The ecophysiology of under-ice fauna

During exposure to low salinity, the under-ice amphipods Gammarus wilkitzkii and Onisimus glacialis appeared as euryhaline osmoregulators, displaying regulation of haemolymph concentrations of sodium and chloride. Free amino acids took part in the regulation. During freezing and brine formation, the amphipods were freeze-sensitive and did not tolerate being frozen into solid ice. However, they could stay in the vicinity of the ice, conforming osmotically to the ambient brine and thus lowering the melting point of the amphipods' body fluids. This prevented internal ice formation in the absence of antifreeze agents (THF) in the haemolymph. When G. wilkitzkii, O. glacialis and Apherusa glacialis were exposed to dilute seawater, elevated rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were observed. The O:N atomic ratio was kept nearly constant during hyposmotic stress, indicating protein/lipids as metabolic substrate. Rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion increased with increasing osmotic differences between the haemolymph and the medium, indicating higher energy requirements for osmotic and ionic regulation at low salinities. A minor decrease in haemolymph sodium concentrations coincided with the increased ammonia output during hyposmotic stress, indicating a possible counter ion regulation of NH⁺₄ and Na⁺. An increased rate of oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion and 0:N ratio versus temperature was observed for all species.     

中国原油进口风险度以及对国内不同区域的影响分析

1993年中国开始从原油输出国变为原油输入国,到2010年,中国的原油进口依赖度高达53%。原油进口来源国的社会经济稳定性、原油运输线路的安全性影响到中国原油进口的安全性。本文根据ITIRI的综合国际贸易投资风险指数和原油运输线路的安全性,设计了中国从其主要原油进口来源国进口原油的风险指数。然后分析了中国各省级行政区对原油进口消费的依赖度,中国六个大区石化工业和八个石油化工基地对进口原油的依赖程度。从而分析了它们对进口原油风险的敏感度。本研究的结论是:第一,中国重要的原油进口来源国比较集中,且集中在社会经济不十分稳定的国家。第二,原油进口风险对沿海地区经济的影响远高于对内陆地区的影响。第三,沪宁杭、琼粤闽和长江中游石化基地是受原油进口风险影响最大的三个基地。根据这些结论,本文提出两方面建议:第一,建议中国原油进口来源与运输方式尽量多元化,以规避风险。第二,中国原油战略储备基地应考虑对原油进口风险敏感度大的地区。     

越南石油生产和出口形势变化及其对中国的影响

越南石油产量快速上升,在2006年达到峰值后而迅速下降。为改变油品几乎全靠进口的状况,着手大力兴建炼厂。因而石油进出口形势将发生逆转。预计2013年后就可成为原油净进口国（进口量可达3—5千万吨）且将大量出口油品。此前越南是中国的原油进口源国和油品（特别是轻质油）的出口目的地。越南石油形势的重大变化将对中国和东亚石油格局产生一定的影响。     

Dose dependent effects of plumage-oiling on thermoregulation of Common Eiders Somateria mollissima residing in water

Thermoregulatory effects which occur during the first hours after plumage-oiling were studied under laboratory conditions by measuring the metabolic heat production of Common Eiders ( Somateria mollissima ) which were resting in water for up to three hours. The ducks were exposed to 10-70 mL Statfjord A crude oil while residing in water inside a respiration chamber at 5.5°C. The study demonstrated a dose-and time-dependent effect of plumage oiling on metabolic heat production during the first three hours after contact with the oil. The results indicate that the immediate, short-term effects following initial contact with oil at sea are lesser in scale than those which occur after the birds have preened the oil into a greater part of their plumage. After plumage contamination with 70 mL crude oil, the rate of heat loss exceeded the thermoregulatory heat production capacity and the Eiders became hypothermic within 70 minutes after contamination.     

