GPU ray casting method for visualizing 3D pipelines in a virtual globe

Pipelines are an important part of urban infrastructure development. As part of a virtual globe (VG), the high-efficiency and high-quality visualization of 3D large-scale and high-density urban pipelines is of great importance. This paper proposes a GPU-based pipeline ray casting method for the visualization of urban-scale pipelines in the framework of a VG. The method involves the initial partitioning of the pipeline data into tiles, based on the relationship between the pipeline layer scale and the discrete global grid system (DGGSs). The pipeline centerline in each tile is then segmented and encoded, and a coarser pipeline bounding volume is subsequently constructed using a geometry shader. Finally, the fine 3D pipeline is rendered using a pixel shader. The results of the experimental implementation of the proposed method show that it satisfies the requirements for the multiscale visualization of pipelines in a VG. Moreover, compared with the traditional polygon-based method, the method facilitates a 20% increase in rendering frame rate for the same pixel level accuracy display effect. It also enables the visualization of the thickness of the 3D pipeline without any obvious effect on the rendering efficiency.     

三维场景可视化中的模型匹配方法研究

三维可视化已成为地理信息展示表达的主要方式之一。该文针对三维模型场景集成可视化中的地物模型与地形模型难以无缝匹配的问题,研究了一种基于Delaunay三角剖分的改造融合方法,通过实验验证,能够有效实现二者的紧密匹配。同时,为提高实际作业效率,该文还提出并实现了面向大范围海量三维数据组织的层—区—块—模型的4层索引机制。     

Study on visualization of virtual city model based on internet

With the rapid development of computer graphics, distributed-computing and Internet, it is possible to achieve Internet-based virtual city. This paper dwells on the method of the terrain and its feature modeling and complex entity modeling in the virtual city. Then, discusses the method for Internet-based virtual city 3D visualization and the design of the Browser/Server architecture of the system of virtual city in the network environment. Finally, Java and Java 3D are used to show an experiment example, and the related conclusion about Internet-based virtual city 3D displaying and the client-side interactive operation is given.     

Study on visualization of virtual city model based on internet

With the rapid development of computer graphics, distributed-computing and Internet, it is possible to achieve Internet-based virtual city. This paper dwells on the method of the terrain and its feature modeling and complex entity modeling in the virtual city. Then, discusses the method for Internet-based virtual city 3D visualization and the design of the Browser/Server architecture of the system of virtual city in the network environment. Finally, Java and Java 3D are used to show an experiment example, and the related conclusion about Internet-based virtual city 3D displaying and the client-side interactive operation is given.     

Building modeling for 3D city model

New development in urban planning, cityscape, real estate management and the like, calls for new demands for 3D city model. There are so many objects in 3D city model such as building, river, road, and so on. The building model is very important in 3D city model. In recent years,a lot of research work about visualization has been done. In our opinions,visualization is only a part of 313 city model, while interactive operation about buildings is rather important as well. In order to implement interactive operation (create , edit, query,etc. ), good data structure and model must be developed.     

Building modeling for 3D city model

New development in urban planning, cityscape, real estate management and the like, calls for new demands for 3D city model. There are so many objects in 3D city model such as building, river, road, and so on. The building model is very important in 3D city model. In recent years, a lot of research work about visualization has been done. In our opinions, visualization is only a part of 3D city model, while interactive operation about buildings is rather important as well. In order to implement interactive operation (create, edit, query, etc.), good data structure and model must be developed.     

三维仿真虚拟现实技术在城市规划中的应用

虚拟现实技术是一种可以创建和体验虚拟世界的计算机技术,利用此项技术,可以为城市规划与设计提供较好的感性认识。本文介绍了虚拟现实技术及其在城市规划设计中的作用,并探讨了城市真三维建模与可视化管理。     

Data model and visualization of 3D city landscape based on integrated databases

Data acquisition and modeling are the two important, difficult and costful aspects in a Cybercity project. 2D-GIS is mature and can manage a lot of spatial data. Thus 3D-GIS should make the best of data and technology of 2D-GIS. Construction of a useful synthetic environment requires integration of multiple types of information like DEM, texture images and 3D representation of objects such as buildings. In this paper, the method for 3D city landscape data model and visualization based on integrated databases is presented. Since, the data volume of raster are very huge, special strategies (for example, pyramid gridded method) must be adopted in order to manage raster data efficiently. Three different methods of data acquisition, the proper data structure and a simple modeling method are presented as well. At last, a pilot project of Shanghai Cybercity is illustrated.     

