区域发展视角下的政府引导基金研究进展及展望

政府引导基金现已成为许多国家(或地区)政府普遍使用的一种促进区域发展的政策工具,受到了国内外学者的广泛关注,积累了丰富的研究成果。论文基于区域发展的视角,从政府设立引导基金的原因、政府引导基金的扩散与分布、政府引导基金的运作模式以及政府引导基金对区域发展的影响4个方面对现有研究进行综述。主要发现有：(1)政府设立引导基金的原因在于缓解融资缺口,实现区域发展目标;(2)政府引导基金经历了不同地理尺度的扩散,形成了不均衡的空间分布格局;(3)政府引导基金的运作可以分为募资、投资、管理、退出4个环节,公共资本的参与和政府干预是其区别于一般私人风险投资基金的主要特点;(4)总体而言,政府引导基金对区域的风险资本供给、创业创新、产业升级有正面影响,但也可能扩大区域发展差距。最后,论文提出地理学要加强区域发展视角下政府引导基金的研究,并指出了未来的研究方向。     

城市化与西北地区经济发展的互动关系分析

从各国的经验来看,城市化与区域经济发展存在着强烈的互动关系。本文详细分析了西北地区城市化与人均GDP、经济发展水平、经济发展速度的关系。结果表明:(1)西北地区城市化水平与人均GDP的关系符合国际一般规律,呈对数关系;(2)西北地区城市化水平的地区差异与地区资金投入量、消费和收入的关系密切;(3)西北地区城市化水平与经济发展水平间的相关关系存在较大的区域差异;(4)不同的时段造成西北地区省际城市化水平差异的主要因子不同;(5)与经济增长速度相比,西北五省区的城市化速度仍存在不同程度的滞后。     

陕西省区域经济发展水平差异评价分析

目前我国各地区间社会经济发展水平存在较大差距,区域间普遍存在经济发展不均衡现象。以陕西省11个市(区)为例来分析和评价区域经济发展水平差异:依据区域经济发展水平指标选取的原则,结合陕西省区域经济发展的实际情况,以11市(区)为评价单元,科学、合理选取评价指标,并采用特尔菲法确定评价指标权重,建立了陕西省11个市(区)经济发展水平的评价指标体系,运用多指标综合测算法计算各评价单元2003、2005和2007年的区域经济发展水平综合指数,对各市(区)进行横向、纵向比较和分析研究后,分析经济发展差异存在的原因。最后提出促进区域协调发展的措施。     

长江流域区域经济差异及其成因分析

利用传统统计方法和ESDA方法,在ArcGIS和GeoDa等软件的支持下,以人均GDP为测度指标,从时间、空间及影响因子三个方面对2001年~2011年长江流域区域经济差异进行分析。结果表明:(1)长江流域区域经济绝对差异在波动中持续扩大,而相对差异呈现出迅速缩小的趋势;(2)长江流域市域经济发展水平得到显著提高,空间分布呈现出明显的聚集特征;热点区范围在流域内出现自东向西不断扩散的态势,而以成都城市圈为内环的环状冷点区范围持续收缩;(3)长江流域区间差异对流域总体差异贡献最大,虽呈现出缩小的趋势,但仍然是区域经济的主要差异;(4)多元回归模型显示历史经济基础、区域发展策略及地理区位是导致长江流域区域经济差异扩大的主要原因,其中区域发展策略对区域差异的影响程度最深。     

电子商铺空间分布规律及其影响因素探究——来自淘宝网的实证

电子商铺作为一种新的发展迅速的商业体,对区域经济的影响越来越大。以淘宝网为例,利用电子商铺指数、基尼系数、集中指数、变异系数等作为量度指标,以及利用相关分析和回归分析等方法,分析探究淘宝网上电子商铺的空间分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)电子商铺分布广;(2)电子商铺分布不均衡,自东向西呈递减态势;(3)各省区市内分布不均衡,呈现集聚分布态势。选取体现各省区市社会、经济发展状况的主要指标,与相应省区市的电子商铺指数进行相关分析、回归分析,得出经济基础、教育水平、地方文化、交通区位因子等因素是影响电子商铺空间分布的重要因子。     

