世界异常天气及其评价 1989年元月天气

从元月北半球500hp a月距平图可见,中纬度的大部分地区为正距平,尤其是欧洲和东亚地区,正距平幅度较大.这种形势不是一个月里面各种环流形势交替变动后的综合结果,而是一种准定常的环流型,这在候平均高度图上也可以看得很清楚,同样的环流     

1980—1989年全球1000 hPa高度距平3—5年尺度演变

80年代发生了两次较强的El Ni?o事件。本文利用 ECMWF的月平均资料，分析了1980—1989年期间1000 hPa高度距平3—5年尺度的全球演变特征。发现了南北半球主要正负距平的演变既有驻波特征，又有传播波特征。南半球正负距平的变化与南方涛动相联系，而北半球正负距平的变化与北方涛动相联系。二者既互相独立，又互相配合。它们在80年代两次ENSO过程的演变中都起着重要作用。特别是1982／1983和1986／1987年El Ni?o事件发生前，分别有明显负距平沿南、北太平洋副热带自西部移向东部，使南     

世界异常天气及其评价 1993年12月天气

12月北半球500hPa月平均图上，在冬季到去年一直出现的高纬负产巨平，中纬大面积正距平的分布特征在今年不明显，极涡大体保持常年的状态。负距平的范围从欧洲西北部伸到北大西洋和从北太平洋延伸到西伯利亚东北部。下旬东北太平洋为负距平、北美西部为正距平、北美东部为负距平，即呈现PNA波列状态，北美东部出现了寒潮。1西伯利亚东部低温受500hPa高度负8巨平区控制的影响，西伯利亚东部出现了月平均气温较常年偏低10℃以上的低温天气。2西伯利亚中部多雨与上月一样，西伯利亚中部降水仍然偏多。3中国东田至印度支那半岛少雨中国全国大…     

气候变暖以来黑龙江省春防期高火险日数环流背景分析及预测

本文着重从气候变暖以来春防期高火险日数偏多年和偏少年北半球500hPa环流场背景分析,偏多年时距平场上正负中心形成以黑龙江省为中心自高纬向低纬呈"-,+"距平型,偏少年时距平场上正负中心形成以黑龙江省为中心自高纬向低纬呈"-,+"距平型.从前期北半球500hPa环流场异常形势演变,偏多年前期北半球500hPa距平场上极区为大范围正距平,极涡偏弱,鄂霍茨克海有阻塞高压存在,东亚大槽偏强,阿留申低压活跃,偏少年时前期极区为大范嗣负距平,极涡偏强,鄂霍茨克海没有明显的阻塞高压形势,东亚大槽偏弱,阿留申低压也不活跃.北半球500hPa环流场异常是造成春防期森林火险高火险日数多少重要原因,通过前期的环流背景对春防期高火险日数进行预测,进而做出春防期森林防火期趋势预测.     

用压温湿距平图作初夏六月干旱、雨涝及早涝转折的中短期预报

初夏(六月、下同)干旱,是我县四季气候变化的一种正常现象。一般地有利小麦收割。但若早期时间短,雨涝出现早,或干旱持续发展,则对“三夏”十分不利。因此,当初夏出现干旱时,在中、短期时效里,准确及时地预报旱、涝及旱涝转折,显得十分重要。近十年来,我们根据农业生产的需要,用14时压温湿逐日距平图(辅之14时气压距平图滑动图和综合时间剖面图)为     

世界异常天气及其评价(1991年5月天气)

在5月北半球500hPa月平均图上,中纬度地区的距平幅度较大,其中大西洋东部、西西伯利亚、美国东部被较强的正距平所覆盖,而欧洲东部为负距平所控制,与上述正负距平区所对应的大部分观测站,月平均气温明显的偏高或偏低。 1.琉球群岛至中国南方少雨虽然中国的中部地区降水比常年要多,但中国南方却发生了干旱,对作物的生长造     

2008年初全国雨雪冰冻天气的OLR资料分析

2008年1月至2月初,中国发生大范围长时间的雨雪冰冻天气气候事件,用NOAA-18气象卫星的OLR资料,对这一极端天气气候事件做了OLR资料特征分析.统计得出这一时段内OLR候距平与候降水量的关系式:Y=A+B×OLRJP,在江南、华南地区其相关系数为0.60525;计算了中国区域及其主要气象台站1989-2008年的月OLR标准差,得出中国区域月OLR标准差1989-2008年段明显高于1989-2000年段,表明近年来极端气候事件增多;从OLR候、旬等值线图和距平图分析得出:卫星OLR资料的等值线图,特别是距平等值线图,能较好地反映降水天气事件,尤其是长时间降水的极端天气气候事件,在日平均OLR等值线图上,OLR值低表明云系越高,降水越强;在候、旬平均OLR等值线图上,OLR越低表明降水云持续的时间长;而候、旬OLR距平的大小则揭示了观测地区的旱涝程度,候、旬OLR负距平越低表示超过常年同期的降水强度越强和持续的时间越长.     

