Mesozoic and early Cenozoic tectonic convergence-to-rifting transition prior to opening of the South China Sea

We have investigated Mesozoic geological problems around the South China Sea (SCS) based on gravimetric, magnetic, seismic, and lithofacies data. Three-dimensional analytical signal amplitudes (ASA) of magnetic anomalies clearly define the inland tectonic boundaries and the residual Mesozoic basins offshore. The ASA suggest that the degree of magmatism and/or the average magnetic susceptibility of igneous rocks increase southeastwards and that late-stage A-type igneous rocks present along the coast of southeast China possess the highest effective susceptibility. The geophysical data define Mesozoic sedimentary and tectonic structures and reveal four major unconformities [Pz/T–J, T–J/J, J/K, and Mesozoic/Cenozoic (Pz, Palaeozic; T, Triassic; J, Jurassic; K, Cretaceous)], corresponding to regional tectonic events revealed by nine palaeogeographic time slices based on prior geological surveys and our new fieldwork. Showing both sedimentary and volcanic facies and regional faults, our palaeogeographic maps confirm an early Mesozoic northwestward-migrating orogeny that gradually obliterated the Tethyan regime, and a middle-to-late Mesozoic southeastward migration and younging in synchronized extension, faulting, and magmatism. Three major phases of marine deposition developed but were subsequently terminated by tectonic compression, uplift, erosion, faulting, rifting, and/or magmatism. The tectonic transition from the Tethyan to Pacific regimes was completed by the end of the Middle Triassic (ca. 220 Ma), reflecting widespread Mesozoic orogeny. The transition from an active to a passive continental margin occurred at the end of the Early Cretaceous (ca. 100 Ma); this was accompanied by significant changes in sedimentary environments, due likely to an eastward retreat of the palaeo-Pacific subduction zone and/or to the collision of the West Philippine block with Eurasia. The overall Mesozoic evolution of southeast China comprised almost an entire cycle of orogenic build-up, peneplanation, and later extension, all under the influence of the subducting palaeo-Pacific plate. Continental margin extension and rifting continued into the early Cenozoic, eventually triggering the Oligocene opening of the SCS.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114000656

Apatite fission track (AFT) analysis on samples collected from a Paleozoic series is used to constrain the cooling history of the Bogda Mountain, northwest China. AFT ages range from 136.2 to 85.6 Ma a...     

中国不同岩石类型花岗岩类元素丰度及特征

依据采自全国范围内约750个有代表性的大、中型花岗岩类岩体上的768件组合样的实测分析数据,这里计算并提出了碱长花岗岩、正长花岗岩、二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、石英二长岩、石英二长闪长岩等中国不同岩石类型的花岗岩类岩石近七十种化学元素或成份的丰度,探讨了中国不同花岗岩类岩石的岩石化学特征和微量元素丰度的特征。     

National-Scale Geochemical Mapping Projects in China

Regional, national and global scale geochemical mapping projects have been carried out in China since the late 1970s, due to the development of cost‐effective, low detection limit analytical methods. These projects have provided a huge mass of high‐quality, informative and comparable data for mineral resource exploration and are now making contributions to environmental assessment. In this paper, four national‐scale geochemical mapping projects are described. (1) The Regional Geochemistry‐National Reconnaissance Project (RGNR project), which is China's largest national geochemical mapping project, has covered 6 million km² of upland regions since 1978. Generally, stream sediment samples were collected at a density of 1/km² and four samples were composited into one sample and analysed for thirty‐nine elements. (2) The deep‐penetrating geochemical mapping project (DEEPMAP Project) has been conducted since 1994 in covered terrains, including sedimentary basins, at a density of 1 sample per 100 km² with thirty to seventy elements determined per sample. In the past 10 years, an area of approximately 800 000 km² has been covered and this project has played an important role in finding sandstone‐type uranium deposits in basins. (3) The seventy‐six geochemical element mapping project (76 GEM project) has been carried out since 1999 and involved the collection of stream sediment samples from the RGNR project targets which were analysed for seventy‐six elements. Samples from each 1:50 000 map sheet were composited into one analytical sample (approximately one composite sample per 400 km²). Approximately 1 million km² have been surveyed to date. (4) The multi‐purpose eco‐geochemical mapping project has been conducted since 1999 in Quaternary plain areas for environmental and agricultural applications. Surface soils (depths from 0–20 cm) were collected at a density of one sample per km², and four samples were composited into one for analysis. Deep soils (from a depth of 150 to 200 cm) were collected at a density of one sample per 4 km² and four samples were composited into one analytical sample. All the composite samples were analysed for fifty‐four elements.     