区域气候变化适应度评价——以咸阳市为例

选取经济、农业、社会和资源环境系统作为区域气候变化适应度的评价子系统,运用AHP分析法,确定各评价因子的权重,运用模糊综合评判分析法,确定对气候变化适应的隶属度并判断适应度。结果表明,咸阳市1998-2007年对气候变化适应的隶属度呈逐年增加趋势,适应度处于由"较弱"向"一般"过渡状态,区域整体及各子系统对气候变化的适应处于低水平状态。其中经济系统适应度由"弱"到"强",受不利因素影响程度小;农业系统适应度由"弱"到"一般",受不利因素影响程度较大;社会系统适应度由"较弱"到"较强";资源环境系统适应度由"弱"到"一般",受不利因素的影响程度较大,稳定性差。     

秦巴山区社会-生态系统恢复力权衡-协同关系及驱动力——以陕南地区为例

秦巴山区是中国重要的生态功能区,面临生态环境保护与社会经济发展的双重压力。探究秦巴山区社会-生态系统相互作用关系对推动区域高质量发展具有重要的现实意义。目前已有研究受限于系统复杂性,仅聚焦于社会-生态系统恢复力的整体性评价,缺乏对各子系统之间的权衡与协同关系的讨论。本文以陕南地区为例,从社会、经济、生态子系统,脆弱性与应对能力两个维度建立恢复力指标体系,使用TOPSIS模型对陕南地区2005—2020年社会-生态系统恢复力进行测度,通过相关性分析衡量社会-生态系统恢复力各子系统间权衡与协同关系,并识别其主要驱动力。结果表明：(1)2005—2020年陕南地区社会、经济、生态系统和社会-生态系统恢复力均有不同程度的提升。(2)生态系统脆弱性分别与生态系统应对能力、社会系统脆弱性之间存在权衡关系,其他子系统之间主要表现为波动变化的协同关系。(3)与权衡关系相关的主要障碍因子为农村居民生活水平、地形破碎程度和垃圾处理能力;与协同关系相关的主要贡献因子为第一、二产业发展水平、地方财政实力、农村居民生活水平、垃圾处理能力以及教育发展水平。本研究从权衡与协同关系的问题视角出发解析社会-生态系统恢复...     

中国区域创新绩效时空演变特征及其影响因素研究

通过构建创新投入、产出指标体系,运用创新产出和创新效率两个因素表征区域创新绩效,并对区域创新绩效的时空演变特征进行分析,结果显示：创新绩效高值区域分布在东部沿海和长江沿岸地区,这种分布格局和T字形国土开发结构存在着高度的吻合,区域创新绩效的极化现象越来越明显;创新产出的区域差异最大,创新效率的区域差异最小;创新投入和创新产出的区域差异呈增大趋势,创新绩效和创新效率的区域差异呈现出先减小后缓慢增大的趋势。通过回归建模分析,探讨了区域创新基础、产业集群环境、产学研联系质量、政府支持、技术溢出效应等因子对于区域创新绩效的影响,发现区域创新绩效受创新基础和政府支撑的影响最大,受产学研联系质量的影响次之,而产业集群环境和技术溢出效应对区域创新绩效的影响较小。     

近10年来山东省城镇化水平时空差异分析

运用泰尔指数和标准差系数,测度2000年~2012年山东省城镇化水平的总体和省内东中西三大区域及其内部差异。结果表明:(1)山东省城镇化水平总体差异在2009年之前总体上呈现扩大趋势,2009年之后差异开始减小;(2)东、中、西部之间的差异总体上呈现波动上升的趋势,中部内部的差异相比东部和西部更明显;(3)2010年之前三大区域内部差异对总体差异的贡献率占主导,2010年之后三大区域之间差异对总体的贡献率占据主导地位;(4)通过分析近十年影响山东省城镇化水平差异变动的因素得出,经济发展水平、产业结构以及区位条件是造成差异的主要原因。因此,山东省城镇化未来的发展应该着力促进产业结构的优化升级,尤其是第三产业的发展,其次促进各地区之间的联系,坚持"一圈一区一带"的发展战略,促进各个地区的城镇化水平的协调发展,缩小差异,最终实现区域城镇可持续发展。     

基于GIS的贵州省县域经济发展环境约束研究

借助反距离权重(IDW)空间插值及空间相关分析方法,对贵州省县域经济发展的空间分异特征及自然环境因素与县域经济发展的相关程度及限制作用进行分析。结果表明,贵州省县域经济发展水平在空间上存在较大差异,经济发展水平较高区域主要分布于贵阳、遵义、凯里、铜仁、都匀、兴义等政府所在地,其他县(市)人均GDP水平相对较低;经济发展水平与环境限制因子相关程度各异,其中六盘水、安顺及贵阳地区经济发展水平与环境限制因子关系密切,其他地区相关程度不明显。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,