中国近海近50年海平面变化速度及预测

由验潮资料求得的平均海平面变化包括绝对海平面变化和地壳垂直变化两部分。采用沿海符合均衡原理布设的验潮站资料 ,经各站取平均后 ,基本消除了地壳垂直变化对平均海平面变化的影响。得出中国近海 5 0年平均的海平面变化速度为 (1 3± 0 2 5 )mm/a,最近时间段海平面变化速度已上升为 3 5 9mm/a。同时给出了海平面变化速度最佳拟合的预测方法     

台湾岛周边海域近16a来海平面变化研究

利用1992年10月至2008年6月的卫星高度计融合资料对台湾岛周边海域（20°～28°N,117°～124°E）多年海平面变化进行分析.研究结果表明：（1）采用改进的月平均水位周期信号的谱分析方法计算多年来台湾岛周边海域海平面年均上升速率为0.34±0.02 cm/a,与该海域内的潮位站结果较为一致.（2）台湾岛周边海域海平面高度变化以1 a周期变化为主,其次为0.5 a、准2 a周期变化.（3）通过计算海平面异常的标准差得出多年来台湾海峡西南部海域海平面波动最为激烈.（4）分析了台湾岛周边海域海平面4个季节的变化情况,指出台湾岛周边海域海平面季节变化的主要驱动力是风场.     

IODP 312航次--一个完整的形成于超速扩张带的上部洋壳剖面

IODP 312和309航次的科学目标一致,将在ODP 1256站位完成一个穿越火山基底以及下伏席状岩脉复合体并进入最上层深成岩的连续断面.该站位的地壳于15 Ma以前以200 mm/a的扩张速度形成于东太平洋海岭（图1;站位见309航次）.     

东海北部和黄海南部小黄鱼年龄与生长的研究

采用2002年11月~2003年10月在东海北部、黄海南部(31°N~34°N,126°E以西)所获取的小黄鱼渔获样品,合计采集1 064尾,通过每月对小黄鱼鳞片生长轮的观察和基础生物学测定,研究了小黄鱼的年龄和生长,并对渔业生物学状况进行了动态分析。结果表明:东海北部、黄海南部小黄鱼的体长范围在75~220mm,平均体长为135.42mm;年龄组成为当龄鱼~4龄鱼,共5个年龄序列,并以当龄鱼和1龄鱼为主,占81.39%,1~4轮组的年轮形成时间为2~6月;体长与体重的关系雌雄间无明显差异;Von Bertalanffy生长参数在性别方面无显著性差异,雌雄合并估算的L∞=233.23mm,K=0.29/a,t0=-1.4a。分析和比较了东海北部、黄海南部小黄鱼的渔业生物学历史状况,目前小黄鱼较以往任何年代渔获个体小型化、低龄化现象明显;小黄鱼个体生长速度较20世纪80年代变慢,低年龄段的个体生长速度较20世纪90年代加快,生长参数随资源状况的变化而发生了较大变化。     

由海平面变化推求中国沿海地区地壳垂直运动

地壳垂直运动可直接由几何水准重复联测求得,但重复联测实施起来非常困难。本文给出了由验潮得到的平均海面变化推求地壳垂直运动的新方法,从理论上和实际观测数据的分析结果说明了用该方法求地壳升降运动是可行的。本文得出了中国沿海近几十年均衡意义下的平均海面上升速度为1.3mm/a,误差为±0.25mm/a;并给出了中国沿海各验潮站地壳垂直运动毫米级的年变化数值,其年平均升降值为0.02mm/a是可忽略的。     

北黄海QuikSCAT 卫星风速与浮标风速的对比分析

对北黄海QuikSCAT散射计矢量风资料与黄海实测浮标站风速资料进行对比分析,结果表明:北黄海QuikSCAT卫星风速和浮标观测风速的大小基本吻合,二者平均偏差是0.26 m/s,相关系数是0.74;风向偏差较大,平均偏差是117.52°。根据卫星风速和浮标风速的对比分析结果,提出了修正方案。修正后的QuikSCAT风向与实测浮标站风向的平均偏差显著提高到20.44°。该修正方案实施简单,修正效果显著,为更准确地使用卫星资料提供了保证。     