Data model and visualization of 3D city landscape based on integrated databases

Data acquisition and modeling are the two important, difficult and costful aspects in a Cybercity project. 2D-GIS is mature and can manage a lot of spatial data. Thus 3D-GIS should make the best of data and technology of 2D-GIS. Construction of a useful synthetic environment requires integration of multiple types of information like DEM, texture images and 3D representation of objects such as buildings. In this paper, the method for 3D city landscape data model and visualization based on integrated databases is presented. Since the data volume of raster are very huge, special strategies(for example, pyramid gridded method) must be adopted in order to manage raster data efficiently. Three different methods of data acquisition, the proper data structure and a simple modeling method are presented as well. At last, a pilot project of Shanghai Cybercity is illustrated.     

一种便捷的城市三维景观可视化方法

本文提出了基于城市CAD地形图和高分辨率遥感影像的城市景观三维建模方法。利用建筑物的多边形和层数属性,在二维GIS软件中以建筑物多边形为底、层数乘以每层高度为高,生成立柱体。再把立柱体和正射影像投影到DEM上,得到城市三维景观模型。本研究以南京市新街口地区为例,实验结果表明,该方法是一条经济而高效的城市景观三维可视化途径,可广泛应用在城市GIS的相关研究中。     

一种基于3ds Max与Smart 3D的三维模型构建方法

基于某大学图书馆点云数据及航摄相片,本文采用3ds Max与Smart 3D两种方法构建三维模型。一方面,采取人机交互的方式进行建模,将三维激光点云数据导入3ds Max软件建立三维数字模型;另一方面,使用半自动人工方式建模,采用Smart 3D软件,将航摄像片数据经过空三加密、自动建模、贴图等操作后对建筑实体建模。从建模效率、模型美观性、建模精度、适用对象等方面比较了两种建模方式的特点与区别。结果表明,3ds Max更加适用于规则体、高精度建模,同时建模的效率相对较低; Smart 3D建模效率高,更加适用于大场景范围的快速建模。本文研究结论有助于不同需求背景下建模方法的选取,为研究、工程及试验提供了三维建模方法选择参考。     

GIS中三维模型的视觉变量

视觉变量是作为平面图形符号设计的理论基础而提出来的,在平面地图的符号化中起着非常重要的作用。然而,平面地图符号中的视觉变量并不能完全适用于GIS中三维模型的视觉变量,本文首先对比分析了平面地图表达和三维GIS表达的特点和异同,然后提出了GIS中三维模型的视觉变量,即:形状、空间姿态、尺寸、纹理、明暗度(光照)、阴影和清晰度。     

A Web-based system enabling the integration,analysis, and 3D sub-surface visualization of groundwater monitoring data and geological models

The 3D Water Chemistry Atlas is an intuitive, open source, Web-based system that enables the three-dimensional (3D) sub-surface visualization of ground water monitoring data, overlaid on the local geological model (formation and aquifer strata). This paper firstly describes the results of evaluating existing virtual globe technologies, which led to the decision to use the Cesium open source WebGL Virtual Globe and Map Engine as the underlying platform. Next it describes the backend database and search, filtering, browse and analysis tools that were developed to enable users to interactively explore the groundwater monitoring data and interpret it spatially and temporally relative to the local geological formations and aquifers via the Cesium interface. The result is an integrated 3D visualization system that enables environmental managers and regulators to assess groundwater conditions, identify inconsistencies in the data, manage impacts and risks and make more informed decisions about coal seam gas extraction, waste water extraction, and water reuse.     

Web-based visualization of large 3D urban building models

Adaptive rendering of large urban building models has become an important research issue in three-dimensional (3D) geographic information system (GIS) applications. This study explores a way for rendering web-based 3D urban building models. A client–server hybrid rendering approach is presented for large 3D city models, stored on a remote server through a network. The approach combines an efficient multi-hierarchical building representation with a novel image-based method, 3D image impostor generated on demand by a remote server. This approach allows transferring complex scenes progressively while keeping high visualization quality. We also evaluated the rendering and data transferring performance of the proposed approach.     

