可地浸层间氧化带型砂岩铀矿自然电位异常计算

理论和实践表明，在可地浸层间氧化带型砂岩型矿床上可观察到明显的自然电位异常。其起因不同于电子导电体形成的氧化还原电场，而在于发生在层间氧化带中一些非平衡现象之间相互影响所产生的混合电位。根据其自然极化原理，建立了等效数学模型，并对几种常见矿体形态的自然电位异常进行了模拟计算，并分析了曲线特征。最后，讨论了自然电位异常地形校正方法，并给出了几种常见地形条件下自然电位模拟曲线。     

自然电位测井的应用与探讨

从分析钻孔中自然电场的形成机理出发,介绍了自然电位测井曲线形态及其在渗透性地层中的曲线响应特征,并对自然电位与砂岩中泥质含量的关系进行了讨论,在此基础上提出了利用自然电位曲线计算砂岩中泥质含量的方法及自然电位曲线在实际应用中应注意的事项。     

自然电位测井的影响因素及解决方案

根据不同地质条件及测井环境下自然电位形成的原因,对氧化还原电位、扩散吸附电位、过滤电位等自然电位异常曲线特征进行了剖析。并用二个实例介绍了重锤蚀变及工业游散电流对自然电位测井的影响,如重锤蚀变所测曲线等效于叠加一个＂底部梯度电极系＂所产生的电位差,导致自然电位曲线与视电阻率曲线具有相似性,而工业游散电流则会产生不规则的锯齿状干扰。针对上述二种干扰对实测曲线的影响程度,提出了在测井过程中应采取的措施及处理办法。     

利用自然电位曲线划分咸淡水界面

自然电位测井是沿井身测量岩层或矿体在天然条件下产生的电场变化的一种测井方法。阐述了自然电位测井的基本原理、曲线形态及其性质,并根据自然电位曲线有效地划分出咸淡水界面。     

自然电位测井数值计算中的激励源分布

为实现自然电位测井的高效正演计算,以定量研究各种因素影响,针对自然电位的激励源-偶电层的分布进行了研究。通过对自然电位产生原因及偶电层对自然电位贡献的分析,认为只有泥岩井壁、侵入带中砂泥岩界面和侵入带与原状地层分界面处的偶电层对自然电位测井值有贡献,而研究砂岩层处的自然电位异常,则仅考虑由侵入带与原状地层界面处的偶电层即可。通过直流电场与静电场的类比,推出了偶极源的面电流密度表达式,并通过计算研究了均匀介质中侵入深度的影响。结果显示,自然电位曲线形状随侵入深度增加而变得平缓,异常幅度减小。     

自然电场法和AMT法在同德石墨矿勘查中的应用

为研究自然电位法、音频大地电磁测深(AMT)在石墨矿勘查中的异常响应,选取四川省攀枝花市仁和区同德石墨矿床作为研究对象,利用石墨特有的低电阻率等特征并结合区内有利地段开展物性测量、自然电位梯度测量、音频大地电磁测深以及深部钻探工程等对其进行研究。自然电位梯度测量圈定平面异常,在此异常范围内择优布设音频大地电磁测深剖面。研究发现石墨矿上方观测到的自然电位梯度呈正负伴生的特征,自然电位梯度曲线的形态能很好地区分出多条矿体,AMT结果反映出石墨矿(化)体主要呈低阻特征,推断的石墨矿(化)体深部的延深形态与实际地表工程和深部钻探工程控制的基本一致。上述两种方法结合使用产生的矿化异常与地表槽探及深部钻探工程施工结果套合良好,异常反映的地质信息较为准确,对同德石墨矿的找矿勘查具有较大的意义。     

高程校正在自然电场法中的应用

自然电场法梯度测量是一种原理看似简单,但实际操作却较为困难的地球物理方法。自然电场法对物理性质差异较大的物体有着敏感的反应。自然电场曲线所包含的信息即包括了地下异常信息,同时又包括地形高程等影响信息。实践证明,对于高程变化较大的地区,自然电场曲线经过地形高程等校正之后,才能更为准确的反应地下异常信息。     

自然电位在油气勘探中的应用及其新生异常分析

本文通过对自然电位在油气勘探中应用实例的分析，肯定了自然电位法的实际效果。同时根据实测资料证实在已知采油区出现一种附加的自然电位负异常。为与油气藏引起的自然电位异常加以区别，提出了新生异常与原始异常的概念。进而通过实测资料对比，分析了新生异常与原始异常的差异，以及新生异常随开采时间而变化的现象。在此基础上，阐述了分析、研究新生异常及其特征的实际意义。     

