海洋沉积物中多环芳烃的分离和测定

多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAH)组分中,大多数具有致突变和致癌性。大气、土壤等自然环境中已经检测出了多种多环芳烃。近年来,在河流、内湾及沿岸海域的水体、沉积物中,也检测出了各种多环芳烃。多环芳烃在海洋环境中广泛存在,已经引起了人们的普遍重视。     

长江口外沉积物中多环芳烃结构类型的分布

本文采用色谱—质谱—质谱—计算机系统技术,分析了长江口外两个表层沉积物中多环芳烃组分,并探讨了其有机质的来源和地球化学特征。     

渤海湾中部表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布及其来源

通过对渤海湾中部海域19个站位表层沉积物样品中检测出的13种优控多环芳烃(EPAs)进行同分异构体、甲基菲、GC—MS定量等分析,探讨了研究区沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征、输入来源和污染水平,结果表明,研究区表层沉积物中多环芳烃总含量为2.1~374.8ng/g,平均值为33.1ng/g,多环芳烃总含量呈现出由近岸区向深海区递减的趋势,除最高值BG-60站位外,研究区与其他地区相比污染水平为中—低;化合物组成上以3~4环为主,5~6环次之,从多环芳烃组成以及异构体和甲基菲比值分析表明,研究区沉积物中PAHs以燃烧来源为主,石油类产品和石油化工燃料燃烧贡献最大,煤、木材燃烧贡献次之;高含量的菲和4个高成熟度异常点证实石油烃PAHs污染客观存在。     

厦门西港表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量分布特征及其污染来源

利用GC－FID对厦门西港1998年7月采得8个站位表层沉积物中的16种多环芳烃（PAHs)进行了分析。结果显示，16种多环芳烃总量分布范围为247－480ng/g，平均为367ng/g。与1993年的厦门港的分析结果相比较，多环芳烃的污染程度降低；同世界其他港口相比较，其污染程度相对较低。同时，分析了厦门港PAHs污染的分布特征及其可能的污染来源，表明其主要是由于人类的油污染及燃料燃烧引起的。     

粤东柘林湾表层沉积物中的多环芳烃

近岸海域是绝大数污染物的最终归宿,其中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染目前已成为国内外环境问题的焦点之一[1~3].20世纪80年代以来,国内外对河口湾、港湾、近岸海域等海洋环境中PAHs的含量、组成、分布、归趋及来源等做了大量的调查[4~15].比如,中国科学院广州地化所对珠三角水域和厦门大学对厦门港一带均做了大量的工作,结果发现表层沉积物中16种优控PAHs总量在珠江口达到156~9220 ng/g,闽江口为175~817ng/g,厦门西港则在196~675 ng/g之间,证明我国东南沿海主要河口及港湾沉积物中的PAHs污染已经达到中等水平[13~15].     

水流作用下沉积物中多环芳烃的释放过程研究

采用环形水槽研究了沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的释放过程,通过测定水相PAHs浓度考察不同流速下沉积物中PAHs释放情况。试验结果表明,沉积物中PAHs释放速率和释放量受水流流速影响很大,总体上∑PAHs浓度随水流流速增加呈上升趋势,从开始静水时的5.602 ug/L增加到流速为60 cm/s时的22.158 ug/L;各层∑PAHs浓度随流速增加变化趋势有所不同,表层和中层∑PAHs浓度随水流流速的增加呈现上升后下降的趋势,当水流流速分别为20 cm/s和25 cm/s时,表层和中层最大浓度分别为1.816 ug/L和1.902 ug/L;底层呈逐渐上升的趋势。各物质随水流变化表现出的变化趋势略有不同,各层苊烯和蒽浓度随水流作用变化不大,萘、苊、菲、荧蒽、芘和屈随水流变化总体上呈现上升后下降的趋势。研究还发现沉积物再悬浮引起PAHs释放的同时伴随着沉积物对PAHs的吸附过程。     

海洋沉积物中稠环芳烃的研究进展

稠环芳烃 (ＰＡＨｓ)广泛存在于自然界中 ,具有致癌性和诱变性 ,是人类健康的潜在危险物。近二三十年来 ,人们从河流、内湾及沿岸海域水体和沉积物中检测出各种ＰＡＨｓ。全世界每年约有２３０００ｔＰＡＨｓ进入海洋环境中 ,ＰＡＨｓ在海洋环境中普遍存在已引起人们的高度重视。环境中ＰＡＨｓ含量一般在１０-９～１０-１０级水平。ＰＡＨｓ分析属微量或超微量分析 ,分析方法、仪器设备要求严格。７０年代前 ,由于分析手段的限制对ＰＡＨｓ研究较少。８０年代后 ,由于工业发展和人们对健康的关注 ,国内外对ＰＡＨｓ的研究逐渐成为热点 ,逐…     