华南燕山期两种不同矿化花岗岩类中锆石标型特征的研究

华南地区燕山期两种不同矿化花岗岩类中锆石的标型特征有较明显区别。第一类花岗岩锆石的比重、硬度、红外光谱频率均低于第二类花岗岩锆石,而晶胞常数正相反,第一类花岗岩锆石较富含W、sn、Be、Nb、U、Th REE,第二类则富含Cu、Pb;第一类花岗岩锆石表面微结构特征有熔蚀坑、裂纹呈网状、附生物形态不定,第二类则表面无熔蚀坑,裂纹和附生物均较规则等。本中探讨了锆石标型特征控制因素和形成规律。为锆石及母岩的成因物质来源、成岩成矿提供矿物学标志和信息。     

煤中微量元素分布特征初步研究

 采自我国不同聚煤区的不同时代的89件煤样品,用中子活化分析法(INAA)分别测定了29种微量元素。据统计分析结果表明:(1)绝大多数微量元素的平均值高于世界的平均值,含量范围也较美国宽。我国各聚煤区不同时代间相比较,煤中大多数元素的平均含量和富集因数,从华南二叠纪至华北石炭—二叠纪到全国中-新生代逐渐降低。(2)中-新生代的煤中,元素间的相关性较好,华南二叠纪次之,而华北石炭—二叠纪的煤最差。(3)REE分布模式类型以中-新生代的煤最复杂;而华北石炭—二叠纪的煤较简单。     

煤中微量元素分布特征初步研究

采自我国不同聚煤区的不同时代的89件煤样品,用中子活化分析法(INAA)分别测定了29种微量元素。据统计分析结果表明:(1)绝大多数微量元素的平均值高于世界的平均值,含量范围也较美国宽。我国各聚煤区不同时代间相比较,煤中大多数元素的平均含量和富集因数,从华南二叠纪至华北石炭—二叠纪到全国中-新生代逐渐降低。(2)中-新生代的煤中,元素间的相关性较好,华南二叠纪次之,而华北石炭—二叠纪的煤最差。(3)REE分布模式类型以中-新生代的煤最复杂;而华北石炭—二叠纪的煤较简单。     

中国中-东部地区新生代玄武岩的分布规律与面积汇总

利用图像处理技术,对中国中-东部地区地质图进行新生代玄武岩的像素提取,并叠加在高精度地貌图上,统计了
该地区陆地出露的新生代玄武岩的总面积和分区面积。结果表明：（1） 我国中-东部地区新生代玄武岩总面积为78
525 km2;（2） 以东部新生代盆地为界,盆地以西的中部地区新生代玄武岩面积为35 487 km2,盆地以东的东部地区新生代
玄武岩面积为43 038 km2,两边面积比为45:55;（3） 按时代划分,中国中-东部新生代玄武岩随时代变新分布面积递
增,S古近纪∶S新近纪∶S第四纪为0.36:21.65:77.99;（4） 中部地区的新生代玄武岩主要分布在北方,由北至南包括三个主要出露
区,分别为松辽盆地以西的大兴安岭地区(7334 km2)、锡林郭勒地区（13 843 km2） 和华北北缘（14 310 km2）;（5） 东部地
区新生代玄武岩的分布范围更广,从黑龙江一直到海南岛,也可以分为三个区,包括松辽盆地以东的东北地区（33 324 km2）、从
山东到福建零星分布的华东地区（1707 km2） 以及位于海南岛和雷州半岛的雷琼地区（8007 km2）;（6） 总体看,我国中-东
部地区新生代玄武岩主要分布在北方,如以山东省为界,北方玄武岩面积达69 191 km2,南方玄武岩面积达9334 km2,北南之
比为88∶12。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987113000881