三种大型钙化绿藻仙掌藻对海水变化的生理响应

The effects of seawater temperature on the physiological performance of three Halimeda species were studied for a period of 28 d. Five treatments were established for Halimeda cylindracea, Halimeda opuntia and Halimeda lacunalis, in triplicate aquaria representing a factorial temperature with 24°C, 28°C, 32°C, 34°C and 36°C,respectively. The average F_v/F_m of these species ranged from 0.732 to 0.756 between 24°C and 32°C but declined sharply between 34°C(0.457±0.035) and 36°C(0.122±0.014). Calcification was highest at 28°C, with net calcification rates(Gnet) of(20.082±2.482) mg/(g·d),(12.825±1.623) mg/(g·d) and(6.411±1.029) mg/(g·d) for H.cylindracea, H. opuntia and H. lacunalis, respectively. Between 24°C and 32°C, the specific growth rate(SGR) of H.lacunalis(0.079%–0.110% d~(–1)) was lower than that of H. cylindracea(0.652%–1.644% d~(–1)) and H. opuntia(0.360%–1.527% d~(–1)). Three Halimeda species gradually bleached at 36°C during the study period.Malondialdehyde(MDA) and proline levels in tissues of the three Halimeda were higher in 34–36°C than those in24–32°C. The results indicate that seawater temperature with range of 24–32°C could benefit the growth and calcification of these Halimeda species, however, extreme temperatures above 34°C have negative impacts. The measured physiological parameters also revealed that H. cylindracea and H. opuntia displayed broader temperature tolerance than H. lacunalis.     

近30 年渤海水文和气象状况的长期变化及其相互关系

利用线性回归方法对渤海和北黄海西部沿岸 7个海洋站 1 965— 1 997年实测海洋表层水温和盐度及地面气温和降水等 4个水文气象要素的长期变化趋势作了分析 ,得出渤海在这 32年期间海表温度年变率为 0 .0 1 5℃ /a ,由此推算得出 32年升高 0 .48℃ ;海表盐度年变率为 0 .0 4 2 /a ,32年升高 1 .34;气温年变率为 0 .0 34℃ /a ,32年升高 1 .0 9℃ ;降水年变率为- 2 .73mm/a,32年减少 87mm。这 4个要素之间及其与厄尔尼诺指数之间的超前 /滞后线性回归分析表明 ,海温与气温的年际变化相关关系最密切 ,相关系数达到 76.5 % ,置信度高于0 .99。其次是盐度与降水 ,它们之间亦有良好关系。同年盐度和降水之间的相关系数为- 43.6% ,盐度落后降水一年时相关系数为 - 39.2 % ,置信度均高于 0 .95。由此可推知 ,盐度变化平均落后降水约半年。渤海水文气象状况变化与厄尔尼诺有一定关系 ,其中以降水与厄尔尼诺关系最密切 ,1 982— 1 983年厄尔尼诺期间渤海气温和水温较高 ,降水显著偏少且海水盐度显著偏高。     

江苏近岸海域水位变化特征分析

基于江苏沿海连云港、吕四两个测点的验潮站多年的观测资料以及AVISO卫星高度计资料,利用统计分析方法和潮汐调和分析方法研究江苏沿海地区的海洋水位变化特征。结果表明:江苏沿海海平面和潮差均呈上升趋势,海平面上升速度达3.35 mm/a,高于全球和区域海平面的上升速度;对采样间隔为1 h的潮位连续观测数据作调和分析,各验潮站主要半日分潮的振幅呈上升趋势,全日分潮的振幅呈下降趋势,S_a分潮的周期性变化与El Nino现象有关。     

长江供沙量减少对水下三角洲发育影响的初步研究——近期证据分析和未来趋势估计

根据1951～2000年大通站实测水文资料和长江口地形图,分析了长江入海泥沙量的变化趋势及其对水下三角洲冲淤演变的影响.从20世纪60年代末开始,长江入海泥沙量出现减少趋势,90年代输沙量相对于60年代下降了1/3.流域大量修建水库是导致河流入海泥沙减少的根本原因.在此背景下,长江口门外的水下三角洲淤积速率从1958～1978年时段的55mm/a下降为1978～1998年时段的11mm/a.考虑三峡工程等多种人类活动的可能影响,估计本世纪上半叶和下半叶的河流入海泥沙量将分别减少约60%和40%.尝试建立了三角洲冲淤对河流供沙量响应的概念公式,并据此对本世纪长江三角洲的演变趋势做了初步预测:三角洲的总体淤涨速率将急剧下降,口门外水下三角洲将出现严重侵蚀.     