大亚湾海域水体和沉积物中多环芳烃分布及其生态危害评价

1999年8月首次采集大亚湾海域14个站位的次表层水和表层沉积物样品,分析其中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)单体的含量,探讨其可能的来源,并进行典型有机污染物生态危害评价。结果表明,海水中PAHs平均含量为10984±8461ng·L-1,变化范围为4228—29325ng·L-1;表层沉积物中PAHs平均含量为481±316ng·g-1,变化范围为115—1134ng·g-1;大亚湾海域PAHs含量比其它近岸海区相对较高。PAHs的组成在水体中以3环为主,在沉积物中以4环为主。菲/蒽和荧蒽/芘比值显示沉积物中PAHs来自化石燃料的燃烧和成岩作用的输入。PAHs在沉积物/水中的富集系数平均值为72,变化范围为9—756。大亚湾海域水体PAHs污染严重而表层沉积物污染较轻,显示尚有较大量的PAHs输入。为保持大亚湾海洋生态系统的可持续发展,必须加强PAHs的监测,特别是生物体中PAHs含量的分析。     

黄海近岸日照段表层沉积物中多环芳烃的来源解析研究

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是指广泛存在于环境中由两个以上的苯环以稠环形式相连的有机污染物。目前发现的大部分PAHs具有致癌、致畸和致突变性,可通过食物链进入生态系统,其毒性和持久性严重影响了生态环境和人类的健康。PAHs的疏水亲脂性使它们在水体中的含量较低,大部分被水体中的悬浮颗粒物吸附,并迅速进入沉积物中。沉积物中的PAHs还能通过食物链的逐级传递向水体释放,造成二次污染[1-2]。     

吕泗渔场表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及生态风险评价

2013年5月采集吕泗渔场海域15个站位的表层沉积物,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对样品中的多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)进行了测定,分析了该海域PAHs的分布特征及来源,并对其进行了生态风险评价。结果表明,吕泗渔场表层沉积物中优控的16种PAHs均有检出,PAHs的含量范围为31.5~109.6ng/g,平均值为54.5ng/g。PAHs的浓度整体上呈现由近岸到远海递减的趋势。与国内其他海区相比较,本研究区域的污染处于较低水平;通过特征组分比例确定吕泗渔场大部分站位表现为煤燃烧源、石油燃烧源的混合来源,LS13、LS14、LS15表现为以煤燃烧源为主的单一来源;生态风险评价显示,吕泗渔场表层沉积物中多环芳烃存在严重的生态风险的概率极小。     

Effects of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons on lysosomal membranes in molluscs

Lysosomal sequestration of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAHs), a major class of environmental contaminant, is a well-established phenomenon;¹ considerably less is known about their pathological effects on lysosomes. Marine molluscs contain a number of lysosome-rich tissues and PNAHs are known to induce deleterious alterations in lysosomal structure and latency of lysosomal enzymes.² The latter are presumed to involve destabilisation of the lysosomal membrane, resulting in increased permeability and reduced enzyme latency. If lysosomal injury involves derangement of membrane-lipid structure due to the interaction of PNAHs then it would be expected that membrane damage would be closely linked to the structural characteristics of the intruding molecule. Our results show that the effects of the isomeric PNAHs phenanthrene and anthracene on digestive cell lysosomal stability were markedly different in the marine mussel (Mytilus edulis) over the same range of tissue concentrations. Lysosomal membrane stability was determined using a cytochemical test for enzyme latency.³     

(Laser-excited) Shpol'skii fluorometry: applications in marine environmental analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

Shpol'skii spectroscopy is a technique that can be employed to obtain highly resolved spectral signatures of molecules. The high-resolution spectra are obtained by using n-alkanes as solvents that form neat crystalline matrices at low temperatures. The specificity and sensitivity of the Shpol'skii method can be further improved by application of selective laser excitation. Summarizing, Shpol'skii spectra show the highly specific fingerprinting properties of IR spectra, but at the same time have the inherently high sensitivity of fluorescence techniques.In this paper attention will be given to principles and general experimental aspects of the Shpol'skii technique. Furthermore, some applications in environmental analysis will be discussed in more detail: (1) the qualitative determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in suspended matter collected in estuarine water; (2) the quantitative determination of PAH in NRCC sediment reference material SES-1; and (3) the application of laser-excited Shpol'skii spectroscopy for the qualitative determination of PAH in crude extracts of biotic samples. It is shown that the Shpol'skii technique can be used successfully as an independent reference method for both qualitative and quantitative checks of conventionally used determination methods. Because of the high selectivity of the low-temperature method, PAH can be quantitatively determined without any sample clean-up, even in extremely complex biotic samples.     

