一种新颖的高性能GPS天线

本介绍了一种新的双波段圆极化（CP）GPS天线的新颖设计方法。该设计在较低频率，即1.227GHz上采用了一个开口矩形腔式结构，而在较高频率，即1.575GHz上采用了一个贴片谐振器。腔式谐振器采用同轴线来馈电，而贴片谐振器则采用同轴线与半环、微带或后接有探针的共面线的组合方式来馈电。目前已制作了几种不同类型的天线，并对它们进行了试验性测试，结果已证明这些天线具有非常好的圆极化方向图、阻抗和带宽特性。     

GPS移动式天线

美国伊利诺斯州的Maxrad公司新近推出一种GPS移动式天线,它是Max Matics公司用于综合信息服务、产品系列的部件,它由一个密封高增益2 7dB的GPS天线和一个适合于本公司VHF ,UHF、70 0 /80 0MHz、90 0MHz、PCS和2 4GHz频率的M型移动式支架组成。一根1 7英寸的RG1 74电缆可随各种连接器任选。该天线适用于货车和贵重物品跟踪。GPS移动式天线     

两种GPS天线

我国深圳市福田区的DGC电子有限公司推出DG0 1和DG0 2两款GPS天线。DG0 1型天线的尺寸为 36× 44× 1 2mm ,频率范围为 1 5 75± 5MHz。这种天线是右旋极化天线 ,天线增益优于或等于 3 5dB。放大器增益优于或等于 2 7dB ,噪声电平小于或等于 1 5dB ,干扰抑制为 2 9dB ,电源为 5V ,重量为 1 0 5 g ,工作温度 - 45°至 85° ,存储温度为 - 5 0°至 90°,湿度为 1 0 0 %,而DG0 2型天线的尺寸为 96× 1 2 6mm。频率范围为± 1 5 75MHz,也是右旋极化天线 ,天线增益优于或等于 3 5dB ,放大器增益为 37dB ,噪声电平小于1 5dB。干扰抑…     

200 GHz介质棒天线设计

介质棒天线由于其高增益、小型化、主瓣宽度窄的特点使其在mm波频段广泛应用。将介质棒天线的使用频率提高到太赫兹频段,可以提高太赫兹频段透镜天线及反射面天线的辐射效率。用来做天线阵列时,相邻天线间互耦可以被大幅减小。文中设计一款太赫兹介质棒天线,分析计算太赫兹介质棒天线的传输模式,利用阻抗匹配的方法设计匹配过渡段,该介质棒天线具有宽带性质,中心频率200 GHz处增益为13.88 dB,其副瓣电平低于-20 dB,中心频率200GHz,在180~220GHz频率范围内电压驻波比均为1.2以下,达到设计要求。     

地面安装的三波段天线

美国伊利诺斯州的Mobilemark公司推出一种地面安装的三波段天线。这种三波段900/1900和GPS地面安装天线对自动车辆定位与跟踪应用的专用通信系统和GPS频段起作用。这种模式可用于蜂窝状,CDPD和PCS系统,以及800至900MHz波段中的专用网。该天线含有GPS用户为扩展用于跟踪通信频率所必须的1850-1900MHz PCS频段。在天线增益为5dB和最大噪声系数为2.0dB的情况下,GPS性能为27dB。该     

机载GPS自适应天线阵的测量结果

共形安装的机载GPS自适应天线阵的性能会受到阵列单元和飞机机身之间相互作用的影响。本文将介绍安装在比例为1：8的F－16飞机模型机身上的7单元微带贴片天线自适应阵列的设计和测量结果，以便评估这种天线阵与飞机间的相互作用及其在将多部宽带干扰机调零时对阵列性能的影响。自适应天线阵工作在12.6GHz的频率上，带宽为160MHz，分别是GPS L1频率和带宽的8倍。所有7个单元的远场天线方向图均在近场天线范围内的成比例频段上作了测量。为了更好地了解机体对天线方向图的影响，我们还将对隔离微带贴片单元测出的方向图与根据OSU－NEWAIR程序（code)计算出的天线方向图作了比较，OSU－NEWAIR程序使用均匀衍射理论来分析天线与机身间的相互作用。比较的结果表明，测量得的方向图和计算出的方向图之间具有良好的一致性。从这些缩比模型测量中收集的数据正在用来测试MITRE（麻省理工学院研究小组）开发的时空自适应调零算法在多部宽带干扰机相对飞机不同取向时的有效性。为了证明这种阵列在有两部窄带干扰机时使用简化直接矩阵求逆算法的调零能力，我们还进行了一些测量。测出的自适应阵列方向性图与理论上的预测十分吻合。文章还阐明了缩比模型测试的优点，以验证机载自适应阵列的调零性能。     