世界异常天气及其评价(1993年6月天气)

6月份北半球500hPa月平均国的主要村点是：极区附近仍以正距平为主，中纬度则负距平占多数。特别在太平洋西部、斯堪的纳维亚半岛至俄罗斯的欧洲部分，负距平最为显著。另外，太平洋地区的负距平虽然没有5月之前那样显著，但仍在持续。1西西伯利亚高温西西伯利亚地区气温几乎全部偏高，特别是乌拉尔地区北部有月平均气温比常年偏高8℃以．上的地方。2亚洲南部高温印度支那半岛至菲律宾、印度西南部气温偏高，巴基斯坦受热浪袭击，死亡人数超过了100人。3欧洲北部低温欧洲北部至俄罗斯的欧洲部分月平均气温出现了较常年偏低2℃左右的大范围…     

JMH/JMJ广播的几种气象传真图的应用

日本东京JMH/JMJ广播的气象传真图有很多种,今介绍其中几种. 一、几种传真气象图 1.北半球500毫巴长波合成和空间平均距平图(AXXN) 将500毫巴等压面天气图做762公里的空间平均,然后使之平滑化,再从平滑过的天气图中减去相应的5天平均值,便可以得到空间平均距平图.由于几乎排除掉波长大约为3,000公里以下的短波,所以这种平均距平图上的正、负距平区与长波相对应.因而,根据距平场,可以知道气压槽、脊的位置,西风带的强弱,主要锋带的位置,高、低气压的发展,气温的高、低等大尺度的天气型特征.由此可以判断几天到一周的天气趋势.     

2003年春季(3～5月)山东天气评述

利用2003年3～5月常规天气资料、500hPa月平均高度场及距平图资料，分析了今春山东省的气候特征和主要天气过程，并评述对农业生产的影响。     

Temporal and spatial variability of the global water balance

An analysis of simulated global water-balance components (precipitation [P], actual evapotranspiration [AET], runoff [R], and potential evapotranspiration [PET]) for the past century indicates that P has been the primary driver of variability in R. Additionally, since about 2000, there have been increases in P, AET, R, and PET for most of the globe. The increases in R during 2000 through 2009 have occurred despite unprecedented increases in PET. The increases in R are the result of substantial increases in P during the cool Northern Hemisphere months (i.e. October through March) when PET increases were relatively small; the largest PET increases occurred during the warm Northern Hemisphere months (April through September). Additionally, for the 2000 through 2009 period, the latitudinal distribution of P departures appears to co-vary with the mean P departures from 16 climate model projections of the latitudinal response of P to warming, except in the high latitudes. Finally, changes in water-balance variables appear large from the perspective of departures from the long-term means. However, when put into the context of the magnitudes of the raw water balance variable values, there appears to have been little change in any of the water-balance variables over the past century on a global or hemispheric scale.     

Statistical Analysis and Prediction of KwaZulu-Natal Climate

Summary. Climatic fluctuations in KwaZulu-Natal, southeastern South Africa, are analysed using statistical techniques. Moist easterly winds sweep in from the Indian Ocean during all seasons except winter, producing a balance between evaporative losses and precipitation. The seasonal cycle is unimodal with a peak of rainfall and temperature in the summer months (December to February) with a 1–2 month lag for streamflow and vegetation growth. Rainfall and temperature departures in recent decades exhibit a 3 year cycle and a 3–6 month persistence of cool/wet or warm/dry phases. The predictability of summer rainfall, temperature, crop yield, inflow to dams and malaria incidence is explored. Multivariate linear regression models with lead-times of one season account for two-thirds of the variance in most cases. Climatic signals which enable predictability include winds over the tropical east Atlantic and north Indian Ocean. El Ni?o signals from tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures and the Southern Oscillation Index are also important predictors for KwaZulu-Natal’s climate. These relationships suggest that local circulation responses to large scale tropical-polar temperature gradients govern climatic fluctuations over KwaZulu-Natal. Received August 27, 1997. Revised November 10, 1997     

北半球冬季环流异常对我国东北夏季长期天气过程的影响

用北半球１４个冬季的５００ｈＰａ候距平高度场和１４个夏季东北地区温度和降水候距平资料，分析了冬季环流异常对次年夏季温度和降水异常的影响，发现北半球冬季环流异常的显著区与冬季大气活动中心或超长波槽脊相联系；与我国东北地区夏季温度和降水异常关系密切。在Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ和反Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ年，这种现象更为明显。     

