渠道热量交换与冰盖表面温度的计算分析

为了精确计算预测南水北调中线工程冬季输水的冰情,进而确保冬季干渠安全定时定量输水,对热量交换计算和冰盖表面温度两个方面进行了分析,提出了通过强迫边界条件法求冰盖的表面温度.通过模拟表明,准确的气象资料、准确的冰盖表面温度的计算对渠道冰盖厚度的变化过程极其重要,将对渠道冰期输水的控制运行研究有重要意义.     

开河期冰盖横向冰缝形成机理

春季随着流量或水位增加,冰盖底部受水流上举力作用发生弯曲,首先在岸壁附近形成纵向冰缝,破坏冰盖与岸壁的冻结,导致冰盖体中间部分与岸壁脱落分离。采用弹性基础梁的理论及计算方法,通过对冰盖体弯矩及弯曲应力分析,针对平面弯曲和垂直弯曲两种弯曲形式导致冰盖体横向冰缝形成机理进行了研究,并提出了横向冰缝间距的计算表达式。计算结果得到了实测资料的验证。研究结果表明,横向冰缝间距与开河初期冰盖宽度、厚度、冰的抗弯强度及地貌特征有关。     

基于浅层探冰雷达的东南极内陆地区冰盖内部等时层提取

中国第32次南极考察内陆队首次使用雪地车载浅层探冰雷达取得了中山站至昆仑站全程1 300 km 的浅层冰盖数据,通过MATLAB对数据进行FFT转换、背景滤波、改变叠加次数去噪和基于曲波变换的图像处理,使用Reflexw对MATLAB处理后数据进行地形校正、二次背景滤波和平滑滤波等处理,成功提取了冰盖浅层等时层并得出了等时层的平均深度、最大深度和波动情况。最后进行了数据的连接,展示了LGB69冰芯处等时层的分布并与冰芯数据结合大体对应了相应等时层的年代和事件。给出了Dome A附近的等时层分布情况。为东南极中山站至昆仑站沿途的物质积累率计算提供重要的数据支撑。     

冰雷达探测研究南极冰盖的进展与展望

南极冰盖是地球上最大的陆缘冰体,其物质收支和稳定性对全球气候变化和海平面升高有重要的影响。冰雷达,或称无线电回波探测,是冰川学家调查南极冰盖冰下特征的主要方法。在过去的50年里,冰雷达被广泛用于测量冰盖厚度、内部构造和冰下地貌,这些参数是计算冰盖体积和物质平衡、重建过去冰雪积累和消融率以及冰盖动力和沉积过程的基础。现在,冰雷达测量覆盖了南极绝大部分区域,极大地提升了人们对南极冰盖和全球系统间相互作用的理解。首先,简要介绍了冰雷达及其技术发展,然后着重评述了冰雷达在探测研究南极冰盖厚度和冰下地形、内部反射层、冰下湖和冰下水系、冰床粗糙度以及冰晶组构上的进展。最后,对未来冰雷达探测研究南极冰盖的前景进行了展望,并给出我国的现状。
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南极冰盖NO－3浓度记录研究进展

综述了近年来南极冰盖雪冰中NO－ 3浓度的影响因素、NO－ 3的来源、沉积后变化及其浓度的时空变化特征的最新研究进展。尽管质子事件、超新星活动、陨石事件、火山喷发和核试验等各种突发事件都可能对南极雪冰中NO－ 3浓度产生影响,但综述和模拟结果表明中低纬度对流层闪电和极地平流层来源可能是南极雪冰中NO－ 3浓度本底的主要来源。综合研究表明,南极冰盖雪冰中记录的NO－ 3浓度可能是其来源、传输路径、沉积过程以及沉积后变化等的综合反映。     

二百五十万年来季风环流与大陆冰量变化的阶段性耦合过程

根据黄土中的气候替代性指标与深海氧同位素曲线的比较,本文作者发现2.5Ma以来东亚地区的冬、夏季风环流与全球冰量变化具有阶段性的耦合过程,即从2.5MaB.P.至今,季风环流与大陆冰量的耦合程度呈阶段性增强的趋势,其间有三个转折时期:2.5Ma B.P.前后、1.6Ma B.P.前后和0.8Ma B.P.前后。二者间的阶段性耦合可能与青藏高原的阶段性隆起有关。     

