汶川地震远场地震动场地相关性与分析方法评价

为考查远场地震动的场地相关性并评价一些场地特性分析方法的适用性,采用不同方法对汶川地震山东省12个远场台站的强震记录进行了分析.选取台站分别位于按建筑抗震设计规范(CBC)场地划分中的Ⅰ—Ⅲ类场地上.地震动记录的分析方法包括傅里叶幅值谱法,地震反应谱法,水平与竖向谱比率法,参考点谱比率法,以及尾波分析等.结果表明,按傅里叶幅值谱法,地震反应谱法,水平与竖向谱比法计算得到的卓越周期均远大于台站场地的卓越周期,不同方法得到的结果之间也有较大差别,且主要反映长周期地震动的卓越频率;参考点谱比率法的结果未反映地震动的卓越周期,也与场地的卓越周期差别较大;对完整记录尾波分析所得的结果比较接近场地的卓越周期.希望本文能为考虑远场地震作用时设计谱的建立,以及场地特性估计时地震动分析方法的选取提供参考依据.     

汶川地震近场加速度基本参数的方向性特征

以2008年5月12日的MS8.0级汶川地震强震记录为基础,根据场地条件和断层距,选取198组三分量近场加速度记录,按照台站相对于破裂传播方向的位置将其划分为破裂前方和破裂后方两类场点.为了考虑破裂传播的方向性和地震辐射图对地震动不同分量的影响,将每组地震动的两个正交水平分量旋转成为垂直断层走向和平行断层走向的分量,然后分别对破裂前、后方向上的垂直断层、平行断层和竖向分量地震动的三个基本工程参数——峰值、反应谱和持时进行定量对比和分析.研究结果表明,汶川地震中地震动的峰值、反应谱和持时均显示出了明显的方向性特征:(1) 在峰值方面,破裂前方场点的峰值明显大于破裂后方的峰值,而且破裂前、后方的峰值差别随着断层距的增大而逐渐减小;(2) 在反应谱方面,在反应谱的各个自振周期段,破裂前方的平均反应谱明显高于破裂后方的平均反应谱,并且当周期大于2 s时,破裂前、后方反应谱谱比最高可以达4倍左右;(3) 在持时方面,破裂后方场点的持时明显大于破裂前方的持时,差别也可达数倍.因此,虽然汶川地震是一次以逆冲为主兼具右旋走滑的地震,但是由于此次地震以单侧破裂为主,破裂传播的方向性使得近场地震动的峰值、反应谱和持时三个基本参数中均体现出了明显的方向性特征.     

Site effects by generalized inversion technique using strong motion recordings of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

The generalized inversion of S-wave amplitude spectra from the free-field strong motion recordings of the China National Strong Motion Observation Network System (NSMONS) are used to evaluate the site effects in the Wenchuan area. In this regard, a total of 602 recordings from 96 aftershocks of the Wenchuan earthquake with magnitudes of M3.7-M6.5 were selected as a dataset. These recordings were obtained from 28 stations at a hypocenter distance ranging from 30 km to 150 km. The inversion results have been verified as reliable by comparing the site response at station 62WUD using the Generalized Inversion Technique (GIT) and the Standard Spectral Ratio method (SSR). For all 28 stations, the site predominant frequency F _p and the average site amplification in different frequency bands of 1.0–5.0 Hz, 5.0–10.0 Hz and 1.0–10.0 Hz have been calculated based on the inversion results. Compared with the results from the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method, it shows that the HVSR method can reasonably estimate the site predominant frequency but underestimates the site amplification. The linear fitting between the average site amplification for each frequency band and the V _s20 (the average uppermost-20 m shear wave velocity) shows good correlation. A distance measurement called the asperity distance D _Aspt is proposed to reasonably characterize the source-to-site distance for large earthquakes. Finally, the inversed site response is used to identify the soil nonlinearity in the main shock and aftershocks of Wenchuan earthquake. In ten of the 28 stations analyzed in the main shock, the soil behaved nonlinearly, where the ground motion level is apparently beyond a threshold of PGA > 300 cm/s² or PGV > 20 cm/s, and only one station coded 51SFB has evidence of soil nonlinear behavior in the aftershocks.     