Regional climate model sensitivity to domain size

Regional climate models are increasingly used to add small-scale features that are not present in their lateral boundary conditions (LBC). It is well known that the limited area over which a model is integrated must be large enough to allow the full development of small-scale features. On the other hand, integrations on very large domains have shown important departures from the driving data, unless large scale nudging is applied. The issue of domain size is studied here by using the “perfect model” approach. This method consists first of generating a high-resolution climatic simulation, nicknamed big brother (BB), over a large domain of integration. The next step is to degrade this dataset with a low-pass filter emulating the usual coarse-resolution LBC. The filtered nesting data (FBB) are hence used to drive a set of four simulations (LBs for Little Brothers), with the same model, but on progressively smaller domain sizes. The LB statistics for a climate sample of four winter months are compared with BB over a common region. The time average (stationary) and transient-eddy standard deviation patterns of the LB atmospheric fields generally improve in terms of spatial correlation with the reference (BB) when domain gets smaller. The extraction of the small-scale features by using a spectral filter allows detecting important underestimations of the transient-eddy variability in the vicinity of the inflow boundary, which can penalize the use of small domains (less than 100 × 100 grid points). The permanent “spatial spin-up” corresponds to the characteristic distance that the large-scale flow needs to travel before developing small-scale features. The spin-up distance tends to grow in size at higher levels in the atmosphere.     

极地和赤道热状况异常与我国及湖北省严寒关系的分析

本文对1952-1986年期间我国几次特大严寒的环流背景及发生规律作了分析和探讨,认为:严寒是一个大范围的天气现象,严重严寒往往涉及全国甚至欧亚范围,严寒的发生与大气环境的异常分布有关,导致严寒发生的前期因子是极地和赤道大范围热状况异常.     

Heatwaves in Europe: areas of homogeneous variability and links with the regional to large-scale atmospheric and SSTs anomalies

This work presents a methodology to study the interannual variability associated with summertime months in which extremely hot temperatures are frequent. Daily time series of maximum and minimum temperature fields (T _max and T _min, respectively) are used to define indexes of extreme months based on the number of days crossing thresholds. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is applied to the monthly indexes. EOF loadings give information about the geographical areas where the number of days per month with extreme temperatures has the largest variability. Correlations between the EOF principal components and the time series of other fields allow plotting maps highlighting the anomalies in the large scale circulation and in the SSTs that are associated with the occurrence of extreme events. The methodology is used to construct the “climatology” of the extremely hot summertime months over Europe. In terms of both interannual and intraseasonal variability, there are three regions in which the frequency of the extremely hot days per month homogeneously varies: north-west Europe, Euro-Mediterranean and Eurasia region. Although extremes over those regions occur during the whole summer (June to August), the anomalous climatic conditions associated with frequent heatwaves present some intraseasonal variability. Extreme climate events over the north-west Europe and Eurasia are typically related to the occurrence of blocking situations. The intraseasonal variability of those patterns is related to the amplitude of the blocking, the relative location of the action centre and the wavetrain of anomalies downstream or upstream of the blocking. During June and July, blocking situations which give extremely hot climate conditions over north-west Europe are also associated with cold conditions over the eastern Mediterranean sector. The Euro-Mediterranean region is a transition area in which extratropical and tropical systems compete, influencing the occurrence of climate events: blockings tend to be related to extremely hot months during June while baroclinic anomalies dominate the variability of the climate events in July and August. We highlight that our method could be easily applied to other regions of the world, to other fields as well as to model outputs to assess, e.g. the potential change of extreme climate events in a warmer climate.     

Simulation of rainfall anomalies leading to the 2005 drought in Amazonia using the CLARIS LPB regional climate models