Vertical Land Motion in the Mediterranean Sea from Altimetry and Tide Gauge Stations

We have computed estimates of the rate of vertical land motion in the Mediterranean Sea from differences of sea level heights measured by the TOPEX/Poseidon radar altimeter and by a set of tide gauge stations. The comparison of data at 16 tide gauges, using both hourly data from local datasets and monthly data from the PSMSL dataset, shows a general agreement, significant differences are found at only one location. Differences of near-simultaneous, monthly and deseasoned monthly sea level height time-series have been considered in order to reduce the error in the estimated linear-term. In a subset of 23 tide gauge stations the mean accuracy of the estimated vertical rates is 2.3 ± 0.8 mm/yr. Results for various stations are in agreement with estimates of vertical land motion from geodetic methods. A comparison with vertical motion estimated by GPS at four locations shows a mean difference of ?0.04 ± 1.8 mm/yr, however the length of the GPS time-series and the number of locations are too small to draw general conclusions.     

Monitoring the TOPEX and Jason-1 Microwave Radiometers with GPS and VLBI Wet Zenith Path Delays

Monitoring of altimeter microwave radiometer measurements is necessary in order to identify radiometer drifts or offsets that if uncorrected will introduce systematic errors into ocean height measurements. To examine TOPEX Microwave Radiometer (TMR) and Jason-1 Microwave Radiometer (JMR) behavior, we have used coincident wet zenith delay estimates from Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic sites near altimeter ground tracks. We derived a TMR path delay drift rate of ?1.1 ± 0.1 mm/yr using GPS data for the period from 1993.0–1999.0 and ?1.2 ± 0.5 mm/yr using VLBI data. Thereafter, the drift appears to have leveled off. Already after 2.3 years (82 cycles) of the Jason-1 mission, it is clear that there have been significant systematic errors in the JMR path delay measurements. From comparison with GPS wet delays, there is an offset of ?5.2 ± 0.6 mm at about cycle 30 and a more abrupt offset of ?11.5 ± 0.8 mm at cycle 69. If we look at the behavior of the JMR coldest brightness temperatures, we see that the offsets near cycle 30 and cycle 69 are mainly caused by corresponding offsets in the 23.8 GHz channel of ?0.49 ± 0.12 K and ?1.18 ± 0.13 K, although there is a small 34.0 GHz offset at cycle 69 of 0.75 ± 0.22 K. Drifts in the 18.0 and 34.0 GHz channels produce a small path delay drift of 0.3 ± 0.5 mm/yr.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations in the South China Sea Over 1950–2009

Spatial patterns of interannual sea level variations in the South China Sea (SCS) are investigated by analyzing an EOF-based 2-dimensional past sea level reconstruction from 1950 to 2009 and satellite altimetry data from 1993 to 2009. Long-term tide gauge records from 14 selected stations in this region are also used to assess the quality of reconstructed sea levels and determine the rate of sea level along the coastal area. We found that the rising rate of sea levels derived from merged satellite altimetry data during 1993–2009 and past sea level reconstruction over 1950–2009 is about 3.9 ± 0.6 mm/yr and 1.7 ± 0.1 mm/yr, respectively. For the longer period, this rate is not significantly different from the global mean rate (of 1.8 ± 0.3 mm/yr). The interannual mean sea level of the SCS region appears highly correlated with Niño 4 indices (a proxy of El Niño-Southern Oscillation/ENSO), suggesting that the interannual sea level variations over the SCS region is driven by ENSO events. Interpolation of the reconstructed sea level data for 1950–2009 at sites where tide gauge records are of poor quality (either short or gapped) show that sea level along the Chinese coastal area is rising faster than the global mean rate of 1.8 mm/yr. At some sites, the rate is up to 2.5 mm/yr.     

Validation of Jason-1 Nadir Ionosphere TEC Using GEONET

The Jason-1 dual-frequency nadir ionosphere Total Electron Content (TEC) for 10-day cycles 1–67 is validated using absolute TEC measured by Japan's GPS Earth Observation Network (GEONET), or the GEONET Regional Ionosphere Map (RIM). The bias estimates (Jason–RIM) are small and statistically insignificant: 1.62 ± 9 TECu (TEC unit or 10¹⁶ electrons/m², 1 TECu = 2.2 mm delay at Ku-band) and 0.73 ± 0.05 TECu, using the along-track difference and Gaussian distribution method, respectively. The bias estimates are –3.05 ± 10.44 TECu during daytime passes, and 0.02 ± 8.05 TECu during nighttime passes, respectively. When global Jason-1 TEC is compared with the Global Ionosphere Map (GIM) from the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (or CODE) TEC, the bias (Jason–GIM) estimate is 0.68 ± 1.00 TECu, indicating Jason-1 ionosphere delay at Ku-band is longer than GIM by 3.1 mm, which is at present statistically insignificant. Significant zonal distributions of biases are found when the differences are projected into a sun-fixed geomagnetic reference frame. The observed biases range from –7 TECu (GIM larger by 15.4 mm) in the equatorial region, to +2 TECu in the Arctic region, and to +7 TECu in the Antarctica region, indicating significant geographical variations. This phenomena is primarily attributed to the uneven and poorly distributed global GPS stations particularly over ocean and near polar regions. Finally, when the Jason-1 and TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) TECs were compared during Jason-1 cycles 1–67 (where cycles 1–21 represent the formation flight with T/P, cycles 22–67 represent the interleave orbits), the estimated bias is 1.42 ± 0.04 TECu. It is concluded that the offset between Jason/TOPEX and GPS (RIM or GIM) TECs is < 4 mm at Ku-band, which at present is negligible.     