湛江湾柱状沉积物n-alkanes和PAHs组合分子特征及其环境指示作用

本文对湛江湾湾内、湾口和湾外柱状沉积物n-alkanes和PAHs的空间分布、成分谱特征和排放源进行调查分析。结果表明:(1)n-alkanes和PAHs的空间分布一致,浓度水平由高到低依次为:湾内、湾口、湾外,垂直变化不明显;(2)n-alkanes和PAHs的成分谱和L/H、CPI、Ant/(Ant+Phe)、Flu/(Flu+Pyr)、BaA/(BaA+Chry)、IP/(IP+BghiP)等特征参数比值以及主成分分析结果表明C₂₅～C₃₅高碳数n-alkanes的高等植物贡献具有绝对优势,C₁₄～C₂₄中低碳数的n-alkanes和PAHs则有共同的石油、化石燃料燃烧和生物质燃烧等人为源;(3)C₁₄～C₂₄中低碳n-alkanes与PAHs的源解析结果相同,其线性相关系数在0.67以上,表明两者具有较好的相关性,但两者之间的定量关系还需进一步的研究。本研究表明n-alkanes和PAHs对人为源的指示具有一致性,两者具有良好的相关性,能够较好地反映城市的社会经济状况,在进一步的研究中可以建立两者之间的定量关系并形成新的参数,提高人为源解析结果的准确性,深入反映人类活动对海洋环境的影响。     

黄河口及近海表层沉积物中烃类化合物的组成和分布

为探讨黄河口近海表层沉积物有机质中烃类化合物的分布特征及输运过程,2003年9月采集了南北两个断面表层沉积物样品,对沉积物中正构烷烃和多环芳烃进行了分析,结果表明,黄河口表层沉积物中正构烷烃和多环芳烃的含量分别为0.38~2.55和0.371~0.650μg/g。在南北断面两种烃类化合物的分布明显不同:北断面受石油平台影响,烃类化合物在口门含量较高;南断面受黄河输入影响,由于大颗粒易于沉降,而吸附烃类化合物的能力较强的小颗粒易长距离输运,使这两种烃类化合物的含量从河口到近海整体呈上升的趋势。与北断面相比,南断面受水生源影响相对较弱,而且水生源的贡献随着离岸距离的增加而加强,在最大浑浊带后水生源急剧增强;在南断面多环芳烃主要来源为热解源,北断面多环芳烃受热解源和石油污染的共同影响。     

The effects of dissolved organic matter on the aqueous partitioning of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

The partitioning of six polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons into aqueous solutions containing dissolved organic matter from various coastal environments was investigated by liquid chromatography. Specific hydrocarbon-organic matter interactions were observed. The greatest interactions occurred with the very low solubility hydrocarbons and with organic matter of terrestrial origin. Ultrafiltration experiments suggested that it was the relatively high (greater than approximately 500) molecular weight organic matter that was interacting with the hydrocarbons.     

Effects of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons on fishes and shellfish: An overview of research in virginia

This paper discusses the following topics related to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon pollution in estuaries: (1) the use of oysters (Crassostrea virginica), hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) and brackish water clams (Rangia cuneata) in residue monitoring; (2) the effects of elevated PAH residues on oyster condition; (3) three years of field studies relating PAH sediment contamination to abnormalities in fishes; and (4) laboratory bioassays for effects and bioconcentration modeling. Oysters, hard clams and Rangia have been shown, from 3 years of field studies, to be good monitors of pollution inputs as one proceeds along salinity gradients from 25‰ to 0·5‰. Effects of increased body burdens of PAHs are shown by a lowering of the oysters' condition index, as measured by lipid levels. Fishes inhabiting the Elizabeth River, VA, which is highly contaminated with PAHs, have abnormalities (cataracts, skin lesions, abnormal fins, etc.). These abnormalities have higher incidence in regions of the river where the sediments are more heavily contaminated. Laboratory studies utilizing contaminated sediments have reproduced some of the abnormalities observed in the field. Bioconcentration of PAHs from sediments has been studied with oysters and hard clams. Oysters generally accumulate three times the body burdens of clams exposed to the same suspensions. A faster depuration rate (k₂) for clams appears to be responsible for the higher equilibrium body burden of oysters.     

江苏省沿海区域水环境容量计算研究

在江苏省沿海开发战略发展的背景下,研究海洋水体环境容量是实施海洋污染物总量控制和合理利用海洋资源的基础和前提。以江苏省沿海区域(包括连云港、盐城、南通在内的沿海三市)作为研究对象,根据人海排污口排污方式的不同,将沿海排污区域划分为沿岸区域和离岸区域两部分,分别建立了2种区域的水环境容量计算方法。结合近岸海域二维水动力水质模型和污染物通量计算模型对三市的沿海区域水环境容量、人海河流污染物通量分别进行了测算。在此基础上测算得到2007年沿海三市污染排放贡献率,并通过污染排放贡献率计算得到沿海三市最大允许人海量。结果表明,江苏省沿海区域COD的水环境容量为1 249 231 t/a,其中沿岸海域水环境容量为968 921 t/a,离岸海域水环境容量为280 310 t/a,沿海三市的COD排放贡献率为44%;江苏省沿海区域氨氮的水环境容量为73 658 t/a,其中沿岸海域水环境容量为47 728t/a,离岸海域水环境容量为25 930 t/a,沿海三市的氨氮排放贡献率为65%。该研究成果可为江苏省沿海区域开发中的环境保护提供技术支撑。