Granitod batholiths of I-type features(mostly granodiorites and tonalites),and particularly those forming the large plutonic associations of active continental margins and intracontinental collisional belts,represent the most outstanding magmatic episodes occurred in the continental crust.The origin of magmas,however,remains controversial.The application of principles from phase equilibria is crucial to understand the problem of granitoid magma generation.An adequate comparison between rock compositions and experimental liquids has been addressed by using a projected compositional space in the plane F(Fe t Mg)eAnorthiteeOrthoclase.Many calc-alkaline granitoid trends can be considered cotectic liquids.Assimilation of country rocks and other not-cotectic processes are identifed in the projected diagram.The identifcation of cotectic patterns in batholith implies high temperatures of magma segregation and fractionation(or partial melting)from an intermediate(andesitic)source.The comparison of batholiths with lower crust granulites,in terms of major-element geochemistry,yields that both represent liquids and solid residues respectively from a common andesitic system.This is compatible with magmas being formed by melting,and eventual reaction with the peridotite mantle,of subducted mélanges that are fnally relaminated as magmas to the lower crust.Thus,the off-crust generation of granitoids batholiths constitutes a new paradigm in which important geological implications can be satisfactorily explained.Geochemical features of Cordilleran-type batholiths are totally compatible with this new conception.     

Mineral Chemistry of Clinopyroxenes in Mantle-Derived Inclusions in Cenozoic Basalts from Eastern China and Their Geological Significance

In this paper, 183 chemical analyses of clinopyroxenes are collected from mantle-derived inclusions inCenozoic basalts of eastern China. Through synthetic studies of the relevant data, their mineral chemistry andgeological significance are discussed. Based on the composition fo clinopyroxenes the authors conclude that theCenozoic upper mantle in eastern China is of the continental, primitive, metasomatic and high-temperaturetypes and is related to rift structural environment and variation in composition of basalts. The geobarometry ofclinopyroxenes indicates that Cenozoic basalts of eastern China are derived from the asthenosphere and thatthe average depth of faults progressively increases from south to north and from east to west.     

华南花岗岩类成矿专属性判别模型及成矿预测应用

根据华南46个花岗岩类样品,在贝叶斯准则下建立了它们的成矿专属性Ⅰ、Ⅱ级判别模型,通过F检验都是高度显著的。此外,对建模样本通过聚类分析、对应分析、岩石矿物学、地球化学模式和大地构造背景研究,说明本判别模型符合迄今对花岗岩类地质特征及成矿规律的认识,因而模型是可靠的。 另外,经181个与建模样本有联系的岩体、13个已知典型矿床的成矿岩体和华南90个不同时代花岗岩含矿性的回归判别,结果与地质结论基本吻合。在此基础上,结合卫星遥感信息研究,对华南花岗岩类成矿规律做了进一步分析,并提出预测意见。     

北山地区照壁山金矿床地质特征及成因

照壁山金矿床是北山地区中部金矿集中区最具代表性的金矿床之一,金矿化主要在黑云母花岗岩株内或沿其与志留系公婆泉群火山-沉积岩的接触带产出,黑云母⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar同位素年龄为296±5 Ma.金矿体主要由含金石英脉,网脉和细脉浸染状块体组成,金属矿物主要有黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、自然金和银金矿,脉石矿物为石英和绢云母.围岩蚀变自含金矿脉(体)向外,分别为硅化、绢云母化和绿泥石化;另外,沿岩体与火山-沉积岩接触带常可观察到黄铁绢英岩化.微量元素和硫、氧、氢及铅同位素数据表明:黑云母花岗岩是同碰撞造山期深源岩浆与地壳物质相互作用的结果,成(岩)矿物质主要来自壳幔混合源,含矿热液是岩浆热流体与大气降水混合的产物.海西期花岗质岩浆活动不仅为金矿床的形成提供了物质和热力来源,而且是成矿热液对流循环的"发动机",成矿体系温、压降低是导致金沉淀与富集的重要控制因素.     

