MS对3件石英脉和1件绿片岩中的锆石进行~(206)U/~(238)Pb测年,获得3组明显的组合年龄:395～461Ma、240～260Ma和222～228Ma,大部分集中于222～228Ma。对比研究表明,区域上2期变质变形(M_1D_1、M_2D_2)与获得的锆石年龄有较好的对应性,早期的变质变形(M_1D_1)形成于早古生代(395～461Ma)原特提斯洋盆向东俯冲阶段;晚期的2期变质变形(M_(2a)D_(2a),M_(2b)D_(2b))发生于晚古生代—中生代早期(240～260Ma)古特提斯洋盆向东俯冲阶段和晚三叠世早期(222～228Ma)古特提斯洋盆闭合阶段。晚三叠世早期变质变形(M_(2b)D_(2b))构造热液发生在临沧花岗岩侵位和弧陆碰撞型忙怀组火山岩(229～235Ma)之后,早于小定西组/芒汇河组拉伸期火山岩(210～222Ma),是古特提斯洋与扬子陆块碰撞后的应力松弛阶段俯冲岩片快速折返的证据,同时也反映了古特提斯洋盆在晚三叠世早期之前已经关闭。     

云南景洪勐海花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄及意义

云南景洪勐海花岗岩体属于临沧花岗岩基南段的一部分,其岩石类型主要为黑云二长花岗岩,本文采用激光剥蚀法(LA-ICP-MS)对勐海花岗岩进行了锆石U-Pb年龄测定,获得了4个年龄值,分别为214. 93±1. 1Ma、223. 46±1. 1Ma、224. 96±1. 1Ma和224. 9±1. 3Ma,均属晚三叠世。结合临沧花岗岩基中、北段花岗岩中还曾获得过中三叠世侵位年龄,表明整个临沧花岗岩基的形成时代应为中-晚三叠世。临沧花岗岩的岩石地球化学特征显示,其属于后碰撞过铝质"S"型花岗岩,表明滇西古特提斯洋在早-中三叠世洋盆就完全关闭,俯冲消减作用也随即停止,从而转入弧-陆碰撞造山的构造发展阶段。     

大兴安岭南段林西地区花岗岩类的源岩：地壳生长的时代和方式

本文选择大兴安岭南段林西地区的5个典型花岗岩体,在岩相学、全岩主微量元素和Nd-Sr同位素组成研究的基础上,对5个岩体的继承锆石/前锆石和岩浆锆石进行了系统的SHRIMP U-Pb年龄测定和LA-MC-ICPMS Hf同位素组成测定,试图阐明林西花岗岩源岩的组成和性质。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年表明:大部分林西花岗岩侵位于早白垩世(135～125Ma),它们的源岩的年龄为～146Ma。一部分花岗岩类是在早三叠世(241Ma)和晚侏罗世末(146Ma)侵位的,它们的源岩的年龄分别是263Ma和165Ma。测定了100个锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄,都年轻于300Ma,反映在下地壳源区不存在前寒武纪岩石。做了175个锆石Hf同位素组成测定,均给出高正值ε_(Hf)(t),说明源岩具有初生地壳的性质。在相同的ε_(Nd)(t)值下,林西花岗岩的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值显著高于地球阵列和夏威夷洋岛玄武岩,这种ε_(Hf)～ε_(Nd)脱耦性指示源岩中含有远洋沉积物即古生代俯冲增生杂岩的组分。~(206)Ph/~(238)U年龄t=263～165Ma的锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)值构成近乎平行于亏损地幔Hf同位素演化线的趋势列,说明源岩基本为俯冲洋壳镁铁-超镁铁岩。t=146～125Ma的锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)值大幅度降低;同时,从晚侏罗世末到早白垩世,发生了强烈的花岗质岩浆活动。地幔上隆和岩浆底侵以及俯冲洋壳的折返,是造成下地壳源岩组成急剧变化和热梯度上升的原因。以底侵镁铁质岩石为主、以古生代俯冲增生杂岩为次的源岩的熔融,产生了马鞍子、夜来改和龙头山2花岗岩(岩套2)。林西镇南西的小城子岩体的源岩则以古生代俯冲增生杂岩为主,并含一定量的底侵镁铁质岩石。5个岩体的岩浆锆石的~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf值系统低于继承锆石/前锆石者,t=146～125Ma的锆石从中心到边缘~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf值呈现降低的趋势或者系统的变化。上述特征反映从源岩的初始熔融直到最终产生花岗岩浆的全过程中,下地壳的熔融区间逐渐扩张、卷入熔融的组分不断增多的过程。岩套1花岗岩类是镁质或Ⅰ型花岗岩,岩套2则表现出A型花岗岩以及从典型到不典型的铁质花岗岩的特征。岩套1和岩套2花岗岩类的岩相学和地球化学特征取决于源岩的性质。岩套1的源岩是相对氧化和含水的洋壳镁铁-超镁铁岩或俯冲增生杂岩;岩套2的源岩则由相对还原和贫水的底侵拉斑玄武岩以及不同分数的俯冲增生杂岩构成。     