全球原油贸易网络视角下的亚洲溢价与中日印韩原油潜在竞争关系

随着全球原油贸易关系的复杂化和亚洲原油需求的上升,全球能源市场的“亚洲溢价”现象成为需要关注的议题。本文基于全球石油贸易网络复杂性视角,选取1993—2018年国际原油贸易数据进行样本数据考察,通过构建复杂网络模型和潜在竞争指数,对全球原油贸易网络中的亚洲溢价现象和中日印韩四国潜在竞争力进行分析。结果表明：全球原油贸易集团分化交融,中日印韩呈现出贸易集团化的趋势。从全球原油贸易网络指标来看,中日印韩四国在全球原油贸易网络地位和影响力不断提升,有力推动了全球原油消费中心向亚太地区转移。潜在竞争指数表明,中国与日本、印度、韩国的潜在原油竞争关系呈现出不同特征,中日表现出“先强后弱”的特点,而中印、中韩表现为整体持续增强的特征。     

我国石油资源空间流动的形成机制

石油资源流动是实现石油资源时空配置的过程。从对比21世纪初和20世纪末我国石油资源的空间流动格局入手,分析格局变化特征及其影响因素,在此新格局下,以互动模型(阿隆索模型)为基础,构建区域石油资源流动机制模型,并结合区域的对外交通区位度,将我国石油资源的输流机制划分为供给主导型和交通拉动型,汇流机制划分为交通拉动型和需求拉动型,交流机制划分为递接性交流和集散性交流等类型,并以石油流动形成机制为指导,建议将陕西培养成我国石油资源的东西交流中心,并强化广东省的南北交流职能,以期优化我国石油资源的流动配置水平。     

Low temperature tolerance and osmotic regulation in the amphipod Gammarus oceanicus from Spitsbergen waters

The amphipod Gammarus oceanicus can survive being frozen into solid sea ice at a temperature of –6 to 7C- The animals appear to be supercooled at this temperature. No thermal hysteresis agents were present the haemolymph, and the prevention of internal freezing in the animals thus requires a body surface with a low Permeability to water and ice. Gammarus oceanicus is a euryhaline species. Below 700 mOsm seawater, it displays a very efficient osmoregulation, whereas it is an osmoconformer at seawater osmolalities above this value. At +5°C the amphipods die whenever their body fluid osmolality exceeds about 1000 mOsm. When the animals are trapped in freezing seawater, the osmolality of the brine may exceed this value considerably. The tolerance of the animals to hyperosmotic stress thus seems to be higher at subzero temperatures than at +5°C.     

20世纪末期中国石油资源空间流动格局与流场特征

本研究以“1999年分省能源平衡表”及石油资源贸易与转运资料为基础,首先将全国26个石油流动省份划分为基本自给型、半自给型、净支出型和净补给型四种石油资源流动平衡类型及输流中心、汇流中心和交流中心三大流动职能类型,分析得出中国石油资源流动在地理空间上表现为集中输流和分散汇流的特征,其中源地系统的空间形态为直角三角形,汇地系统为直角梯形,源—汇复合系统则为钝角三角形。其次依据资源位势梯度力将中国石油流动划分为北部、西北、华东和华南四大流场。北部流场的石油流动轨迹在东北区呈现树状网络结构、在华北区为单枝二叉树结构,西北流场的流动轨迹形态为“X”形结构,华东流场为多中心“Ⅲ”字形结构,华南流场则为“Y”形结构。     

Characteristics of plant calcium fractions for 25 species in Tengger Desert

Little attention has been paid to plant calcium fractions in the desert.To address the characteristic of the calcium fractions of desert plants,we collected 25 plant species in Tengger Desert,observed the calcium crystals using an optical microscope and determined water soluble calcium,acetic acid soluble calcium,and hydrochloric acid soluble calcium.To do so,we used sequential fractionation procedures to probe the relationships among different functional groups,different growth forms,or different successional stages.The results showed that the psammophyte,the late successional plants,and the drought-resistant shrub and semi-shrub all held considerable calcium oxalate crystal compared to the grassland plants,the early successional plants,and the perennial herb.With the proceeding succession,the acetic acid soluble calcium decreased gradually,and the hydrochloric acid soluble calcium increased gradually.The perennial herb had more water soluble calcium,while shrub held greater hydrochloric acid soluble calcium.The grassland plants held more water soluble calcium,while psammophyte had greater hydrochloric acid soluble calcium.This implies that the plants that are relatively sensitive to drought hold more calcium ion,while the drought-resistance plants hold more calcium oxalate.Thus,the plant calcium components are in close relation to plant drought-resistance,and of important significance in plant physiology of the desert.     

