多层砂土地基扩底桩单桩抗压模型试验及颗粒流模拟研究

利用室内半模试验和颗粒流数值模拟,揭示多层砂土地基扩底桩单桩抗压承载特性及变形特征。结果表明,通过对比分析极限承载力与H_h/D(持力层厚度与扩大头直径之比)的关系可以看出,单桩的抗压极限承载力随H_h/D逐渐增加,当H_h/D超过2.0时,极限承载力基本不再增加,此时的单桩抗压极限承载力稳定在300.01~303.25 N,是H_h/D=0.5时极限承载力(183.83 N)的1.65倍。扩大头下部土体发生局部压缩-剪切破坏,破坏面从扩大头底面边缘向斜下方扩展,在水平方向影响范围达到最大后逐渐向桩内侧收缩;荷载作用越大,地基破坏区域越大,相应的极限抗压承载力也越大;持力层厚度增加,扩大头分担的荷载比例增大,分担的荷载达到稳定需要的桩顶位移也越大,H_h=0.5 D试验扩大头分担的荷载比例稳定时为60%,对应的桩顶位移约为29 mm;桩顶位移达到33 mm后,H_h=1.0~3.0 D试验稳定在63%~65%之间;通过细观颗粒流理论对砂土移动特性的研究发现,持力层厚度从0.5 D增大至2.0 D,破坏面的起始扩展角度从31°增大至42°。数值模拟研究结果与模型试验数据吻合效果良好,证明该方法分析多层砂土地基扩底桩单桩抗压荷载传递机理是可行的。     

桩靴贯入黏土层时邻近群桩相互作用分析

为研究钻井船插桩对邻近平台群桩相互作用的影响,采用耦合欧拉拉格朗日(CEL)方法对桩靴贯入黏土层时邻近群桩中各桩荷载分担比、桩头附加位移及两桩相互作用系数进行了分析。首先通过对缩尺模型试验的数值分析,验证了CEL方法的可行性;然后进一步分析了桩靴贯入黏土层时对邻近群桩相互作用的影响;最后探讨了净间距、桩间距对群桩相互作用的影响。结果表明,在桩靴贯入中,前桩的荷载分担比大于后桩,且桩靴贯入至一定深度后,当净间距越小或桩间距越大时,前桩的荷载分担比越大、后桩的荷载分担比越小,但各桩的荷载分担比随桩靴贯入深度增加时的变化规律不变;净间距越大,桩头附加位移及相互作用系数越小;在桩靴贯入时,由于受群桩遮拦效应的影响,桩头附加位移及相互作用系数随桩间距的变化规律同插桩前有所不同,当桩间距大于3倍桩径时,随桩间距的增加而减小,当桩间距小于3倍桩径时,随桩间距的增加而增大。     

离岸深水全直桩码头承载性能有限元分析

全直桩码头是适于软土地基上离岸深水海域的新型高桩码头结构型式,其承载机理与传统高桩码头存在较大差异,且软土地基循环软化效应显著。建立全直桩码头结构与地基相互作用三维弹塑性有限元模型,基于二次开发采用拟静力法对土体循环软化效应进行模拟。通过有限元模型研究全直桩码头的承载特性与破坏模式,并探讨水平极限承载力的影响因素。研究表明水平荷载作用下,基桩的塑性破坏是结构失稳的控制因素,地基土体的承载力对结构水平极限承载力不起决定性作用;竖向荷载作用下,结构竖向极限承载力由地基土体强度决定。研究范围内入土深度对结构水平极限承载力影响不大,但桩壁厚度减小或考虑土体软化后,结构水平极限承载力明显降低。设计中,增加入土深度可有效减小土体软化引起的水平极限承载力降低程度,且应考虑结构腐蚀和土体软化对水平极限承载力的双重降低效应,为钢管桩预留足够的腐蚀富裕量。     

基于API规范的海上大直径钢管桩静压载试验分析

大直径钢管桩在海洋工程建设中的使用越来越广泛。海上大直径钢管桩试桩周期长、难度大,相关测试数据及研究成果较为少见。本文基于美国石油行业协会API规范,分析了某海上风电大直径钢管桩静压载试验数据,研究了桩侧阻力与桩端阻力随压荷载变化关系。结果表明,对于本文分析的海上大直径钢管桩,其土塞状态一般为不完全闭塞,计算抗压极限承载力时应计入桩管内侧摩阻力;桩侧摩阻力随压荷载增大而逐渐发挥,相同荷载作用下,无黏性土地层侧摩阻力发挥程度较黏性土高;桩端土体破坏分为弹性变形与塑性变形两个阶段,两阶段端阻发挥程度分别可达约50%和80%,当桩端产生0.05d位移时,桩体达到极限平衡状态。     