开河期冰盖纵向冰缝形成机理

春季河道武开河可能导致冰坝形成,至今仍缺乏以力学机制为基础的开河预测方法。春季河道径流增加导致与岸壁冻结的冰盖底部产生上举力,并引起纵向冰缝产生。利用力学分析中弹性基础上的梁理论对开河期冰盖纵向冰缝形成机理进行了研究,提出了纵向冰缝间距解析表达式,可用于开河期冰盖断裂预测。应用原型观测资料对提出的纵向冰缝间距理论表达式进行了验证分析。研究结果表明,开河期纵向冰缝间距计算值与实测值吻合较好。     

冰盖消融加速地表微量元素输移北大核心CSCD

目前冰盖约占地球陆地表面积的10%(在末次冰期冰盛期高达30%),冰储量的99%,但对其下的生物地球化学条件及其在极地生物地球化学循环中的重要性却知之甚少[1]。由于气候变暖,格陵兰及南极冰盖正在快速消融,过去十年里冰盖消融对全球海平面上升的贡献约为1 mm·a-1[2-3]。冰盖的冰下水文系统主要由饱和沉积物、冰下河及冰下湖泊等要素组成[4-8],它为极地生物地球化学风化速率的升高提供了有利条件[9-10]。     

冰盖下水流速度分布的二维数值模拟分析

基于标准的κ-ε模型,利用有限体积法,对冰盖下水流速度分布进行了二维数值模拟和分析.结果表明:当冰盖和河床糙率比值变化时,水流速度剖面发生变化;冰盖下的最大流速值比速度对称分布时要大,且偏于光滑的一边;在相对光滑壁处近壁流速值大于相应对称分布时的流速值,该结果与实验室实测速度剖面情况吻合.数值试验表明,最大流速点位置的偏移量仅在有限的范围内,冰盖区、床面区及冰盖下水流平均速度相差较小,表明了工程应用中假定各区流速相等是可行的.     

Numerical simulations of ice accumulation under ice cover along a river bend

In this paper, the k-? two-equation turbulence model has been used to simulate ice accumulation under ice cover along a river bend. A 2D depth-averaged numerical model has been developed in a nonorthogonal coordinate system with nonstaggered curvilinear grids. In this model, the contravariant velocity has been treated as an independent variable. To avoid the pressure oscillation in the nonstaggered grids, the momentum interpolation has been introduced to interpolate variables at the interface. The discretization equations have been solved by using pressure correction algorithms. An equation has been developed for describing the deformation of ice jam bottom. The thickness distribution of ice accumulation (ice jam) along the bend has been simulated. The developed model has been applied to the experimental studies under different conditions carried out at the Hefei University of Technology. Results indicate that all simulated thickness of ice accumulation agrees reasonably well with the measured thickness of ice accumulation in laboratory.     

封冻河道下流速分布和阻力问题探讨

封冻河道的水流阻力计算和水流速度重分布问题一直是河冰研究的重要问题之一,多年来,很多学者进行了相关研究,然而研究大多采用了冰盖区、河床区及过流断面水流平均速度相等的假定.依据Prandtal半经验紊流理论,采用目前普遍使用的对数流速分布公式,对上述假定进行了研究分析,由分析来看,这种假定的正确性需要探讨;分析也表明,阻力计算时若假定冰盖区和床面区的能坡相等,对宽浅式河道也将导出谬误.依据分析,就如何解决相应的问题提出了思路和建议.     