Bitumen Prices and Structural Changes in North American Crude Oil Markets

In an earlier report, changes in bitumen prices at Hardesty, Alberta, Canada, were modeled as the responses to changes in monthly prices of Hardesty light/medium crude oil for the period 2000–2006 with a simple error correction econometric model. This note re-examines that price relationship for the period 2009–2014. Over the period 2006–2014, there was also rapid growth in North American light oil production from low-permeability carbonate, sandstone, and shale reservoirs. During that period, Canadian raw bitumen production grew by more than 12% per year and there was significant geographical diversification in its markets. Results of the statistical analysis showed that the change in the dynamic relationships between bitumen prices and Hardesty light oil prices probably reflected, in part, the maturation of bitumen markets and closer integration with North American light oil markets. The analysis also examines the dynamic relationships between bitumen prices and West Texas Intermediate and Brent international benchmark crude oil prices. Ideally, if bitumen prices are found to be closely related to a widely traded benchmark crude oil, the benchmark crude oil price forecasts could be used as a basis for predicting bitumen prices. However, neither of international benchmark crude oils tested had high explanatory power.     

中国石油资源空间流动的驱动机制分析

采用重心分析方法、指示克里金内插方法和空间相关系数,探讨了中国石油资源空间流动的驱动机制,结果表明：① 多数年份内,汇地系统重心演变受经济发展的影响更大;而2003 年以后经济重心对源地系统重心的影响也在逐渐加强。② 从源地系统空间相关分析来看,石油生产-进口量的区域差异,决定了源地系统与国内油田和国内油田-石油进口港（口岸） 的空间相关程度;而石油流动要素的空间分布及演变,对空间相关系数的数值变化产生一定影响,这使得源地系统在1985 和1995 年主要由单一国内油田驱动机制所决定,在1999、2003 和2009 年则由国内油田-进口石油港（口岸）的双重驱动机制所决定。③ 对汇地系统来说,国内炼厂的资源需求是汇地系统空间格局演变的重要驱动力。     

Effect of olive oil cake on water holding capacity of sandy soils in Libya

The effect of adding olive oil cake to two sandy soils on their abilities to retain water was investigated under controlled conditions. Olive oil cake was applied to the soils in pots and rates equivalent to 0, 5, 10, and 20% by weigh of the air-dried soil. Pots were incubated for 3 weeks at controlled conditions.The results show that the addition of oil cake significantly increased (P 0·05) the ability of the two sandy soils studied to retain water under all applied tensions. However, treatments with highest percentage of oil cake applied, had significantly higher water retention compared to those which had less. In terms of available water, which was calculated as the difference in volumetric water content between field capacity (-33 KPa) and wilting point (1·5 MPa), the highest olive oil cake applied doubled this difference in comparison to the control. An effect of soil texture was also noted. Generally, the influence of olive oil cake on the available moisture percentage was more pronounced in sand than the sandy loam.     

Evaluation of throughflow interceptors for controlling secondary soil and water salinity in dryland agricultural areas of southwestern Australia : II. Hydrological study