Effects and mechanism of igneous rock on selenium in the tropical soil-rice system in Hainan Province,South China

To illuminate the migration and transformation of selenium(Se)in the igneous rock-soil-rice system,285 pairs of rhizosphere soil and rice samples were collected from the granitoid and basalt areas in Hainan Province,South China.The contents of Se in soils derived from granitoid and basalt are,respectively,0.19±0.12 mg/kg and 0.34±0.39 mg/kg,which are much higher than Se contents in granitoid and basalt.Selenium shows remarkable enrichment from granitoid and basalt to soils.The mobile fraction of Se in soils derived from granitoid is 0.0100±0.0034 mg/kg,which is significantly higher than that of basalt(0.0058±0.0039 mg/kg).Although soil derived from basalt shows higher Se contents,Se contents in rice samples,mobile fractions of Se in soils,and biological concentration factor(BCF)is similar or even lower than that from granitoid.Basalt consist of calcic plagioclase and pyroxene,and are much richer in Fe,Al,and Ca than granitoid.Correspondingly,the basalt-derived soils have higher goethite,hematite,kaolinite,cation exchange capacity(CEC)content,and higher p H than the granitoid-derived soils,which result in higher adsorption capacity for Se and relatively lower Se bioavailability.Soils derived from granitoid and basalt in tropical regions are beneficial to produce Se-rich rice.     

中国花岗岩类地球化学图的多元素区域分布模式研究

花岗岩类化学元素丰度研究是花岗岩类地球化学和地壳丰度研究的一项重要内容,一直为国际上所关注,并有很多学者先后发表了不同的花岗岩类化学成分和元素丰度的数据,但迄今为止世界上还没有花岗岩类地球化学图的出版。本文以中国56种元素花岗岩类地球化学图为基础,探讨了中国大陆花岗岩类各元素地球化学图所展示的多元素的区域分布特征、空间分布规律和分布模式。结果显示,花岗岩类各元素的空间分布模式与中国花岗岩类的分布和特征密切相关。花岗岩类地球化学图能够清晰地反映出花岗岩类化学成份的空间变化规律和特征。     

滇西维西-德钦-带花岗岩年代学、地球化学和岩石成因

金沙江弧盆体系消减与碰撞的确切时间存在较大的争议.运用LA-ICP-MS地质年代学、地球化学及Sr-Nd同位素方法研究金沙江缝合带周边的花岗岩体.贡卡花岗闪长岩(232Ma)和羊拉花岗闪长岩(229.6Ma)形成于印支期,羊拉二长花岗岩(261Ma)形成于海西-印支期.羊拉二长花岗岩地球化学特征类似O型埃达克岩,由大洋板片熔融与地幔楔交代(Mg#=55～61.8>40),且上升过程与岩浆房酸性岩浆混合,形成于俯冲消减环境;贡卡花岗闪长岩和羊拉花岗闪长岩可能由类似扬子地块的崇山群玄武质岩石和变质表壳岩部分熔融形成,产于碰撞后环境.金沙江缝合带从中二叠世末期-晚二叠世早期持续俯冲;碰撞阶段可能于晚二叠世末期开始,在中三叠世早期结束.     

Studies of melt inclusions in some basalts from eastern China

Cenozoic basalts widespread in eastern China constitute an important sector of the circum-Pacific Cenozoic basalt belt. Basalt samples were collected from Wudalianchi (Heilongjiang Province), Nushan (Anhui Province), Fangshan (Jiangsu Province), Zhuji (Zhejiang Province), and Mingxi(Fujian Province). These basalts, for the most part, belong to the alkali basaltic series, and partly to tholeiites. A variety of inclusions commonly occurs in the rock-forming minerals of these basalts. The physicochemical conditions of basalt formation in different areas have been reviewed in special reference to the inclusion data. Our studies have shown that there is a close relationship between the features of the inclusions and the physicochemical conditions of basalt formation, which can, therefore, be regarded as a guide to the mechanism of basaltic petrogenesis. The results of research in this aspect are presented in the present paper.     