岩溶塌陷自然电场及其应用

流经土洞或岩溶塌陷坑中的地下水破坏了土层的固-液界面离子双电层扩散区中正、负电荷的平衡,引起地下介质（土层）自然极化,形成自上而下的自然电场。土洞或岩溶塌陷在平面上产生自然电位似同心圆负心异常、在剖面上引起极小值异常;自然电位梯度在剖面上出现过零点异常,在平面上呈以零值线为对称轴的正负对称的似“蝴蝶状”异常。岩溶区自然电场法干扰因素主要有工业游散电流等人文干扰电磁场、地下金属管道（线） 自然极化电场、上升或下降泉自然电场、山地电场、炭质灰岩自然电场等。针对岩溶区自然电场法干扰因素特点,本文提出采用避让法、排除法、在线监测法进行消除,并将之应用于广西来宾市吉利村岩溶塌陷探测中。结果表明,自然电位剖面曲线在地面沉陷区中心附近出现极小值异常,自然电位梯度剖面曲线也在相同部位显示过零点异常。水文地质监测钻孔在相应的位置上分别揭露了塌陷堆积物、溶洞和断层破碎带,从而验证了上述自然电场法异常的属性。      

基线拟合-差值法在砂岩型铀矿自然电位测井曲线校正中的应用——以二连盆地桑根达来地区为例

自然电位测井曲线广泛应用在砂岩型铀矿地质工作中,近年在二连盆地桑根达来地区的自然电位测井曲线效果不理想。为了更好地发挥其作用,文章阐明了自然电位的形成机制并分析了自然电位的影响因素,探讨了在测井过程中发现的问题,尤其是自然电位曲线受干扰的原因,如地面电极环材质和探管结构及其解决方法。结合砂岩型铀矿地球物理测井曲线实例及前人研究成果,通过测井曲线形态特点,提出了多次测量和基线拟合-差值方法校正自然电位曲线的方法。经验证文中所提出的措施和方法较好地解决了自然电位测量过程中的环境干扰和基线漂移问题,对砂岩型铀矿地球物理测井工作具有参考意义。     

Resolution of multiple sheet-type structures in self-potential measurement

The resolution of self-potential anomalies due to closely spaced multiple sheet-like bodies by the potential difference and potential gradient is studied in this paper. Self-potential anomalies due to several synthetic models were inverted through a very fast simulated annealing (VFSA) global optimization. Increase in depth to the top, polarization constant and depth extent of the body decreases resolution at a particular target separation. It has been observed that depth to the top and separation between two targets play an important role in the resolution. Vertical sheets at equal depth can be resolved in the potential difference measurement only if they are separated by at least four times their depth, while they can be resolved in the gradient method, if they are separated by twice the depth. Resolution using potential difference becomes more difficult for dipping sheets, although the potential gradient method can resolve them efficiently. Efficacy of potential gradient data in the inversion is demonstrated in the study using synthetic data as well as field measurement from South Purulia Shear Zone related with uranium investigation.     

A new approach to interpret self-potential anomaly over a two-dimensional inclined sheet using complex gradient analysis

A new approach is developed to determine the model parameters of a two-dimensional inclined sheet from self-potential anomaly. In this method, the numerical horizontal self-potential gradient obtained from self-potential anomaly is convolved using Hilbert transform to obtain the vertical self-potential gradient. The complex gradient is the sum of horizontal and vertical gradient anomalies. The horizontal and vertical gradients are plotted in one graph to form the complex gradient graph. By defining few characteristic points and distances along the complex gradient profile, procedures are then formulated using the analytical functions of the complex gradients to obtain the model parameters of sheet-like structures. The validity of the new proposed method has been tested on synthetic data with and without random noise. The obtained parameters are in congruence with the model parameters when using noise-free synthetic data. After adding 10% random error in the synthetic data, the maximum error in model parameters is 11.8%. Moreover, the method have been applied to analyze and interpret the self-potential anomaly measured on a graphite ore body at southern Bavarian woods, Germany to prove its efficiency where an acceptable agreement has been noticed between the obtained results and the other published results.     

Integrated geophysical studies to elicit the subsurface structures associated with Uranium mineralization around South Purulia Shear Zone,India: A review

South Purulia Shear Zone in India is an important zone that hosts uranium mineralization. Since detailed geophysical studies have not been carried out in this region, an integrated geophysical study using self-potential, resistivity, very low frequency electromagnetic and radiometric methods was performed to identify the subsurface structures that could host the hydrothermally altered uranium deposits in the area. The study reveals the wide and large magnitude of negative self-potential anomaly across the South Purulia Shear Zone. The peak negative self-potential anomalies are correlated with the low gravity and low resistivity anomalies measured along various profiles. The low self-potential, gravity and low resistivity anomaly zones are also correlated with conducting zones inferred from very low frequency electromagnetic measurements. Interpretation of self-potential data reveals multiple thick sheet-type vertical and/or inclined structures which might be associated with uranium mineralization. Schlumberger resistivity sounding data reveals an increasing trend of apparent resistivity with current electrode separations/depth. Apparent conductance measured simultaneously with resistivity measurement reveals an increase in current flow of current as depth increases. This exhibits the presence of thin conducting layers at these depths, which is not reflected in resistivity sounding data due to suppression problem. Also this conducting layer is consistent in various soundings and is connected from Raghunathpur to the South Purulia Shear Zone. Correlation of very low frequency and self-potential data shows that the structures are comparable and a radiometric profile also advocate that the conducting structure is associated with radioactive minerals. These structures are likely to be mineralized zones as hydro-uranium anomaly has also been reported from various locations in the area. Moreover, drilling results at a specific mine near the study area also confirms the presence of uranium mineralization. The hydrothermal activity associated with uranium mineralization seems to be still active in the area. Such combined geophysical studies are essential to understand this highly complex shear zone for the economic exploitation of its natural resources.     