一种顾及矿区地形特征的开采沉陷三维可视化实现方法

针对已有开采沉陷三维可视化方法中不能考虑矿区三维地形特征的不足,本文通过计算机语言编制开采沉陷预计程序对矿区地表点进行三维坐标变形预计计算与坐标融合计算,并基于数据传输的方式与ArcGIS进行结合,实现了顾及矿区三维地形特征的开采沉陷三维可视化。利用该方法生成的三维表面,克服了已有开采沉陷三维可视化方法中不能表现矿区地表塌陷后移动和变形状况的不足,而且能充分利用ArcGIS强大的空间分析与空间数据查询功能,实现了GIS在开采沉陷领域中的良好应用。     

GIS中三维模型的设计

研究了三维GIS中的空间信息传输模式,探讨了平面地图符号与三维模型的区别与联系,阐述了三维模型的确立、定位、简化描述和逻辑性设计。     

CityGML goes mobile: application of large 3D CityGML models on smartphones

CityGML, a semantic information model for digital/virtual city models has become quite popular in various scenarios. While the data format is still actively under development, it is already supported by different software solutions, especially GIS-based desktop applications. Mobile systems on the other hand are still neglected, even though the georeferenced objects of CityGML have many application fields, for example, in the currently popular area of location-based Augmented Reality. In this paper we present an independent multi-platform CityGML viewer, its architecture and specific implementation techniques that we use to realize and optimize the process of visualizing CityGML data for use in Augmented Reality. The main focus lies in improving the implementation on mobile devices, such as smartphones, and assessing its usability and performance in comparison to web-based approaches. Due to the constrained hardware resources of smartphones, it is a particular challenge to handle complex 3D objects and large virtual worlds as provided by CityGML, not only in terms of memory and storage space, but also with respect to mobile processing units and display sizes.     

城市三维管网建库及高效可视化

针对二维管线信息系统对于城市综合管网的展示缺乏直观化和综合化的问题,该文在构建三维管网数据库的基础上,提出了一种城市三维管网实时建模方法。无需事先建模,通过整合多种GIS和非GIS的管网数据,并结合三维管网数据库中的三维管网符号模型库和可视化参数配置,实现高效三维管网的实时建模和可视化。以重庆市某区域为例,生成的三维管网具有顾及LOD级别、效率高、仿真性好、保持GIS数据特性、支持动态更新等特点,结合三维城市模型和三维地质模型,可以实现地上地下一体化的三维效果。     

多视觉变量与单目视觉线索组合的三维地质模型增强可视化分析

可视化与可视化分析能有效提升枯燥、抽象数据的认知能力。然而,受地表环境要素遮挡、三维地质模型的不规则几何特征等要素影响,地下局部空间视觉表征中断,难以高效感知和交互分析地质要素及要素间的空间、属性特征。因此,本文提出了一种多种视觉变量和单目视觉线索组合的三维地质模型特征信息的增强可视化分析方法,实现了三维地质模型关键信息的增强表达与定量分析,并选择重大铁路某大桥和某隧道两个区域地质单元进行了案例试验分析。结果表明,与现有三维网格类标尺可视化分析方法相比,本文方法的精度和效率分别提升了13.63%、29.32%;根据参与者的调查统计分析,可视化效果与交互体验也有较大提升,证明本文方法可以更高效地感知和分析复杂三维地质模型场景中的关键特征信息。     

三维地质模型与可视化研究的现状分析

三维地质模型研究涉及到三维数据模型、三维构模技术和可视化处理等多个方面的内容,近年已成为国内外的研究热点。文中对三维地质数据模型的分类和三维可视化等方面的研究现状进行了总结,分析了三维地质模型建模方法和它们的优缺点,详细讨论了本领域目前的研究热点问题,指出了目前在三维地质建模方面存在的问题。对三维地质数据模型、三维地质模型的建模方法和三维可视化等方面的发展现状进行了总结,并指出了本领域存在的问题。