我国十年地质调查实验测试研究主要成果

我国地质调查实验测试研究项目主要来源于中国地质调查局科技外事部。中国地质调查局成立十年来,在地质"野战军"装备计划的大力支持下,在地质行业强大需求的推动下,我国的地质实验测试技术得到发展,分析测试仪器装备得到加强,实验测试人才队伍逐渐壮大,分析测试水平及能力明显提升。基本建立了从主量、微量到痕量元素分析,从无机组分到有机组分分析,从固体、液体到油气样品分析,能全方位覆盖地质调查样品类型、满足地质调查需求的实验测试技术方法体系及相应的样品分析能力。文章介绍了十年来由中国地质调查局科技外事部支持的地质调查实验测试研究项目情况,从无机测试分析技术方法、有机测试分析技术方法、同位素测试技术方法及应用、地球化学系列标准物质研制、地质实验仪器研发及升级改造、实验室信息管理系统应用推广等六方面总结了我国十年地质调查实验测试研究项目取得的主要成果。     

近红外反射光谱学在岩石矿物研究中的应用Ⅲ．快速测定地质样品中二氧化碳

使用一组不同岩石矿物性质的25个地质样品,研究了地质样品中二氧化碳含量和近红外漫反射光谱的关系。利用多重散射光校正、标准正常变量转换及导数光谱等化学计量统计学方法,预处理了漫反射光谱数据,获得了偏最小二乘法(PLS)回归的多变量校正方法,建立了应用近红外(NIR)反射光谱学方法无损快速测定各种地质样品中二氧化碳模型。从光谱特性方面解释了大多数进入多变量校正模型的波长与碳酸盐矿物的CO2-3基团光谱吸收有关。NIR估算结果表明,应用二氧化碳校正模型来定量分析地质样品中二氧化碳的方法是可行的。     

苏-查萤石矿区钾长花岗岩锆石SHRIMP年龄 及其地质意义

内蒙古苏-查萤石矿区是全球范围内最大的单一萤石矿区。萤石矿体大多呈似层状和透镜体状在下二叠统火山-沉积岩地层内产出, 并且与显生宙花岗岩类侵入岩体具有密切时空分布关系, 其中部分矿体直接出现在敖包吐花岗岩株中。本次研究主要对敖包吐岩株钾长花岗岩进行了锆石SHRIMP铀-铅同位素年龄测定, 所获同位素年龄值为(138±4)Ma, MSWD值为2.3, 属中生代燕山期。根据上述同位素年代学数值, 同时结合其他地质与地球化学证据, 可以推测, 中生代时期, 受古板块内部构造应力调整作用影响, 苏-查萤石矿区及东西两侧曾发生过强烈构造-岩浆活动, 并且形成有敖包吐花岗岩株及相关的萤石矿床。中生代燕山期花岗岩类岩浆活动不仅为萤石矿床的形成提供了物质、动力和热力来源, 而且是成矿流体对流循环的“发动机”。对比分析结果表明, 敖包吐岩体的形成时间与华北陆台中东段许多含矿花岗岩体的成岩时代大体相似, 它们很可能是地壳演化特定阶段混源(壳、幔源)岩浆活动的产物。     

中国大陆新生代上地幔铅同位素特征

收集了新生代(含少量晚中生代) 301件幔源玄武岩的Pb同位素数据, 编制了系统的Pb同位素变化趋势(等值线) 图件, 现仅提供“中国大陆新生代上地幔的206Pb/204Pb比值变化趋势图”.图件显示, Pb同位素在南北方向的差异比较显著, 南北的界线大体从合肥-郑州-银川-汗腾格里峰, 结合Nd同位素的资料, 以206Pb/204Pb比值为18~18.5作为分界, 以北小于18~18.5;以南大于该值.此外初步辨认出该时期存在3种类型的地幔: 造山带地幔、裂谷型地幔及“非典型地幔”.与依据不同时代、各种类型的样品铅同位素的比值, 统一编制的“中国大陆岩石圈206Pb/204Pb比值变化趋势图”进行比较, 显示出在东北的西北部的206Pb/204Pb比值、南北向东经104°附近的高206Pb/204Pb比值区是否存在、渤海周边Pb异常区的强度以及华南DUPAL异常区问题等方面都有区别, 表明晚中生代-新生代时期, 中国大陆进入了一个新的软流圈地幔对流体系, 近代地幔并没有完全继承老地幔的全部特征而是被注入了新的软流圈物质.此外, 两张趋势图都显示了南北分块的特征, 而东西向的系统变化, 仅在近代Pb比值趋势图中华南块体的东南沿海地区出现, 暗示太平洋板块俯冲对中国大陆的影响处于次要地位.