Inclusion of ice cover in a storm surge model for the Beaufort Sea

Storm surges in the Beaufort Sea present a severe problem for navigation as well as for offshore oil drilling activities. Influence of ice cover on storm surges in the Beaufort Sea is examined making use of a numerical model as well as a set of observations.The automated shallow-water model of Henry has been modified to incorporate ice cover and is adapted to the Beaufort Sea. The leading edge of the permanent ice is calculated from the loci of identifiable points. Generalized similarity theory is employed to compute wind stresses. Simulations are made using model-predicted ice concentrations and observed ice concentrations. Ice motion is relatively small in units of model grid distance (approximately 18 km) during surges. Spherical effects are important and should be included in future adaptations of the model. Comparison of the computed surges with observed surges for eight different events showed reasonable agreement.     

Inclusion of ice cover in a storm surge model for the Beaufort Sea

Storm surges in the Beaufort Sea present a severe problem for navigation as well as for offshore oil drilling activities. Influence of ice cover on storm surges in the Beaufort Sea is examined making use of a numerical model as well as a set of observations. The automated shallow-water model of Henry has been modified to incorporate ice cover and is adapted to the Beaufort Sea. The leading edge of the permanent ice is calculated from the loci of identifiable points. Generalized similarity theory is employed to compute wind stresses. Simulations are made using model-predicted ice concentrations and observed ice concentrations. Ice motion is relatively small in units of model grid distance (approximately 18 km) during surges. Spherical effects are important and should be included in future adaptations of the model. Comparison of the computed surges with observed surges for eight different events showed reasonable agreement.     

丰满水库水温的原型观测及分析

为探究寒区冰封水库热状况的时空演变规律,于2010年6月~2011年8月对丰满水库的水温和冰情进行了原型观测。基于现场观测资料,阐述了丰满库区不同季节热结构的变化规律,重点分析了汛期洪水过程对分层结构的影响,并发现解冻初期水库表层浮力流动现象。同时,典型水温分层期1月和6月的坝前75~800m范围4条水温观测垂线基本一致,且同期电站下泄水温与坝前取水口对应高程平均水温差异较小,说明该水域范围内无三维水温效应。由于深层取水影响,丰满电站下泄水温过程较为稳定,但与坝址天然水温相比,5~7月、10~12月分别表现出月平均高达10.8℃、7.9℃的春夏低温水和秋冬高温水现象。此外,冰情监测结果表明,丰满水库冬季基本全库封冻,坝前最大冰厚约0.7m,且库区冰厚沿程出现不均匀分布的规律。     

新疆阿尔泰山喀纳斯湖冰层温度变化规律试验研究

2014年12月-2015年4月期间,新疆布尔津县喀纳斯湖举行了冰上旅游项目。为监测冰层生长、发育和融化状况,分别对喀纳斯湖（湖边、湖中）A、B、C三点进行温度监测,利用监测得到的冰层温度数据绘制湖冰从上到下温度分布状况图。根据湖边与湖中的冰层结构特点,从冰层的天然结构角度分析湖冰结构对温度分布的影响。结果表明：天然冰层中温度传递系数并不是一致不变的,既受冰上气温、冰下湖水温度的影响,也受到冰层自身结构状况的影响,并进一步阐述了湖面冰层的温度分布规律与变化成因,为分析温度对冰层强度的影响奠定了基础。     

The significance of global snow and ice cover for global change studies

The spatial extent and volume of global snow and ice cover at present and during glacial conditions are reviewed for each of the principal components (snow cover, land ice, sea ice and permafrost). The state of global monitoring of snow and ice conditions is shown to be adequate for some variables, but unsatisfactory for others. Recent trends are reported and expected changes projected for increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases are examined.     

Natural ring structures on the Baikal ice cover: Analysis of experimental data and mathematical modeling

Hydrophysical studies and mathematical modeling of ring structures during ice cover on Lake Baikal have shown that their existence at the stage of ice cover degradation is due to anticyclonic currents. Such currents can be generated as a result of local upwelling, which we associate with the rise of methane hydrates from the top layer of bottom sediments and their dissociation. Analysis of satellite images shows that the radii of ice rings range from 1300 to 2400 m, which is close to the baroclinic Rossby radius. The measured ice thicknesses in the area of the rings are in agreement with model calculations. Deep water renewal in Lake Baikal can also be associated with the rise of hydrates.