Short-term hydrological measurements at one site show that throughflow provided the dominant input of water but not of soluble salts to the salt-affected land. Interceptors will therefore reduce saltland waterlogging caused by inputs of throughflow from valley sides. Leakages through and beneath the monitored interceptors are problems which are partly attributable to incorrect design and construction, and partly to unfavourable soil properties.The salinity of deeper groundwaters was also too low to account for the quantities of soluble salts being exported from the site. This finding suggests that a proportion of the salts accumulated in situ and have only recently been mobilized within the site by increased inputs of fresh throughflow and relatively fresh groundwaters from the catchment of the salt-affected area.Control of deeper groundwater movements as well as throughflow is probably necessary in most locations, but the precise combinations in different situations, and the most appropriate techniques for controlling these water movements, require further research. Increased groundwater discharges are attributed to reduced transpiration by the replacement of deep-rooted, indigenous vegetation with shallow-rooted, seasonally growing exotic crops and pastures, rather than to increased groundwater recharge. The ideal method of controlling both water systems is likely to involve farm management strategies on saltland catchments, employing commercially useful vegetation which simulates the hydrological role of the native species, in conjunction with improvement of soil properties.     

Volatility of Bitumen Prices and Implications for the Industry

Sustained crude oil price increases have led to increased investment in and production of Canadian bitumen to supplement North American oil supplies. For new projects, the evaluation of profitability is based on a prediction of the future price path of bitumen and ultimately light/medium crude oil. This article examines the relationship between the bitumen and light crude oil prices in the context of a simple error-correction economic-adjustment model. The analysis shows bitumen prices to be significantly more volatile than light crude prices. Also, the dominant effect of an oil price shock on bitumen prices is immediate and is amplified, both in absolute terms and percentage price changes. It is argued that the bitumen industry response to such market risks will likely be a realignment toward vertical integration via new downstream construction, mergers, or on a de facto basis by the establishment of alliances.     

咸水灌溉对黄河蜜瓜产量和品质的影响

分析了不同矿化度(0.8 g·L^-1、2 g·L^-1和5 g·L^-1)灌溉水灌溉对黄河蜜瓜产量、作物抗性和果实品质的影响.结果表明:随着灌溉水矿化度的增加,作物耗水量逐渐降低,间苗后第49天之前耗水量明显降低,但随着高矿化度水持续使用,耗水量在定植后第49天有所增加;作物叶面积指数和叶面积持续时间不断降低;果实上市产量不断降低,但果实个数没有明显变化;收获指数不断增加;果实的可溶物总量明显增加;单个果实的种子数量明显增加;果实形状指数明显增加,灌溉水矿化度越高瓜形越接近球形.土壤电导率超过2.7 dS·m^-1时每增加单位土壤电导率作物总产量降低12.7%.     

黄河三角洲石油污染对湿地芦苇和碱蓬幼苗生长影响的模拟研究

黄河三角洲湿地是中国最具代表性的滨海湿地之一,也是中国第二大油田——胜利油田的产油区,石油污染已成为本区湿地生态系统退化的重要因子。在温室条件下模拟研究了该区滨海湿地土壤中2种不同浓度(0.5%、2.0%)石油污染对黄河三角洲地区典型物种芦苇(Phragmites australis)和盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,随着石油浓度的增高,芦苇和盐地碱蓬株高的受抑制程度不断增强,随着时间的推移,石油污染对芦苇分蘖的抑制作用减弱,而对盐地碱蓬幼苗的分枝数抑制作用加大。随石油浓度的增加,盐地碱蓬幼苗叶片中可溶性蛋白质含量先升高后降低,丙二醛含量和过氧化物酶活力先降低后升高,过氧化氢酶活力显著降低;芦苇幼苗则对石油污染表现出相对较强的耐受性。不同石油污染条件下芦苇幼苗叶片叶绿素含量表现出先下降后升高的变化趋势。从整体上来看,石油烃类污染对盐地碱蓬幼苗的抑制作用要高于芦苇幼苗,也说明在处理石油烃类污染物中芦苇比碱蓬更具有优势。     

