太原市城市分质供水方案研究

太原市水资源严重短缺,引黄入并后为城市分质供水提供了理想条件。结合太原市城区工业布局、水源结构等,对黄河水、中水进行了优化配置,提出了城市分质分网供水方案,以保障城市居民饮水安全与工业企业用水需求,并改善水生态环境,提高引黄工程效益,促进经济社会可持续发展。     

基于BP神经网络的太原市地面沉降预测及分析

通过对太原市地面沉降资料、气象水文和地质条件以及地下水等大量资料的分析与整理,考虑到太原市各个沉降中心的沉降趋势不尽相同,对太原市吴家堡、西张、万柏林和下元4个沉降中心分别建立BP神经网络模型,并基于训练好的BP神经网络模型,在太原市地下水开采量的规划方案下,预测了在不同降水保证率下2009-2015年地面沉降的趋势,...     

太原市地面沉降的计算与预测

为分析太原市地面沉降,对太原市区进行了地质模型概化,建立了太原市区大规模开采地下水引起地面沉降的数值计算模型,同时对研究区内的地面沉降进行了预测。分析结果表明,太原市地面沉降主要是由于集中开采深层承压含水层引起的。      

对太原市城市土地价格变动影响因素的研究

土地价格是反映一个城市土地市场以及经济环境的重要指标,也是土地资源配置状况的一个重要信号。随着太原市十多年来城市住房商品化改革的深入推进,城市化进程的快速深入,对城市土地的需求持续高速增长,土地价格也越来越高,城市土地价格的形成、变化及其背后的推动因素成为理论界和实务界关注的焦点。研究太原市土地价格的现状及影响因素对太原市未来可持续发展有着重要的意义。本文通过研究太原市土地价格现状,分析得出影响太原市城市地价变动的主要影响因素,从而为防止太原市城市地价过快增长提出可行性办法。     

太原市东山矿区岩溶地下水排供结合研究

太原市为华北地区严重缺水城市之一，而与此紧紧相连的太原市东山煤矿，丰富的岩溶地下水造成750下山煤层无法开采。为了解决东山煤矿12873万t煤炭资源带压开采问题及缓解太原市供水紧张的局面。笔者从分析东山岩溶水系统水文地质条件入手，对井田内水文地质条件进行了定量研究，认为将东山煤矿的疏干降压与太原市的供水结合起来其利大于弊。     

准噶尔盆地中部1区钻井优化设计研究

围绕钻井工程设计优化展开研究,论述了准噶尔盆地中部1区井身结构优化过程,提出了井身结构优化方案;建立了该区岩石可钻性剖面,结合钻头使用效果评价,推荐了钻头选型方案;介绍了该区钻井液体系优选及使用情况。形成了准噶尔盆地中部1区钻井设计优化方案,提出了后续研究方向。     

传承历史,创新和谐——太原市旅游学院新校区规划设计

建筑创作应植根于建筑周围环境,以满足自身功能需求,通过对太原市旅游学院新校区规划设计方案构思的深入剖析,阐述了建筑设计只有对历史文脉的继承和发扬光大才能创造出具有地方特色的时代建筑。     

太原市城市交通发展方向探讨

正在快速发展的太原市，必将面临更大的城市交通压力，为了未雨绸缪，本文对太原市的城市交通现状及发展方向进行了探讨，对动态交通、静态交通、快速公共交通及政策导向等提出了一些研究思路。     

太原市地面沉降初探

本文通过分析太原市地质、水文地质条件，地下水开采状况及地面沉降特点，对太原市地面沉降的原因，现象进行了初步探讨。指出太原市地面沉降主要由于过量开采地下水引起，并就此提出了控制太原市地面沉降的措施。     

太原市主要地质灾害及防灾减灾措施研究

以太原市地质灾害详细调查资料为依据,总结了太原市地质灾害的主要类型,包括滑坡、崩塌、采矿地面塌陷、地面沉降、泥石流以及具潜在危险的不稳定斜坡等;归纳分析了太原市地质灾害的规模特征、成因特征,统计了地质灾害的危害和潜在威胁。通过近年来省内外尤其是太原市地质灾害防灾减灾措施的调查研究,结合太原市地质灾害隐患的具体特点,提出了加强地质灾害防治的有关制度建设、宣传培训工作、科学部署地质灾害防治、监测工程、强化建设项目的地质灾害危险性评估及监督检查、强化地质灾害隐患点的定期调查和隐患区外复杂地质环境条件区的地质灾害防治以及关闭矿山区的采空区勘查治理等地质灾害减灾防灾措施。     