The meteorological characteristics of the drought of 2005 in Amazonia, one of the most severe in the last 100 years were assessed using a suite of seven regional models obtained from the CLARIS LPB project. The models were forced with the ERA-Interim reanalyses as boundary conditions. We used a combination of rainfall and temperature observations and the low-level circulation and evaporation fields from the reanalyses to determine the climatic and meteorological characteristics of this particular drought. The models reproduce in some degree the observed annual cycle of precipitation and the geographical distribution of negative rainfall anomalies during the summer months of 2005. With respect to the evolution of rainfall during 2004–2006, some of the models were able to simulate the negative rainfall departures during early summer of 2005 (December 2004 to February 2005). The interannual variability of rainfall anomalies for both austral summer and fall over northern and southern Amazonia show a large spread among models, with some of them capable of reproducing the 2005 observed negative rainfall departures (four out of seven models in southern Amazonia during DJF). In comparison, all models simulated the observed southern Amazonia negative rainfall and positive air temperature anomalies during the El Nino-related drought in 1998. The spatial structure of the simulated rainfall and temperature anomalies in DJF and MAM 2005 shows biases that are different among models. While some models simulated the observed negative rainfall anomalies over parts of western and southern Amazonia during DJF, others simulated positive rainfall departures over central Amazonia. The simulated circulation patterns indicate a weaker northeasterly flow from the tropical North Atlantic into Amazonia, and reduced flows from southern Amazonia into the La Plata basin in DJF, which is consistent with observations. In general, we can say that in some degree the regional models are able to capture the response to the forcing from the tropical Atlantic during the drought of 2005 in Amazonia. Moreover, extreme climatic conditions in response to anomalous low-level circulation features are also well captured, since the boundary conditions come from reanalysis and the models are largely constrained by the information provided at the boundaries. The analysis of the 2005 drought suggests that when the forcing leading to extreme anomalous conditions is associated with both local and non-local mechanisms (soil moisture feedbacks and remote SST anomalies, respectively) the models are not fully capable of representing these feedbacks and hence, the associated anomalies. The reason may be a deficient reproduction of the land–atmosphere interactions.     

冷锋前浙江大范围冰雹天气的发生条件

本文选取了7个实例,分析冷锋前浙江大范围冰雹天气的发生条件。大范围冰雹天气发生前,必须具有较大的位势不稳定能和较强的边界层辐合。强的风速垂直切变并不是必要条件。冰雹天气发生前6—12小时,对流层中、下部不一定有大尺度辐合上升。冰雹发生之前,边界层内暖湿空气十分强盛,而中层的冷干空气活动一般并不明显。因此不稳定能的形成主要是由于边界层内暖湿平流的结果。冰雹天气过程的水汽通量散度,与一般暴雨过程不同,前者的水汽辐合几乎全部集中在边界层内。冷锋位置、边界层辐合线、潜在不稳定度和对流不稳定度这四个因子相结合,可能是预报冷锋前有无大范围冰雹天气发生的有效信息。     

Statistics of hot and cold events in Catalonia (NE Spain) for the recording period 1950–2004

Spatial patterns and statistical models for hot and cold events affecting Catalonia (NE Spain) are obtained from series of daily maximum and minimum temperatures recorded at 65 meteorological stations throughout the period 1950–2004. The study is based on the crossing theory, taking care that daily temperatures are normally distributed and previous data treatments (removal of trends and periodicities) assure their stationary character. With the aim of facilitating comparisons among different thermometric records, hot and cold events are defined as large departures, given in standard deviations, of daily temperatures from daily averages. From the statistical point of view, the assumption of a normal distribution of the initial date of the events is questionable and a simple assignment of hot events to summer and cold events to winter must be discarded according to the averaged initial dates and their standard deviations. The event magnitudes, defined as the absolute value of their maximum departures, follow an exponential distribution and event lengths can be modelled by an autoregressive Markov process with a Gaussian noise component. The number of events per year fits a Poisson distribution well only for high departures and the whole number of hot and cold events decays exponentially with the increasing departure for every temperature series. This property permits an estimation of the expected maximum departure for every thermometric station during the recording period. Even though spatial features observed for the number of events, their mean initial date, average event magnitude and average event length depict quite complex patterns due to the orography of the country and the vicinity to the Mediterranean Sea, the results obtained improve the knowledge on the hot and cold events in Catalonia.     

Sea level pressure patterns associated with dry or wet monthly rainfall conditions in Turkey

Summary  Monthly rainfall totals at 7 stations across Turkey and sea level pressure (SLP) in 16 grid points in the region delimited by the 20° E and 50° E longitudes and by the 30° N and 45° N latitudes were analysed. Data were available for a period longer than sixty years. The standard deviations of SLP at each grid point for each month, were calculated and mapped. For each station, months were defined as dry or wet according to their z scores: ≤ −1.0 or ≥ 1.0 respectively. Maps showing the SLP z scores of the corresponding dry or wet months for each station were prepared. The maps, enable to distinguish between SLP patterns associated with dry or wet conditions. Furthermore, correlations between monthly rainfall in each of the stations and SLP at each grid point were performed. The correlation coefficients were mapped. (a) The variability of the SLP decreases from the Balkans towards the Arabian Peninsula and is much larger in winter as compared with summer. (b) Relationship between rainfall in Turkey and the regional SLP is large in winter and non existing in summer. (c) Pressure patterns associated with dry conditions, show usually positive SLP departures, whereas, pressure patterns associated with wet conditions show usually negative SLP departures. (d) There is a great resemblance between pressure patterns associated with wet conditions and correlation maps of the same months. Received September 4, 2000 Revised January 15, 2001