Chlorophyll, delayed fluorescence, and primary production in the northwestern part of the Sea of Japan

The content of chlorophyll (Chl), the intensity of delayed fluorescence (DF), the primary production (PP), and the concentrations of macronutrients were measured in the northwestern part of the Sea of Japan during cruise 30 of R/V Professor Gagarinskii in the autumn of 2000. Sixty-three stations were executed in two steps: October 12–17 (stations 2–34) and October 29–November 3 (stations 35–63). At all the stations, CTD probes were performed. Three cross sections were executed twice within a 2-to 3-week interval, during which structural changes in the hydrological fields took place due to the development of an upwelling. During this time, the length of a day and the daily photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) decreased notably. The vertical profiles of Chl and DF showed pronounced maxima. The waters of the shallow-water stations were characterized by an increased Chl content as compared to the deep-water stations. The content of Chl in the photosynthetic layer amounted from 11 to 30 mg/m²; the PP values were from 120 to 520 mg C/m²/day. At the shallow-water stations, during the second step, the Chl concentration increased by roughly 60% (on average, from 0.47 ± 0.22 to 0.77 ± 0.42 mg/m³); the PP value grew by about 40% (from 268 ± 67 to 370 ± 72 mg C/m²/day). At the deep-water stations, this increase was small (the Chl concentration and PP value increased from 0.37 ± 0.20 to 0.41 ± 0.18 mg/m³ and from 356 ± 72 to 377 ± 74 mg C/m²/day, respectively). The changes noted proceeded due to the increase in the nutrient concentrations during the time between the two surveys, despite the decrease in the length of the day and of the daily PAR. The observations performed showed that, during the autumn time, the horizontal water advection across the shelf, caused by the development of the upwelling, plays the key role in the variations of the production characteristics of the Primor’e coastal zone.     

Differences in spatial structures between juveniles and adults of the gastropod Hydrobia ulvae on an intertidal mudflat (Marennes–Oléron Bay,France) potentially affect estimates of local demographic processes

Spatial structures of juvenile and adult cohorts of the gastropod Hydrobia ulvae were investigated over a surface area of several km² in an intertidal mudflat at the end of the recruitment period. Three cohorts (average shell lengths of 3.9±0.89 mm, 1.8±0.43 mm and 1.1±0.18 mm for cohorts I, II and III, respectively) were identified by a statistical analysis and their spatial distributions were characterised. Cohorts of juveniles (cohorts II and III) showed a patchy distribution pattern, whereas the cohort of adults (cohort I) was homogeneously distributed over the study area. These marked differences in spatial distribution of cohorts are likely to have a strong effect on estimates of local demographic processes, and hence of population dynamics.     

THE CONCENTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF TRACE METALS IN THE SURFACE WATERS OF XIAMEN HARBOR

Dissolved, weakly and strongly bound particulates Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni and Fe have been measured in the surface water sampled from eleven stations in Xiamen Harbor by clean laboratory methods and GFAAS. The average concentrations found in dissolved fractions are Cu: 0.41±0.12; Pb: 0.014±0.008; Zn: 0.084±0.043; Cd: 0.022±0.004; Co: 0.009±0.004; Ni: 0.15±0.02; and Fe: 0.15± 0.02 μg/kg, which make up 62%, 6%, 12%, 85%, 5%, 25% and <1% of the total metals in the surface water respectively. The results are mucn lower than those reported previously in the coastal waters of China. Industrial sources of trace metal contamination are likely responsible for the distribution of trace metals.     