物探与水文地质分析结合在岩溶地区找水定井中的应用——以黔江区罗家坝ZK3井为例

物探与水文地质的有机结合可明显提高岩溶区找水定井的命中率。岩溶区的地形地貌、地质构造以及地层岩性对地下水的富集有着决定性的控制作用,有良好岩性配置的低位向斜槽谷区是岩溶找水工作的首要优选靶区;根据测区地质情况和地形条件、目的任务合理选择物探方法,当工作区具有浅覆盖、地下水大埋深和地层电性差异明显等特点时,音频大地电磁法解译成果更为可靠。文章以黔江罗家坝ZK3井为实例,阐述了水文地质调查与物探工作成果在指导岩溶区找水定井中的具体应用,证实了水文地质调查与物探结合的方式在岩溶地区找水定井中的优越性。      

Radioactive waste management policies in seven industrialized democracies1

This paper provides an inventory of radioactive waste management policies in seven industrialized democracies: the U.S., France, Japan, West Germany, Canada, the U.K. and Sweden. Collectively, these countries account for almost 75% of the world's installed nuclear power capacity and over 61% of its spentfuel production. Special emphasis is given to siting procedures for both high- and low-/intermediate-level waste repositories. Although several low-level repositories are operating or under construction, only West Germany has selected a site for high-level waste disposal, at Gorleben. It is expected that siting decisions will be highly conflict-laden in each country except for pro-nuclear France. The procedures for resolving potential siting conflicts are briefly reviewed. Sweden's strategy of siting its low-level repository near Forsmark offshore beneath the Baltic seabed minimizes conflict and may become attractive to other nations. Also, transnational agreements may eventually be sought as radioactive waste disposal is an international problem. This paper concludes with a comparative discussion of siting policies and their potential impacts.     

Radioactive waste management policies in seven industrialized democracies*

This paper provides an inventory of radioactive waste management policies in seven industrialized democracies: the U.S., France, Japan, West Germany, Canada, the U.K. and Sweden. Collectively, these countries account for almost 75% of the world's installed nuclear power capacity and over 61% of its spentfuel production. Special emphasis is given to siting procedures for both high- and low-/intermediate-level waste repositories. Although several low-level repositories are operating or under construction, only West Germany has selected a site for high-level waste disposal, at Gorleben. It is expected that siting decisions will be highly conflict-laden in each country except for pro-nuclear France. The procedures for resolving potential siting conflicts are briefly reviewed. Sweden's strategy of siting its low-level repository near Forsmark offshore beneath the Baltic seabed minimizes conflict and may become attractive to other nations. Also, transnational agreements may eventually be sought as radioactive waste disposal is an international problem. This paper concludes with a comparative discussion of siting policies and their potential impacts.     

Combining geographic information system, multicriteria evaluation techniques and fuzzy logic in siting MSW landfills

This study presents a methodology for siting municipal solid waste landfills, coupling geographic information systems (GIS), fuzzy logic, and multicriteria evaluation techniques. Both exclusionary and non-exclusionary criteria are used. Factors, i.e., non-exclusionary criteria, are divided in two distinct groups which do not have the same level of trade off. The first group comprises factors related to the physical environment, which cannot be expressed in terms of monetary cost and, therefore, they do not easily trade off. The second group includes those factors related to human activities, i.e., socioeconomic factors, which can be expressed as financial cost, thus showing a high level of trade off. GIS are used for geographic data acquisition and processing. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is the multicriteria evaluation technique used, enhanced with fuzzy factor standardization. Besides assigning weights to factors through the AHP, control over the level of risk and trade off in the siting process is achieved through a second set of weights, i.e., order weights, applied to factors in each factor group, on a pixel-by-pixel basis, thus taking into account the local site characteristics. The method has been applied to Evros prefecture (NE Greece), an area of approximately 4,000 km². The siting methodology results in two intermediate suitability maps, one related to environmental and the other to socioeconomic criteria. Combination of the two intermediate maps results in the final composite suitability map for landfill siting.     

The changing role of hydrogeology in semi-arid southern and eastern Africa

Much of southern and eastern Africa is semi-arid and heavily groundwater dependent. Borehole drilling commenced over a hundred years ago with magnetic and electrical resistivity surveys for borehole siting being introduced from 1936. Formalised training of hydrogeologists led in the 1970s to an almost standard approach to hydrogeological investigation and a period of stability followed, during which some major investigations were carried out. A period of decentralisation and fragmentation has since taken place in many parts of southern and eastern Africa, and groundwater monitoring and management are inadequate in many countries. All but six of the 14 SADC (Southern African Development Community) member states reportedly have an adequate monitoring network in place. However, groundwater demand is increasing and hydrogeologists need to promote the use of appropriate methodologies as an essential part of tackling the severe issues now facing the water sector in the region.     