祁漫塔格山阿格腾地区晚三叠世火成岩LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造意义

阿格腾地区位于东昆仑西段,对该地区晚三叠世火成岩的研究不仅有助于认识东昆仑造山带印支期构造—岩浆演化历史,而且为古特提斯洋俯冲时限及洋盆闭合时限提供约束。研究区内流纹岩及花岗岩的锆石U-Pb测年结果分别为215.3±0.5 Ma、220.7±0.5 Ma、220.7±0.4 Ma、220.6±1.4 Ma,为晚三叠世岩浆活动的产物。全岩地球化学分析结果显示,阿格腾地区晚三叠世火成岩属于高钾钙碱性系列,铝饱和指数显示为准铝到弱过铝质,富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素(Rb、Th、K等),不同程度亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,负Eu异常明显(δEu=0.23～0.76),具有板块俯冲阶段的特征。结合区域资料和本文研究,初步分析认为阿格腾地区火成岩形成于活动大陆边缘弧环境,为古特提斯洋俯冲背景下造山作用的产物。该时期该地区陆壳没有明显的增厚,古特提斯洋尚未完全闭合。     

西藏东南缘早二叠世长英质凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素特征

西藏东南缘记录的唐加-松多古特提斯增生杂岩带对认识古特提斯洋晚古生代的构造演化提供了新的证据.针对该杂岩带中新发现的长英质凝灰岩开展了全岩主、微量元素,锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和锆石Hf同位素组成的研究.结果显示冲尼凝灰岩喷发于278～275 Ma,具有较高的SiO₂含量(63.47%～72.65%)、Al₂O₃含量(14.53%～21.31%),较低的K₂O含量(1.30%～2.51%)和TiO₂含量(0.50%～1.17%),MgO含量较低,介于0.92%～2.00%,Mg^#范围在19.9～34.2(均低于40).富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)、亏损高场强元素(HFSE).锆石具有较高的ε_Hf(t)值(+10.2～+14.4)和相对年轻的地壳模式年龄T_DM^c=351～621 Ma,认为冲尼凝灰岩是唐加-松多古特提斯洋向北俯冲背景下的新生地壳部分熔融的产物,洋盆俯冲消减的开始时...     

东昆仑东段古特提斯洋俯冲作用——乌妥花岗岩体锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学证据

东昆仑东段发育了一条晚二叠世-中三叠世以花岗质岩石为主的巨型弧岩浆岩。本文对东昆仑东段的中三叠世乌妥花岗岩体开展了岩石学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学研究。结果表明,乌妥花岗岩体主要包括花岗闪长岩、斑状二长花岗岩和正长花岗岩三种岩石类型,对应的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为248Ma、247Ma和245Ma,形成时代为中三叠世。主量元素特征显示其具有高钾钙碱性、准铝质-弱过铝质的I型花岗岩的属性。球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图解具轻稀土明显富集、重稀土亏损和Eu弱负异常-强负异常特征。原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图显示富集大离子亲石元素(Cs、Rb、Th、Ba、U等)、亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ti、Ta等)、而Zr和Hf无明显异常的特点。乌妥岩体总体具有负的Hf同位素组成特征,花岗闪长岩εHf(t)为-1. 5～+3. 4、斑状二长花岗岩εHf(t)为-4. 1～-0. 6、正长花岗岩εHf(t)为-6. 9～-0. 9。多种微量元素构造环境判别图解表明其形成于类似安第斯型陆缘弧的构造环境。岩石成因研究表明洋壳俯冲带上部壳幔接触过渡部位多次岩浆MASH过程及分离结晶作用是形成乌妥花岗岩体的重要方式。综合前人东昆仑地区有关三叠纪沉积地层及岩浆岩资料,认为布青山-阿尼玛卿古特提斯洋于晚二叠世向北俯冲于东昆仑地块之下,弧岩浆岩记录的布青山古特提斯洋盆向北俯冲过程一直持续到中三叠世晚期。晚三叠世,东昆仑南缘古特提斯洋盆关闭,东昆仑造山带转换为碰撞及后碰撞造山阶段,并形成了区域上具碰撞构造属性的侵入岩。     