南海珠江口TCBS和EMB类群细菌动态监测(1999~2002)

报道1999~2002年对南海珠江口(21°50'~22°50'N,113°20'~114°50'E)26个站点的动态监测结果:(1)TCBS类群包括37%Ⅰ类(假单胞菌属、气单胞菌属),5%Ⅱ类(副溶血弧菌)和58%Ⅲ类(霍乱弧菌、霍乱弧菌埃尔托型,溶藻弧菌);EMB类群包括14%Ⅳ类(变形菌属、沙门氏菌属或志贺氏菌属),50%Ⅴ类(肠杆菌属、克雷伯氏菌属、哈夫尼氏菌属、沙雷氏菌属)和36%Ⅵ类(大肠杆菌);(2)26个站点之间的年平均CFU值差异显著.各站点的TCBS类群数量多而EMB类群数量少,表明TCBS类群为土著优势,而EMB类群主要来自陆源性污染;(3)26个站点被聚类为四大类别,不完全吻合其实际地理位置邻近关系,提示人为干扰活动影响超越自然地理隔离效应.站点G(万山群岛)和H(担杆岛)同属最靠近外海的孤立站点,却被划分为不同类别.H站点TCBS类群数量最高(3.7±2.6×104CFU/cm3),G站点是天然养殖区,EMB类群数量最高(9.5±6.6×103CFU/cm3),表明养殖区域陆源性EMB类群污染突出;(4)TCBS与EMB类群的月平均CFU值变化趋势相似,呈现年度周期性和季节周期性波动;(5)珠江口可以分为南、北部区域.南部区域的陆源性EMB类群污染严重,综合反映了来自珠江口水网系的高通量排放污染,养殖区域的自身污染,及其养殖活动对陆源性污染菌群的规模化“原位扩增”效应.     

Observations of the Karimata Strait througflow from December 2007 to November 2008

In order to quantitatively estimate the volume and property transports between the South China Sea and Indonesian Seas via the Karimata Strait, two trawl-resistant bottom mounts, with ADCPs embedded, were deployed in the strait to measure the velocity profile as part of the South China Sea-Indonesian Seas transport/exchange (SITE) program. A pair of surface and bottom acoustic modems was employed to transfer the measured velocity without recovering the mooring. The advantage and problems of the instruments in this field work are reported and discussed. The field observations confirm the existence of the South China Sea branch of Indonesian throughflow via the Karimata Strait with a stronger southward flow in boreal winter and weaker southward bottom flow in boreal summer, beneath the upper layer northward (reversal) flow. The estimate of the averaged volume, heat and freshwater transports from December 2007 to March 2008 (winter) is (-2.7 ± 1.1) × 10 6 m3/s, (-0.30 ± 0.11) PW, (-0.18 ± 0.07) × 106m3/s and from May to September 2008 (summer) is (1.2 ± 0.6) × 106m3/s, (0.14 ± 0.03) PW, (0.12 ± 0.04) × 106m3/s and for the entire record from December 2007 to October 2008 is (-0.5 ± 1.9) × 10 6 m3/s, (-0.05 ± 0.22) PW, (-0.01 ± 0.15) × 106m3/s (negative/positive represents southward/northward transport), respectively. The existence of southward bottom flow in boreal summer implies that the downward sea surface slope from north to south as found by Fang et al. (2010) for winter is a year-round phenomenon.     

Response of excised gill tissue from the New Zealand scallop Pecten novaezelandiae to suspended silt

The role of turbidity in scallop mortality was investigated for two size classes of Pecten novaezelandiae (70 ± 2 mm and 20 ± 1 mm shell height), by using the “crawl” velocity of excised pieces of gill tissue as an indicator of the response to suspended silt. The crawl velocity of 3 × 5 mm pieces of gill tissue was measured in six different silt concentrations (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3. 0.5% silt, by dry weight) and two size classes (< 10 μm and 10–30 um) of silt. Results of the study indicate that juvenile (20 mm shell height) scallops may be less tolerant of suspended silt than larger (70 mm shell height) scallops and that both size classes may be less tolerant of fine (< 10 μm) silt/clay sized particles than coarse (10–30 μm) particles. These conclusions are supported in part by data from the mortality of whole 20 mm scallops exposed to two size classes (< 10 μm and 10–30 μm) and three concentrations (0.05, 0.3, 0.6%, by dry weight) of silt. Increasing concentrations and decreasing particle size of the suspended silt resulted in reduced gill piece crawl velocity and an increase in the mortality rate of the whole scallops. These results suggest controls on human‐induced disturbance of bottom sediments, such as bottom trawling and dredging, may benefit any further scallop bed enhancement programmes by the avoidance of deterioration in water quality and mechanical damage to scallop spat.