美国对伊朗石油禁运与全球能源安全

2018年6月美国针对伊朗启动了史上最严厉的石油禁运政策,要求所有国家于11月停止从伊朗进口石油,否则相关国家和企业都将面临美国的经济制裁,并无意给予任何国家豁免权。当前,中国、日本、韩国、印度和欧盟等世界重要的石油进口国已经做出回应,除中国明确拒绝美国的单边制裁继续保持与伊朗的石油贸易外,其他主要石油进口国都大量削减从伊朗的石油进口。沙特阿拉伯等石油生产国也承诺通过石油增产来维护全球能源市场的稳定,以支持美国对伊朗的制裁。在经济全球化的大趋势下,美国对伊朗的石油禁运,势必引发全球能源市场的动荡,改变全球石油政治格局以及相关利益方的石油权益。这些方面会涉及到全球油价的波动、不同国家的石油安全与应对政策、世界能源贸易稳定与地缘政治格局的变动等。长期关注能源地缘政治的专家学者围绕美国对伊朗的石油禁运可能产生的影响发表观点,专家们认为美国此举是战略两难的困境,短期内对将会引起世界石油短缺及油价波动,甚至可能导致OPEC减产协议崩溃,改变世界主要进口国的进口规模以及来源结构,但对世界石油市场的长期影响有限。伊朗将寻求打折出售原油、替代港口出口以及多元化出口3条生存路径,目前最大的隐患是伊朗或将封锁霍尔木兹海峡,但是此举目前可能性不大。伊朗石油禁运具有长期性和复杂性,对中国既是机遇也是挑战,中国在“一带一路”倡议下与伊朗保持正常的石油贸易是双赢的选择,但需要谨慎对待由此引发的能源地缘政治的风险,提升能源安全应对的措施。期待各方观点对伊朗石油禁运引发的能源地缘政治格局以及中国的能源安全的解析,能够为相关政策制定者提供理论借鉴。     

松花江冰封期江水和沉积物中汞形态研究

2005年12月中、下旬对松花江哈达湾至佳木斯江段冰封期江水和沉积物进行了采样与分析。结果表明,江水总汞质量浓度为29.74~136.88 ng/L,均值为50.21 ng/L,以悬浮颗粒态为主(53.38%~85.99%)。沉积物总汞的质量分数介于0.013~1.543 mg/kg之间,与铁、锰和有机碳含量呈显著正相关;运用连续化学浸提法,对哨口至松原江段沉积物汞的形态进行了分析,沉积物汞主要以碱溶态、强有机质结合态和残渣态存在,可交换态和盐酸溶态汞的比例较小,仅占总汞的0.91%~33.7%。研究发现,沉积物再悬浮作用是影响松花江冰封期江水悬浮颗粒态汞及总汞空间分布的主要因子,沉积物汞释放是一个缓慢长期的过程。     

全球石油供应下新地缘政治经济格局分析

本文选取1994年1月到2011年12月的时间序列数据,从地缘政治视角研究国际石油供给的格局及石油价格波动主导权。首先通过ArcGIS分类来展现石油供给的地缘政治格局总体面貌;其次对国际石油价格波动主导权进行实证分析,结果显示石油存储量与石油价格之间并非简单的线性关系,且在金融危机时期呈现负相关关系,在地缘政治事件频发时期呈现正相关关系;进一步对主导权量化估算,结果表明,国际石油价格波动主导权更多的掌控在OECD需求方,即金融业主导国家。随着时间的推移,NonOECD需求方与石油供给方对国际石油价格主导权逐渐增加,同时,金融因素对国际油价波动的主导权不容忽视。     

Considering temperature dependence of thermo-physical properties of sandy soils in two scenarios of oil pollution

We analyzed the heat conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of sandy soil contaminated in two scenarios of oil pollution, and also determined the temperature dependencies of these changed thermophysical properties. In the first pollution scenario, the oil product was introduced into wet river sand, and in the second case, dry sand was contaminated by the oil product and was then moistened with water. By considering these two scenarios as multicomponent dispersion systems with varying degrees of contamination and humidity, and by using a polystructural granular model with pore spaces and closed inclusions, we calculated that the heat conductivity of the sandy soil increased under the first pollution scenario and decreased under the second, but the change in the volumetric heat capacity of the sandy soil was proportional only to the amount of oil pollution, not the manner in which it was introduced. We also determined the temperature dependencies of these two thermophysical properties of sandy soil when polluted by oil, of which information will be useful for future containment and remediation of oil-contaminated soil.