Rupture directivity effect on strong ground motion during the 12 May 2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake

We focus here on the rupture directivity effect on the spatial distribution and attenuation characteristics of near-field ground motions during the 2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. We examine the difference between the observed ground motions in and opposite the rupture directions and compare them with Next Generation Attenuation-West2 (NGA-West2) ground motion prediction models. The isochrone directivity predictor is used to quantify the band-limited nature of the rupture directivity effect on strong ground motion. Our results show that the observed peak ground velocity (PGV) and spectral accelerations of periods of 1.0 s and longer are significantly amplified in the rupture direction, but de-amplified in the opposite direction affected by rupture directivity effect of this event. In contrast, the effect of rupture directivity on the observed peak ground acceleration (PGA) and periods of shorter than 1.0 s are relatively weak. The rupture directivity of this event shows clear period dependent and band limited characteristics with the strongest effect occurring around the period of 7.5 s.     

汶川地震强地面运动模拟

基于确定性震源模型的方法主要用于计算低频(＜1 Hz)地震波,难以计算高频地震波;高频(＞1 Hz)地震动常用经验格林函数法或随机方法,对低频地震动模拟不够准确.本文在确定性震源模型方法基础上,尝试采用分解给定的震源模型的方法来模拟宽频带(0.1-10 Hz)强地面运动,即采用分级离散断层面和分解断层面破裂单元上升时间的方法,增加震源时间函数中的高频信号,从而避免了对地震记录丰富程度和准确性的依赖.文中模拟计算了汶川M8.0地震在8个地震观测台的地震动,将模拟结果和观测记录进行了加速度时程曲线和傅里叶振幅谱的对比分析.对比结果显示,模拟估计的地震动峰值加速度和持续时间与观测记录的数据基本在±50％的精度范围内相同,傅里叶振幅谱显示模拟结果有得到10 Hz左右的高频成分.四川盆地中的台站模拟结果高频衰减比观测记录要快,原因是模拟过程没有考虑场地效应.对强地震动模拟还是要综合考虑震源、传播路径和场地的影响.研究结果表明,此改变震源输入的确定性方法可应用于模拟近断层宽频强地面运动.     

集集地震地震动频谱参数研究

地震动的频谱特征是影响结构动力反应的重要因素。以集集地震动记录为数据基础,对反映地震动频谱特征的4个参数周期(反应谱卓越周期Tp,平滑化反应谱卓越周期To,傅氏幅值谱平均周期Tm和反应谱特征周期Tg)进行了研究。依据理论模型,经非线性回归分析,给出了不同场地上地震动各周期分量随断层距变化的经验公式。结果表明,不同的频谱参数周期反映地震动不同的频谱特征;同一场地上各周期随断层距的增大而增大;To和Tm具有较好的可估性。     

汶川地震中强震动相对持时的空间变化特性研究

使用70％和90％能量持时定义,计算了汶川Ms8.0大地震中获取的来自109个台站强震动加速度记录的相对持时,并以此在竖向及两个水平向上分别进行了回归统计分析,得到了地震动持时的空间变化关系,给出了适合汶川地震地震动的持时定义.对比分析了上盘和下盘2个区域持时空间变化特征,进一步计算了地震动竖向持时与两个水平向持时的比...     

Analysis of the relations between slope failure distribution and seismic ground motion during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake with M_w7.9 occurred at Yingxiu County in Longmenshan thrust fault belt, southwest China, having triggered a huge amount of slope failures. This paper applied a detailed inventory with more than 190,000 slope failures and strong ground motion records of 187 seismic stations to analyze the qualitative and quantitative relations between slope failure distribution and seismic parameters. The results revealed that slope failure distribution was exponentially decreased with the increment of epicentral distance and distance from surface fault rupture; peak ground acceleration (PGA) on the hanging wall side was apparently larger than that on footwall side. Linear correlation between concentration of slope failures (LNC) and the percentage of the area affected by slope failure (LAP) and PGA was demonstrated by statistical analysis, which revealed that 0.18~0.21 g horizontal PGA was the threshold value of the occurrence of slope failure. Furthermore, this paper presented an empirical model for the attenuation relation of slope failure distribution.     