端承型桩承载力离心模型试验中的粒径效应研究

利用modeling of models的方法研究端承型桩承载力离心模型试验中的粒径效应。在模拟同一原型时,不同桩径的模型桩,桩身压缩性及桩长均不同,导致侧摩阻力发挥机理及程度不同,本文分别探讨了桩端阻力,侧摩阻力及承载力(桩顶荷载)的粒径效应对承载机理和承载特性的影响。结果表明,桩端阻力的粒径效应作用规律与浅基础一致,可以借用浅基础的粒径效应定量评价方法评价端承桩承载力离心模型试验中的粒径效应。侧摩阻力的粒径效应比桩端阻力的粒径效应显著。由于侧摩阻力的影响,相同条件下承载力的粒径效应比桩端阻力有所增强。对于极限桩端阻力和极限承载力,粒径效应均随长径比的增加而减弱。     

不同海况和地质条件下海上风电桩基水平承载力研究

在海上风电单桩基础水平承载力的设计中,风荷载和波浪荷载是两个最主要的常规水平荷载,需要考虑在波浪荷载和风荷载的不同荷载组合下的桩土相互作用。利用有限元软件ABAQUS构建桩土相互作用模型,对桩基施加不同组合的环境荷载,研究桩土的相互作用。在固定环境荷载的情况下,将土体分层,研究不同土质条件下桩基水平承载力的差异。分析可得极端海况下桩身泥面位移约是正常海况下的5倍,且桩身水平位移主要由风荷载引起。桩周土体所受水平应力与桩体的摆动幅度相关,且桩基摆动对桩周土体水平变形的影响范围有限,以桩基为中心1.7倍桩径范围内土体所受影响显著。海床上层土体的强度对桩基水平承载力起关键性作用,上软下硬海床与纯软土海床相比水平承载力大约提高25%,而上硬下软海床与纯软土海床相比水平承载力约提高3倍。     

海上风电楔形单桩基础竖向承载力特性分析

为提高基础利用率增加海上风电设施的可行性，对楔形单桩基础竖向承载力特性进行研究分析。采用PLAXIS 3D 有限元软件建立楔形单桩基础模型，从桩侧摩阻力、桩侧法应力及土体位移对比分析楔形单桩基础与等截面单桩竖向承载特性差异，并探讨内摩擦角、楔角及楔高对承载力的影响。研究表明：楔形单桩基础竖向承载力高于等截面单桩基础，且承载力随着楔角、楔高的增大而增大，提高率最大达24.786%。倾斜侧壁的引入改变了桩侧摩阻力的传递规律；倾斜侧壁挤密桩周土体，桩侧摩阻力与法向应力增大，从而有效提高单桩基础的竖向承载力。研究成果可为今后海上风电单桩基础截面型式的设计提供参考。     

江苏海岸辐射沙洲地层中大直径钢管桩基础承载性能试验研究

江苏海岸辐射沙洲是江苏重要的海上风电规划区域,该海域的地层资料和试桩资料极为缺乏。通过钢管桩的现场静荷载试验,对江苏海岸辐射沙洲地层中大直径钢管桩基础承载性能进行研究,以揭示各地层的主要承载性能参数。试桩结果表明,江苏海岸辐射沙洲地层中钢管桩实际的轴向极限承载力明显小于高应变动测结果,只有高应变动测结果的79.09%。总侧摩擦阻力占总承载力的95.61%,而桩端阻力只占总承载力的4.39%。桩内土对管壁的侧摩阻力作用很小,主要是桩外土对管壁的侧摩阻力在发挥作用。辐射沙洲地层中粉土夹粉质黏土的承载性能一般,不适应作为钢管桩的持力层。轴向抗压静载试验得到的极限侧摩阻力高于静力触探的测试结果和API法的计算值。浅部砂层实际的极限水平土体抗力高于API法计算值,在水平荷载作用下上部砂层的p-y曲线具有明显软化效应,土体的软化效应在设计时需进行考虑。     

水平循环荷载下海上风电楔形单桩土体变形研究

海上风电工程主要受到风、波浪及洋流等产生的水平循环荷载作用,本文研究楔形单桩基础在水平循环荷载作用下的变形规律,并探讨不同循环荷载对变形规律产生的影响,以确保风电设施正常运行。通过数值模拟建立海上风电单桩-海床模型,考虑土体超孔隙水压力的演变规律及土体致密规律,土体采用UBC3D-PLM本构模型。本文重点讨论并分析在不同水平循环荷载作用下楔形单桩基础与等截面单桩基础的桩周土体位移、塑性应变及桩基累计转角位移之间的差异。研究结果表明：楔形结构会降低桩周土体位移及塑性应变,使得楔形单桩基础旋转中心位置更低,产生倾覆的可能更小,当循环荷载比为0.7时,累计转角位移能减少41.86%;循环荷载越大,楔形单桩基础水平受荷特性越好,累计位移减少量的增长率越高。研究成果可为今后海上风电基础的选择与设计提供参考。     