基于GPS反射信号反推求取水波波形的研究

将GPS的卫星接收仪与左旋与右旋极化天线结合,接收来自水面微弱的GPS反射信号,并对该信号进行提取和分析。同时应用右旋圆极化及左旋圆极化天线分别接收GPS发射和反射信号,并微调接收天线提高GPS正、反信号的分辨率,获得天线的有效接受频率范围及近似的方位,根据几何方法,进一步利用各卫星与接收仪天线所在位置形成的投影,反推计算所接收各组微弱反射信号的虚拟地面及水面发射点。通过对比信号强度、时间修正延迟量、大气修正延迟量,完成求解反射点的位置与高度,在利用这些精确的高度数据,反推波形模式、波浪特性与形态,为河海与港湾工程及潮汐观测提供有效依据。     

双极性天线在多路径效应探测中的应用

多路径效应是影响卫星定位精度和稳定性的重要因素。针对多路径环境复杂多变难以进行分析的问题,该文提出了一种利用双极性天线探测多路径的方法。详细介绍了反射信号的极性特征;通过判断信号的极性可以有效地区分直射信号和反射信号。分析了通过信号极性实现多路径探测的理论:组成双极性天线的右螺旋圆极化天线和左螺旋圆极化天线能够分别输出卫星信号中的右螺旋圆极化分量和左螺旋圆极化分量,如果两个分量的载噪比差值大于一定的门槛值,就可以推断卫星信号在传输过程中经历了多路径效应。最后通过仿真实验验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

一种宽波束圆台型双频微带天线的设计与实现

设计了一种应用于车载型卫星接收机的双频双圆极化多层圆台型微带天线,通过在微带天线中加入圆台型地面结构,仿真结果表明：在保证天线工作在S频段波束宽度和低仰角增益满足使用要求的同时,工作在L频段时,与不加圆台结构的天线相比,H面3dB波束宽度提高了24．7°,低仰角增益（仰角为10°）提高了0.6dBi;E面3dB波束宽度提高了35．1°,低仰角增益（仰角为10°）提高了0．5dBi．该天线结构简单,是一种比较实用的车载卫星接收机收发天线。     

小功率天线

台湾台北市Allis通信公司推出M827B型和M812B型两种弱电流损耗GPS天线，这种天线可在频率1575．42 ／-3MHz和在-10db 0MHz的     

Forward modeling of GPS multipath for near-surface reflectometry and positioning applications

Multipath is detrimental for both GPS positioning and timing applications. However, the benefits of GPS multipath for reflectometry have become increasingly clear for soil moisture, snow depth, and vegetation growth monitoring. Most multipath forward models focus on the code modulation, adopting arbitrary values for the reflection power, phase, and delay, or they calculate the reflection delay based on a given geometry and keep reflection power empirically defined. Here, a fully polarimetric forward model is presented, accounting for right- and left-handed circularly polarized components of the GPS broadcast signal and of the antenna and surface responses as well. Starting from the fundamental direct and reflected voltages, we have defined the interferometric and error voltages, which are of more interest in reflectometry and positioning applications. We examined the effect of varying coherence on signal-to-noise ratio, carrier phase, and code pseudorange observables. The main features of the forward model are subsequently illustrated as they relate to the broadcast signal, reflector height, random surface roughness, surface material, antenna pattern, and antenna orientation. We demonstrated how the antenna orientation—upright, tipped, or upside-down—involves a number of trade-offs regarding the neglect of the antenna gain pattern, the minimization of CDMA self-interference, and the maximization of the number of satellites visible. The forward model was also used to understand the multipath signature in GPS positioning applications. For example, we have shown how geodetic GPS antennas offer little impediment for the intake of near-grazing reflections off natural surfaces, in contrast to off metal, because of the lack of diversity with respect to the direct signal—small interferometric delay and Doppler, same sense of polarization, and similar direction of arrival.     

Broadband convex impedance ground planes for multi-system GNSS reference station antennas

Common choke ring ground planes are known to contribute to undesirable antenna pattern narrowing in the elevation plane which is associated with difficulties of tracking low elevation satellites. Also known is the comparatively narrow frequency bandwidth of the choke grooves structure. As an alternative, using a convex impedance ground plane has been suggested for full-spectrum GNSS applications. With such ground planes a pin structure is utilized instead of choke grooves to allow a frequency bandwidth increase. A semi-spherical shape of the ground plane is shown to provide increased antenna gain for low elevation angles. Theoretical performance estimates along with experimental test data have been provided.     

嫦娥三号落月段中欧联合测量弱信号相位估计

干涉测量技术对于直接获取月球和深空探测器空间方位,开展科学研究具有非常重要的意义。提出了一种利用高品质因数天线获取的探测器高动态飞行段估计信息,对远距离异地较低接收品质因数天线接收的弱信号进行补偿,进而实现弱信号窄带跟踪的方法。利用嫦娥三号动力落月段中欧联合干涉测量获取的原始数据进行了验证,结果表明,基于该方法补偿后的弱信号只需采用噪声带宽5 Hz的数字锁相环即可实现精确相位跟踪,对新诺舍站DOR（differential one-way ranging）音信号的相位估计标准差低至3.4°。该方法可应用于中国未来月球和深空探测,以及机构间干涉测量交互支持。     