Engineering assessment of seismic hazard and long period ground motions at the Bolu Viaduct Site following the November 1999 earthquake

The M_w 7.1 earthquake of November 12, 1999 severely damageda 2.5 km long viaduct on a stretch under construction of theIstanbul-Ankara motorway, 18 km W of Bolu. The fault rupture crossedthe viaduct with an observed offset close to 1.5 m; the viaduct decksuffered large permanent displacements but did not collapse.Seismic hazard at the site appears to be governed by characteristicearthquakes occurring every few hundred years both on the Düzce faultand on the main stretch of North Anatolian fault (NAF). Smaller activefaults near the site also contribute to the hazard.We investigate how a reliable design response spectrum of displacement canbe constructed for the viaduct site using both probabilistic and deterministictools. After checking the applicability of known attenuation relations againstrecorded data, we illustrate a hazard analysis that incorporates acharacteristic earthquake model for the relevant faults, and accounts forstatistical directivity effects on the Düzce fault. Constant-risk responsespectra up to 3 s are thus obtained for different return periods. Syntheticmotions at the site are generated next, using a known source model, inorder to explore the features of the displacement response spectrum atvibration periods in the range between 1s and 6 s, in which the dominantresponse of the viaduct deck, uncoupled from the piers, occurs. Adiscussion of results follows.     

汶川特大地震汉源烈度异常原因的初步分析

远离震中的汉源县老县城在汶川大地震中遭到了严重震害,是Ⅵ度区内的唯一的Ⅷ度烈度异常区.汉源的地震烈度异常现象引起学术界的广泛关注.在汉源科学考察基础上,介绍了汉源震害情况,收集和整理了汉源县城及附近有关工程场地的强震和土体力学参数资料.通过背后山滑坡体有限元分析结果与汉源附近强震台记录的比较,从传递函数角度分析了背后山滑坡复活对烈度异常的影响,研究了汉源特殊土层结构对地震动的影响.结果表明,背后山滑坡的复活和特殊土层结构的放大作用等场地条件的影响是引起烈度异常的主要原因.所得结论对进一步分析汉源烈度异常的原因具有一定的参考价值.     

不同类别场地地震动参数的计算分析

基于188个工程场地计算剖面及场地地震反应分析的等线性化波动分析方法，通过对场地地震反应的计算及计算结果的分析，研究了4类场地条件对场地地震动影响的特点及规律，给出了每一类场地地震动参数变化的经验关系。     

Wenchuan earthquake fault and seismic disaster

Major cases of the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake are obtained through field investigations of the epicenter and high-intensity areas, and the relationships among earthquake faults, ground motion and earthquake disasters near fault zones are analyzed.Both strong deformation and ground rupture lead to significant damages of the buildings, indicating that it is necessary to keep safe distance away from active faults and to take other necessary measures.There are two reasons for that the buildings near the surface ...     

2008年汶川地震近断层地震动的非平稳特征

利用中国强震动台网获得的汶川地震近断层强震动数据,研究汶川地震近断层地震动的强度和频率的非平稳特征,并对其非平稳特征的原因进行初步分析.研究表明近断层地震动强度和频率表现出很强的非平稳特性,这种非平稳特征主要受震源破裂机制、台站方位和局部场地条件的影响.破裂传播正向和反方向上地震动强度和频率的时间过程有显著的不同.在破裂正向上,地震动加速度记录表现为大幅值、短持时的强度过程,强度过程的持续时间为15 s左右,加速度时程的主要周期约为0.4 s,地震动速度时程有较明显的速度脉冲,脉冲周期可以达到8 s;在破裂的反方向上,地震动强度过程的时间跨度长达90 s,加速度记录的主要周期约为0.6 s,速度时程中没有明显的脉冲.小波功率谱的分析结果表明破裂正向上速度脉冲表现为在很小的时间尺度和频域内能量的集中,值得注意的是,观测到的速度脉冲的周期长达8 s,比Chi-Chi地震和Kobe地震中观测到的脉冲周期要长,这可能与汶川地震的震级相对较大有关.     