滇西腾-梁地块印支造山事件——花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年代学和岩石学证据

滇西腾冲-梁和地区分布大量的花岗岩,对其中的二云母花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、锆石Hf同位素组成和地球化学的测定。结果表明,岩石属于强过铝质花岗岩,A/CNK=1.11～1.20,K2O/Na2O为1.87～2.20。岩石富Rb、Th和U等元素,Eu/Eu*=0.25～0.47,(La/Yb)N=6.53～34.06。锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb同位素测年结果表明:二云母花岗岩体存在256.0±5.6Ma(2σ,MSWD=4.1)和234.1±3.1Ma(2σ,MSWD=5.6)两个岩浆作用幕。根据花岗岩的地球化学特征和Hf同位素组成,二云母花岗岩岩浆来源于古老地壳中含粘土质变质硬砂岩的部分熔融。腾-梁地块晚二叠世-中三叠世碰撞型强过铝花岗岩的确定表明,三江古特提斯洋在印支早期曾发生碰撞造山,三江印支早期造山事件与古特提斯洋的闭合与随后的造山作用存在密切联系。     

西藏冈底斯带中段晚三叠世侵入岩年代学、岩石地球化学特征与地质意义

研究区内晚三叠世侵入岩岩性主要为斑状二长花岗岩和中细粒花岗闪长岩,锆石U-Pb定年显示,斑状二长花岗岩的形成年龄为(204±1.7) Ma,为晚三叠世岩浆活动产物。岩石地球化学特征上,里特曼指数σ为1.70～2.71,为高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列,铝饱和指数A/NK和A/CNK比值分别为1.22～1.85和1.03～1.24,属过铝质花岗岩。相对富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K和不相容元素Zr、Hf,亏损Ba、Ta、Nb、Sr、P、Ti等元素,轻稀土元素明显富集,轻重稀土元素分馏较强,具有较强的Eu负异常,岩石地球化学特征显示属S型花岗岩。斑状二长花岗岩锆石ε_Hf(t)值为-15.83～-3.24,Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄变化范围为1444～2240Ma,表明可能主要由中—古元古代地壳物质部分熔融形成,源岩以砂岩为主和少量泥质岩,岩浆在演化过程中存在分离结晶作用。晚三叠世侵入岩是新特提斯洋向北俯冲的产物,在俯冲的过程中,幔源岩浆的不断上涌,诱发古老地壳物质部分熔融,形成花岗质岩浆,揭示新特提斯洋的俯冲时间不晚于204 Ma。     

藏北羌塘果干加年山花岗闪长岩的锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素特征

报道了藏北羌塘中部果干加年山地区花岗闪长岩的锆石U-Pb定年结果和Hf同位素成分。花岗闪长岩的锆石U-Pb定年结果为(225.1±2.4)Ma,与该地区的高压变质带的形成时代一致。样品中锆石的εHf(t)值为-9.8~-17.6,地壳Hf模式年龄为1 874~2 372Ma,表明花岗闪长岩为古元古代地壳物质部分熔融的产物。结合区域地质资料,该花岗岩体可能形成于板块消减的火山弧构造环境,与羌塘地区古特提斯洋的晚三叠世俯冲消减有关。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Metals,arsenic, and sulfur in the Aue and Eibenstock granites,Erzgebirge

Average concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, and other metals, as well as S and As, were calculated for the Aue granitic cupola, the contact aureole of which hosts the large vein-type uranium deposit of Schlema-Alberoda and the Schneeberg uranium-base metal deposit (Erzgebirge, Germany). The cupola was exposed by mine workings and boreholes, which provided an opportunity to evaluate variations in the abundances of metals in the granites over a vertical interval of more than 2.5 km and estimate their losses in the upper oxidized part of the investigated volume of the cupola (coefficient of iron oxidation, KO _Fe, increases in the granites from bottom to top from 7 to 70%) compared with the lower unaltered and unoxidized part (with a KO _Fe plateau at about 5%). The average concentrations of metals in the upper part of the cupola are lower than those in the lower part by a factor of 2.5 for Pb, 1.56 for Zn, 1.45 for Cu, 1.3 for Co, etc. A similar decrease in the abundances of ore elements along the vertical section associating with the relative epigenetic alteration and oxidation of the granite was previously described by us for U and Th and for the components of high-temperature ores, W, Sn, and Mo. The removal of ore elements from the granite was accompanied by a decrease in the bulk contents of sulfur and arsenic by a factor of 1.35 and 1.65, respectively. The leaching of trace metals from the granites of the upper part of the Aue cupola was followed by their partial redeposition above the cupola in the ore veins of the Schlema and Schneeberg deposits. Original Russian Text ? Vikt. L. Barsukov, N.T. Sokolova, O.M. Ivanitskii, 2006, published in Geokhimiya, 2006, No. 9, pp. 967–982.     