海上复杂地质条件下大直径钢管桩时效性试验研究

通过对3根海上复杂地质条件下的大直径钢管桩采取高应变初打与不同休止时间复打相结合的试验方法,得到不同休止时间钢管桩承载力、侧阻力及端阻力大小,以此对不同桩侧土及持力层对钢管桩时效性的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明:1)钢管桩承载力时效性现象明显,且随时间增长迅速; 2)钢管桩侧阻力的恢复系数远大于端阻力; 3)桩侧黏性土强度的恢复是钢管桩侧阻力增加的主要原因; 4)砂土层虽提供的侧阻力较大,但其对侧阻力增长的贡献不如黏性土; 5)持力层越硬,端阻力与承载力的恢复性越差。     

压力注浆螺旋钢管桩抗拔承载性能试验研究

针对海相软土地区螺旋钢管桩承载力低与腐蚀问题,提出一种新型压力注浆螺旋钢管桩,并设计5根足尺试验桩,进行现场抗拔承载性能试验,研究螺旋叶片直径与排布方式对成桩直径与桩基抗拔承载性能的影响.结果表明,成桩直径与螺旋叶片直径呈正相关,在每节延长段钢管末端设置螺旋叶片利于提高水泥土柱完整性,使成桩直径更为饱满,提高桩基的抗拔承载性能.将试验结果和现行规范抗拔极限承载力计算结果进行对比,计算结果约为实测平均值的94％,在此基础上提出压力注浆螺旋钢管桩抗拔承载力计算参数修正建议,为后续的设计提供参考.     

Vertical vibration capacity of a single pile in dry sand

In this study, the dynamic response of pile foundation in dry sandy soil excited by two opposite rotary machines was considered experimentally. A small scale physical model was manufactured to accomplish the experimental work in the laboratory. The physical model consists of two small motors supplied with eccentric mass (0.012?kg) and eccentric distance (20?mm) representing the two opposite rotary machines, an aluminum shaft as the pile, and a steel plate a pile cap. The experimental work was achieved taking the following parameters into considerations: pile embedment depth ratio (L/d, where L is the pile length and d is its diameter) and operating frequency of the rotary machines. All tests were conducted in medium dense fine sandy soil with 60% relative density. Twelve tests were performed to measure the change in load transferred through the pile’s tip to the underlying soil. To predict precisely the dynamic load that will be induced from the rotary machines, a mini load cell with a capacity of 100?kg was mounted between the aluminum plate (the machine base) and the steel plate (pile cap). The results revealed that, before machine operation, the pile tip load was approximately equal to the static load (machine and pile cap), whereas during machines’ operation, the pile tip load decreased for all embedment depth ratios and operating frequencies. This reduction was due to the action of skin friction that was mobilized along the pile during operation, and as a result the factor of safety against pile bearing failure increases. For all operating frequencies and pile lengths, the factor of safety against bearing failure increased during machines’ operation, where the pile tip load became less than its value before starting operation. During operation, the skin friction resistance mobilized along pile length led to decrease the bearing load.     

Estimation of Axial Pile Bearing Capacity According to Shear Strength Parameters of Soil

At pesent,it is very popular to estimate pile bearing capacity by use of empirical formula andphysical indexes of soil provided in the design codes for civil construction in China.This paper attempts toapply mechanical indexes of soil and semi-empirical formulas,which are based on soil mechanical theoriesand were summarized and presented by Meyerhof in 1976,to calculate the axial pile bearing capacity.Lo-ading test results of 24 single piles in Tianjin area have been collected and compared with the proposed cal-ulation approach.     

海上风电大直径加翼桩水平承载性能研究

为改善海上风电大直径钢管桩的水平承载性能,基于ABAQUS有限元软件对单桩改进形式的加翼桩结构进行了系统研究,计算分析了软黏土地基中加翼桩在水平荷载作用下桩身弯矩、应力、位移、桩身泥面处倾斜率和极限承载力,研究了加翼桩面积、形状、埋深和刚度等翼板参数对加翼桩水平承载性能的影响规律,根据加翼桩的桩-土作用机理,参考现行规范模式提出适用于软黏土地基大直径钢管桩的P-Y曲线。研究结果表明,加翼桩通过在泥面处设置翼板可降低桩基泥面处倾斜率50%、提高桩基极限承载力60%以上,加翼桩水平承载性能明显优于单桩。     