四川汶川8．0级地震山西数字强震动记录特征与分析

对2008年5月12日四川汶川8．0级地震,山西数字强震动台网27个台的地震加速度记录,进行了处理和分析,包括对加速度波形数据的基线校正,滤波,加速度傅立叶和反应谱计算,以及速度和位移计算。结果表明：局部场地的介质特性对地震动特征有相当大的影响,较厚的覆盖土层对较长周期的地震波有明显的放大作用。厚覆盖土层场地的强震动观测对自振周期较长建筑物的抗震设计具有重要的意义。     

汶川地震不同场地反应谱平台值统计分析

加速度反应谱平台值表征地震动的强度特性,场地条件是影响反应谱平台值的一个重要因素.本文选取6组同一地区断层距相近而场地条件不同的强震记录,对其标准化的加速度反应谱形状及平台值进行分析;并以汶川地震中173个有详细地勘场地上的强震记录为基础,统计分析了不同场地类别和断层距区间内的加速度反应谱平台值.本文研究结果显示,场地条件对加速度反应谱平台值有较大影响,随着场地变软,加速度反应谱平台值增大.本文定义了场地影响系数,计算并给出了不同地面峰值加速度对应的场地影响系数.     

利用强震数据获取汶川地震近断层地面永久位移

利用汶川地震中得到的靠近映秀-北川主断裂的64个强震台站的三分量记录数据,对加速度记录进行基线校正的基础上获取近断层地面运动的永久形变位移,并将由强震记录获取到的地面位移结果与GPS观测到的同震位移进行对比分析,研究汶川Ms8.0地震的近断层地面运动的位移特征.结果表明:①在靠近映秀-北川主断层的上盘和下盘,东西相向的地面运动非常剧烈.下盘的51SFB,51MZQ和51JYH台东西向位移均为负(即地面运动向西),其中51SFB台位移量最大,达到1.49m;上盘的51WCW台位移向东,位移量为1.26 m.②地面运动的位移分布主要表现为以龙门山断裂带的映秀-北川断裂为核心的相向运动,东西方向上的永久位移要大于南北方向.从断层机制上来讲,断层的错动以逆冲运动为主(即逆冲位移要大于走滑分量的位移),这与震源机制反演及地质考察的结果一致.③大的地面永久位移集中分布在以龙门山断裂带为中心的狭长范围内,离开发震断裂地面位移的衰减很快.相比而言,在发震断层的下盘一侧(即四川盆地)的地面位移的衰减比上盘一侧明显要快.     

利用强震数据获取汶川地震近断层地面永久位移

利用汶川地震中得到的靠近映秀—北川主断裂的64个强震台站的三分量记录数据, 对加速度记录进行基线校正的基础上获取近断层地面运动的永久形变位移, 并将由强震记录获取到的地面位移结果与GPS观测到的同震位移进行对比分析, 研究汶川M_S8.0地震的近断层地面运动的位移特征. 结果表明： ① 在靠近映秀—北川主断层的上盘和下盘, 东西相向的地面运动非常剧烈. 下盘的51SFB, 51MZQ和51JYH台东西向位移均为负(即地面运动向西), 其中51SFB台位移量最大, 达到1.49 m; 上盘的51WCW台位移向东, 位移量为1.26 m. ② 地面运动的位移分布主要表现为以龙门山断裂带的映秀—北川断裂为核心的相向运动, 东西方向上的永久位移要大于南北方向. 从断层机制上来讲, 断层的错动以逆冲运动为主(即逆冲位移要大于走滑分量的位移), 这与震源机制反演及地质考察的结果一致. ③ 大的地面永久位移集中分布在以龙门山断裂带为中心的狭长范围内, 离开发震断裂地面位移的衰减很快. 相比而言, 在发震断层的下盘一侧(即四川盆地)的地面位移的衰减比上盘一侧明显要快.     

基于强震记录的核电厂抗震标准反应谱研究

依据基岩场地上的汶川地震强震记录,分析了地震动地面峰值和核电站抗震标准反应谱的特性,证明了在推导和使用标准反应谱时所考虑的地面峰值加速度与地面峰值速度之比(PGA/PGV)受地面峰值加速度和震中距的影响,将对标准反应谱形状产生明显的影响.另外还发现了基岩场地的竖向峰值加速度可能要远比通常认为水平向峰值加速度的2/3大....     

The strong ground motion observation for the Wenchuan aftershock

In this paper, the mobile strong ground motion observation for the destructive earthquake is introduced.Considering the characteristics and its spatial distributions of aftershock, 59 strong ground motion instruments were installed along the Longmenshan fault area, and more than 2 000 records have been accumulated.It shows that it is necessary to per-form the mobile strong ground motion observation after the destructive earthquake, and the precious collected data could be applied for further research.