Text, talk, things, and the subpolitics of performing place

This article tells the story of how a group of Dutch and Belgian citizens organized themselves to promote an area that they valued, to put it on the map, to raise awareness about its qualities, and to protect it from urban and industrial development. Our theoretical perspective focuses on the performative and political aspects of this place-making process and the discursive and material practices involved. We connect this to Beck’s concept of subpolitics.Our findings show how the group performed this place not only through text and talk - giving the area a name, using their knowledge and expertise to raise awareness about its values, lobbying and cooperating with decision-makers -, but also through things - installing art objects and information signs that articulate certain characteristics and values of the area. Our findings demonstrate the struggles involved in these performances. The group involved multiple perspectives on what the important values and characteristics of the area are and on what strategies would work best in trying to influence decision-making and protect the area. However, the use of expertise as the main strategy to gain influence excluded the more critical and activist strategies and privileging archaeological and historical values and characteristics came at the expense of attention on agricultural and natural values.Our findings make clear that performing place cannot be taken to be homogeneous and that it inevitably involves multiple perspectives and demands. The struggles, power relations and dynamics of inclusion and exclusion that this multiplicity implicates reveal a form of sub-politics that involves both politicization and depoliticization. Also, it is a form of subpolitics that is more diverse and ambiguous than Beck’s conceptualization presupposes by its emphasis on the role of outsiders as a homogeneous group.     

Total mercury and monomethylmercury in water, sediments, and hydrophytes from the rivers, estuary, and bay along the Bohai Sea coast, northeastern China

Mercury contamination in aquatic environments is of worldwide concern because of its high biomagnification factor in food chains and long-range transport. The rivers, estuary and the bay along the northwestern Bohai Sea coast, northeastern China have been heavily contaminated by Hg due to long-term Zn smelting and chlor-alkali production. This work investigated the distributions of total Hg (THg) and monomethylmercury (MMHg) in the water, sediment and hydrophytes from this area. Concentrations of THg in sediment (0.5–64 mg kg⁻¹) and water (39–2700 ng L⁻¹) were elevated by 1–3 orders of magnitude compared to background concentrations, which induced high concentrations of MMHg in these media. The highest concentration of MMHg in sediment reached 35 μg kg⁻¹, which was comparable to that in the Hg mining area, Wanshan, China, and the highest MMHg concentration of 3.0 ng L⁻¹ in the water sample exceeded the MMHg Chinese drinking water guideline of 1.0 ng L⁻¹. Concentrations of THg in a sediment profile from Jinzhou Bay were found to be consistent with annual Hg emission flux from a local Zn smelter (r = 0.74, p < 0.01), indicating that Hg contamination was mainly caused by Zn smelting locally. For some freshwater hydrophytes, concentrations of THg and MMHg ranged from 5.2 to 100 μg kg⁻¹ and 0.15 to 12 μg kg⁻¹, respectively. Compared to sediment, concentrations of THg in hydrophytes were 2–3 orders of magnitude lower but MMHg was comparable or higher, indicating that the bioaccumulation in plants was distinct for the two Hg species studied. The data suggest that a significant load of Hg has been released into the northwestern coastal region of the Bohai Sea.     

Distribution of REE,LILE, and HFSE between biotite,feldspar, and the melt in the granulite facies migmatite,nimnyr block,Aldan shield

The behavior of trace elements under conditions of partial melting of granitoid rocks has been studied. The element’s partition coefficients between minerals and the melt D_i^min/melt depends, in the first place, on the composition of the primary melt. In biotite the HREE D_i are a little below 1, while those of LREE, especially D_i for Ce, are 1–3 orders of magnitude less. This leads to an efficient differentiation of REEs in anatexic melts especially when biotite is the main mineral phase of restite. On the contrary, there are feldspars, the D_i of which cannot provide such a magnitude of differentiation. Unlike garnets and pyroxenes, whose stability in restite permits enrichment of anatexic melts produced in migmatization zones with Nb, Ti, and Cr, the presence of biotite in restite causes depletion of melts with those elements as well as with Rb. Feldspars, under conditions of their fractional crystallization or during differentiation of an anatexic melt, deplete the latter with Sr, Ba, and Rb, but enrich it with Nb, Ti, Cr, Y, Zr, and V.     

Dielectric constants of apatite,epidote, vesuvianite,and zoisite,and the oxide additivity rule

The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ _a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ _c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ _a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ _c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ _a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ _b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ _a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ _b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ _c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ ₁₁= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ ₂₂=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ ₃₃= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ _a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ _a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ _c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α _D (mineral)=∑ α _D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ～ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (V_o) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of V_o in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.