对部分简单形体产生的自然电位进行定量分析

本文提出了一种新的特征点法,并在前人的基础上改进了一种数值计算方法(最小二乘法),以此来确定部分具有自然电位异常简单地质体的形态(形态系数)、埋藏深度、极化角和电偶极矩。特征点法通过剖面上三个特殊点(两个极值点和零电位点)的值以及它们相互间的距离便可快速求取地质体各参数。改进的最小二乘法则是在前人的基础上加入了零电位点的计算及其它处理方法,以此来获得准确性更高的地质体各参数。两种方法都被用来计算加入±5%随机误差的理论模型数据,并在土耳其的一个实际野外数据中得到测试。结果表明所求的参数与实际参数具有较好的一致性。     

Forward and inverse self-potential modeling: a new approach

Software has been designed for forward and inverse modeling of natural self-potential (SP) fields which allows simulating the geoelectric patterns simultaneously for up to 29 sheet-like and prismatic electrostatically polarized conductors. The cross sections for a number of ore fields obtained by inversion with the new SPI-SV code (self-potential inversion, Siberian version) have been corroborated by later drilling and are consistent with reference geologic sections used in algorithm testing. SPI-SV simulation can provide high-quality assessment of mineral deposits and, furthermore, allows approaching global-scale investigation into the natural self potential of crust and mantle.     

Detection and evaluation of horizontal fractures in earth dams using the self-potential method

The self-potential method can be applied to evaluate the degree of water seepage into earth or rockfill dams. Spatial distribution of measured self-potential data can indicate possible anomalous water flow. Phenomena, such as piping, can be modelled as cylindrical bodies. Internal erosion can develop structures, which can be represented by a sphere or point source. Differential settlement in the dam structure occasionally creates horizontal fractures, which require equivalent geometrical body formula. An equation, which allows the calculation of a self-potential profile over a horizontal contact, was developed. This equation can also be applied to the inspection of water flow into horizontal drainage filters. When inverse interpretation returns bodies of relatively small amplitudes, then their probability can be tested statistically. A test, based on cross-correlation between a modelled curve and field data, can be used to evaluate their existence at a given probability level. An acceptance criterion is computed, using the concept of likelihood coefficient. The equation was applied to two case histories. The first is an example of water flow evaluation into a horizontal drainage filter. Several anomalous bodies were interpreted from residual self-potential data, i.e. from the difference between the theoretical response of the filter and the measured self-potential values, then, most of the interpreted bodies were statistically tested. The second case deals with detection and evaluation of a horizontal fissure. The interpreted parameters of the detected body corresponded well to a horizontal fracture found when the water level in the reservoir was lowered.     

基于自然电位方法的土壤水分入渗过程监测

自然电位方法可以应用于水文地球物理领域获取土壤水分入渗特征.通过连续监测野外试验场的自然电位场,获取连续的自然电位平面图,直接获知了土壤水分在平面上的主要入渗区域,同时借助自然电位成像方法,揭示了土壤水分的两个主要通道,并探测出两个地下孔洞的位置,最终在地质雷达剖面图的辅助下证实了上述结论,为水文地球物理领域提供了新的技术手段和方法.     

Review of self-potential methods in hydrogeophysics

The self-potential (SP) method is a passive geophysical method based on the natural occurrence of electrical fields on the Earth's surface. Combined with other geophysical methods, SP surveys are especially useful for localizing and quantifying groundwater flows and pollutant plume spreading, and estimating pertinent hydraulic properties of aquifers (water table, hydraulic conductivity). Laboratory experiments have shown that the involved coupling coefficients mainly depend on the fluid chemistry, conductivity and pH, and on the soil or rock properties. The interpretation of SP observations can be done qualitatively, for instance, by correlation of SP gradients with water fluxes (through electrokinetics) or salt fluxes (through electro-diffusion). In recent years, the interpretation has been improved with the help of modelling or/and inversion of the Poisson equation and endeavours to estimate hydraulic parameters by means of the intensity of electric current sources caused by underground flows.     

Fractal approaches in investigating the time dynamics of self-potential hourly variability

Fractal tools have been used to investigate the time dynamics of hourly self-potential data, recorded during the year 2001 by five geoelectrical stations located in one of the most seismic areas of southern Italy. Scaling behaviour has been revealed by means of different statistics: the Lomb Periodogram method, the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, the Higuchi analysis and the mean distance spanned within the time L. The values of the scaling exponents estimated by means of these methods indicate that the temporal fluctuations of the geoelectrical signals are not typical of purely random stochastic processes (i.e. white noise), but evidence the presence of long-range correlations. Furthermore, it is found that these correlations are linear.