The origin and distribution of nitrate in groundwater from village wells in Kotagede, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The causes and nature of nitrate pollution of wells in a village within Kotagede, a subdistrict of the city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, were investigated in a detailed hydrological study. Nitrate concentrations in groundwater frequently exceeded the WHO recommended limit of 50 mg L^− 1. Groundwater nitrate concentrations were measured over a 19-month period in monitoring wells and in piezometers placed strategically in relation to sewage tanks within the village. Results indicate that the tanks are major sources of nitrate in the groundwater and that the input is markedly dependent on rainfall, resulting in a surge of nitrate into the groundwater at the beginning of each wet season. That the tanks are a major source was confirmed by measuring nitrate in soil cores obtained by augering close to selected tanks. Washrooms, where people wash themselves, are not significant sources of nitrate. Faecal coliform counts in groundwater from a random selection of wells are very high. The results have implications for the siting of wells and toilets within villages in Indonesia. Received, January 1999/Revised, August 1999/Accepted, August 1999     

淮安市垃圾填埋场地质特征及其防渗评价

正确分析评价垃圾填埋场的地质特征和防渗方案,对垃圾填埋场的选址、设计以及施工运营极为重要。从自然环境、地层结构及岩性特征等方面阐述了淮安市某垃圾填埋场的地质特征,分析了填埋区含水层分布、厚度、赋水性等水文地质条件;结合室内试验和野外试验,综合确定了填埋区岩土层渗透系数大于1×10^-7cm／s,表明填埋区不具备天然防渗的条件,需采用人工防渗系统才能有效的阻滞垃圾渗滤液对周边环境的影响。     

高放废物处置库甘肃北山预选区水文地质特征研究

在高放废物深地质处置中，地下不是核素迁移的重要媒介。因此，水文地质工作是处置库选址中的主要内容之一。本文依据几年来的野外调查及前人的部分资料，阐明了我国高放废物处置库甘肃北山预选区的基本水文地质概况，以及地下水的循环交替条件和化学特征。研究表明，弱含水、低渗透、慢流速是区内主要水文地质特征，蒸发浓缩形成的高矿化是地下水的主要化学面貌。这一认识，为处置库选址提供了重要依据。     

Unplanned and unforeseen effects of instabilities

The nature-society system is proposed as the relevant analytical unit for the sociological study of disasters. Like other complex systems, this system has emergent properties: its instabilities are the disasters. They often arise as a result of adoption by a community of specific technologies, e.g., housing technologies, that turn out to be unstable in the presence of critical natural or social changes. The following earthquake disasters were caused by unplanned and unforeseen features of housing or siting technologies: Huaxian 1556 (caves in loess), Yungay 1970 (siting in the path of an avalanche), and Mexico 1985 (high-rise buildings on soft ground). Disasters have anarchaeology, in the sense that the instabilities in the nature-society system are not static. This is demonstrated by tracing the 1985 Mexico earthquake disaster back to decisions on urban planning taken after 1521. It is not enough to know the hazard and the vulnerability in order to understand disasters. Technological solutions also have a local history.     

Geophysical investigation of a mineral groundwater resource in Turkey

The hydrogeological conditions in Uludag (Nilufer River catchment, Bursa, Turkey) were assessed, using time-domain electromagnetic soundings, electrical resistivity and induced polarisation tomography, to detect the most promising zones for new water-well siting, in order to increase the quantity of water for bottling. The hydrogeological model is quite complex: deep mineral and thermal water rises from a main vertical fault which separates two lithological complexes. The highly mineralised (deep) water is naturally mixed with low mineralised water at a shallow depth, 30–40 m; the mixed mineral water is found in some surface springs and shallow wells, while the highly mineralised water is found at depth in some unused deep wells located close to the main fault. All the water points (springs and wells) are located inside a “mineral water belt” on the north side of the Nilufer River. The geophysical survey confirmed the hydrogeological model and highlighted four promising zones for well siting (zones with very low electrical resistivity and high induced polarisation anomalies, corresponding to the main water-bearing faults). One of the geophysical anomalies, the furthest from the exploited sources, was verified by means of a test well; the drilling results have confirmed the water mixing model.