海上风电钢管桩自平衡法现场试验研究

一种新型钢管桩预装荷载箱法被研发出用于自平衡法海上风电钢管桩基检测试验,并通过现场自平衡试验研究探究了海上打入桩桩基础特性。该方法首次成功应用于海外某海上风电场直径1.4 m的超长大直径钢管桩承载力检测,用于探究其承载特性和桩侧桩端阻力发挥规律。现场试验显示,该新型检测方法达到了预期的测试效果和经济效益,与现有钢管桩自平衡法相比,对土的影响更小,可靠度更高,为类似土层和直径的超长钢管桩承载力试验提供了新的途径。     

Dynamic response of a large-diameter pile with variable section in layered saturated soil considering construction disturbance effect

ABSTRACT

An analytical solution is developed in this paper to investigate the vertical time-harmonic response of a large-diameter variable-section pile, and it considers the radial inhomogeneity of the surrounding soil caused by construction disturbance. First, the saturated soil surrounding the pile is described by Biot’s poroelastic theory and a series of infinitesimally thin independent layers along the shaft of the pile, and the pile is represented by a variable-section Rayleigh–Love rod. Then, the dynamic equilibrium equations of the soil and pile are solved to obtain an analytical solution for the impedance function at the pile top using the complex stiffness transfer method and impedance function transfer method. Finally, the proposed solution is compared with previous solutions to verify its reliability, and a parameter study is conducted to provide insights into the sensitivity of the vertical dynamic impedance of the pile and velocity response in low-strain integrity testing on defective piles.     

有限元法在桩靴承载力计算中的应用

自升式钻井平台插桩是地基土在桩靴荷载作用下发生连续的塑性破坏的动态过程,当地基极限承载力等于桩靴荷载时插桩完成。经典土力学极限承载力理论对土体潜在滑动面做了假设,无法有效分析土体内部的破坏过程。本研究应用有限元法（FEM ）对插桩过程进行了模拟,得到地基土的破坏机制以及中间荷载下土体的应力、应变情况,通过和各理论公式计算的极限承载力进行对比分析,分析影响地基极限承载力的因素。研究表明,基础宽度与硬土层厚度的比值 B/H越大,下卧软土层越容易发生塑性破坏,极限承载力明显下降,当B/H＜0．286时,可以忽略下卧软土层对地基承载力的影响。     

BP神经网络在海洋平台桩基轴向承载力中的应用研究

目前海洋石油导管架平台桩基础的轴向极限承载力常用的设计方法为API RP2A(美国石油协会)和静力触探(CPT)的方法.在这两种方法的基础上,提出了用BP神经网络模型对桩的轴向极限承载力进行计算的思路,能够有效地预测桩的轴向极限承载力.根据BP神经网络算法具有较强的非线性映射能力和学习功能的特点,通过对影响单桩极限承载力因素的分析,依据静力触探资料建立了基于BP神经网络的单桩轴向极限承载力预测模型.通过利用API RP2A方法分析成果对该模型进行学习训练和预测检验,证明了预测模型性能良好、具有较高的精度和收敛速度快等特点,验证了神经网络方法的可行性,预测结果能够指导桩基础设计,缩短周期.因而具有较大的工程实用价值.     

Postgrouted helical piles behavior through physical modeling by FCV

Piling procedure may disturb the surrounding soil, due to the installation particularly for cast-in-place piles. It causes a reduction in the soil strength parameters and, consequently, pile capacity. To overcome shortcomings and also for improving piles’ capacity, postgrouting as a compensation method is recognized and more developed in recent years. Helical piles, those are used widely in marine and land projects, although, are driven by torque implementation, but soil disturbance is noticed, where number of the helices become up to 3 and more. In this paper, an experimental study program is performed by frustum-confined vessel (FCV) to investigate bearing capacity of model helical piles and also postgrouted cases’ performance. FCV has been used because of its linear distribution of vertical and horizontal stresses from zero at top to maximum at bottom which simulates real field stress conditions. Through experimental study, small-scale helical model piles were made of 4-mm-thick steel plate and have been used with a length of 750?mm. The shaft and helix diameters of model piles have been 32 and 89?mm, respectively. So, the helix-to-shaft ratio (wing ratio) was about 2.8. The helical model piles installed in fine-grained sand as a surrounding soil and then axial loading tests before and after grouting were performed to achieve ultimate pile capacity. Results indicated postgrouting can improve both ratios of toe and frictional soil–pile interactions including upgrading β and N_t factors. In addition, the post grouting phenomena can change the pile geometry due to treated soil bond, resulting better functioning. Therefore, it is a proper method to improve helical piles performance and compensate installation effects in capacity mobilization.