一种新型测地线双锥天线的研究

介绍了一种新型测地线双锥天线,该天线能够实现全方位面上的波束扫描,具有广阔的应用空间。采用几何光学法结合测地线理论分析了其工作原理,重点阐述了圆柱面上射线传输路径的问题,并对该天线在单端口和双端口激励情况下的方向图分别进行了分析和计算。在以上基础上,设计加工完成了一款工作在6～8 G Hz的新型测地线双锥天线,给出了其具体结构和尺寸。理论结果与实测结果具有较好的一致性,表明了几何光学法在测地线双锥天线分析和设计中的适用性。     

Remote leveling of tide gauges using GNSS reflectometry: case study at Spring Bay,Australia

We further developed a new approach using GNSS reflectometry to determine the leveling connection between a tide gauge and a GNSS antenna. This approach includes the optimization of the unknown receiver bandwidth and the estimation of frequency changes in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) oscillation through an extended Kalman filter/smoother algorithm. We also corrected the geometric bending of the GNSS signals due to tropospheric refraction using local meteorological observations. Using 3 weeks of SNR data in Spring Bay, Australia, from a GNSS antenna placed sideways (i.e., ground plane orientated vertically and directed in azimuth toward the sea surface) to improve the SNR interference near the horizon, we obtained mean leveling differences of approximately 5 mm, with an RMS of approximately 3 cm level with respect to the nominal leveling from classical surveying techniques. SNR data from three different receiver manufacturers, coupled to the same antenna, provided similar leveling results. With a second antenna in the usual upright configuration, we obtained mean leveling differences of 1–2 cm and a RMS of about 10 cm. In the upright configuration, the leveling differences may include errors in the GNSS antenna phase center calibration, which are avoided in our technique but not in the classical surveying techniques. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the reflectometry technique to obtain precisely and remotely the leveling between a GNSS antenna and a tide gauge. In addition, this technique can be applied continuously, providing an independent and economical means to monitor the stability of the tide gauge zero.     

结合相似块匹配及线性最小均方误差滤波器的全极化雷达影像去噪

针对全极化合成孔径雷达Pol SAR(Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar)影像相干斑噪声严重的问题,提出了一种结合相似块匹配和线性最小均方误差原理的去噪方法。该方法首先在原始影像上实现相似块组的匹配,进而利用线性最小均方误差滤波器对影像块组进行滤波得到初始去噪结果;然后,同时利用原始影像和初始去噪影像的信息进行相似块组的重新匹配,并再次利用线性最小均方误差原理对重匹配影像块进行去噪,得到影像最终的去噪结果。利用模拟的Pol SAR影像和高分三号卫星Pol SAR影像进行了算法效果的验证。结果表明,去噪算法在显著抑制影像噪声水平的同时,也能较好地保持影像的边缘和极化特性等细节信息。     

Dielectric-Covered Ground Reflectors in GPS Multipath Reception—Theory and Measurement

Global positioning system receivers sometimes operate under severe multipath conditions, including those which include a ground specularly reflected signal along with a direct signal. Here, such a case is discussed which involves a dielectric-covered flat ground reflector, with incident energy at 1.57542-GHz right-hand circularly polarized at elevation angles between 5$^{circ}$ and 50 $^{circ}$. The relative received powers produced by the sum of the specularly reflected and direct signals are computed from conventional theory and are measured for various thicknesses of dielectrics. Both theory and measurement show that the received powers produced by the sum of the specularly reflected and direct signals have the same behavior throughout a range of elevation angles. A snow case study shows potential for inferring snow depth by fitting the theory to the measurements.      

一种顾及现势指向的上行天线阵相位中心精确标校方法

针对上行天线阵相位中心标校技术粗糙、精度不高等问题,引入精密工程测量技术测定天线实际状态,提出了一种顾及现势指向的相位中心精确标校方法。首先,利用工业摄影测量系统获取天线各姿态的型面数据,并通过最小二乘法拟合求解出现势性强的机械轴;然后,用矩阵法解算各姿态下机械轴的交点作为旋转中心;最后,基于反角度加权插值法推估得到天线在任意姿态下的机械轴,进而从投影中心沿机械轴延伸既定长度获得可靠的相位中心。以3台φ3 m上行阵天线为试验对象,通过工程控制网统一摄影测量坐标系,并按照本文方法标校天线相位中心。电信号合成效果表明,本文方法能有效克服天线自重变形、机械安装等因素的影响,实现了相位中心的精确标校,增强了上行天线阵合成信号的幅度。     

低成本GNSS模块RTK性能比较分析

针对低成本GNSS模块及天线类型直接影响RTK性能的问题,该文选取了具有代表性的3种GNSS定位模块华大HD9310、UBLOX NEO-M8T、UBLOX ZED-F9P,以及测地型天线U35和螺旋天线BT-3070两种不同类型的天线。采集GNSS天线和模块不同组合的原始观测数据,深入分析了不同组合的原始GNSS数据的信噪比、模糊度解算初始化时间、伪距与载波相位的双差残差以及定位精度。结果表明:U35天线性能优于BT-3070天线;ZED-F9P模块性能优于NEO-M8T模块和HD9310模块。实验结果可为无人设备、工程测量等领域选取合适的RTK组合提供参考。