Systematic distribution of incompatible elements in mantle peridotite: importance of intra- and inter-granular melt-like components

In this paper, we examine the distribution of incompatible elements in Earth’s mantle based on data reported for 20 mantle xenoliths collected from 5 localities worldwide. A structural model combined with an element partitioning model forms the basis for our analyses. The former separates a bulk peridotite into mineral crystal lattices, interfaces (grain and interphase boundaries), and intra- and inter-granular inclusions as sites for incompatible elements. The latter relates the distribution of elements among these sites based on lattice strain theory. By treating both intra- and inter-granular inclusions as a melt-like phase, the combined models successfully reproduce the relative concentrations of incompatible elements among minerals, clean rock (reconstituted from mineral compositions and mineral mode), and whole rock. The analyses reveal common signatures in the rocks: (1) incompatible elements in the crystal lattices of olivine, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene achieved chemical equilibrium. (2) Olivine, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene grains contain similar amounts of an intra-granular, melt-like component possibly in the form of sub-micron inclusions with weight (≈volume) fractions between 5 × 10⁻⁵ and 1 × 10⁻². (3) All rocks contain an inter-granular melt-like component with a fraction between 10⁻⁴ and 10⁻², well above the amount expected to be stored along interfaces. (4) Fractions of the inter- and intra-granular components are positively correlated, indicating that they were originated from the same process. (5) The inter- and intra-granular melt-like phases are chemically equilibrated with other structural components. Based on plausible upwelling rates for mantle xenoliths, it is unlikely that the melt-like component formed during ascent. Instead, its ubiquitous appearance, its invisibility to optical microscopy, and its absorption of the incompatible elements in a manner similar to a melt phase even at sub-solidus condition, all might be explained by the presence of amorphous silica precipitates such as those observed previously in naturally occurring and experimentally annealed mantle composites. From the mineral mode, grain size, and mineral plus whole rock concentrations of incompatible elements, we can ascribe the chemical signatures of xenoliths to achievement of chemical equilibrium at mantle conditions rather than to a consequence of some disequilibrium (metasomatic) effect as has been done previously. Although it should be tested by additional analytical studies, our model will make it possible to determine whether or not a rock is chemically equilibrated in terms of the distribution of incompatible elements or if a metasomatic (disequilibrium) event is required.     

造山带中富集型上地幔的成因——以萨尔托海蛇绿岩块为例

发育于造山带中的蛇绿岩,其剖面下部的地幔橄榄岩部分是造山带地区富集型上地幔的直接标本。其地球化学特点是:主要元素Al_2O_3、TiO_2、CaO、Na_2O、K_2O强烈亏损,而REE,痕量元素和87Sr/86Sr则强烈富集;同时,143Nd/144Nd<0.511836,亦表明它们属于一个富集型的源区。 形成富集型上地幔的主要机制是地幔交代作用,富含不相容元素的低熔岩浆和富Ca-LREE流体与已亏损的地幔橄榄岩发生脉状交代和渗透交代反应,从而造成上地幔中不相容元素的富集。造山带富集型上地幔形成的构造环境是:洋壳从扩张脊向两侧运移并最终拼入造山带这段时间内。富集型上地幔不但存在于大陆区,而且亦存在于造山带地区,它可能是一种全球性的地球内部的化学作用。     

Ultramafic Xenoliths From a Kamafugite Lava in Cenozoic Volcanic Field of West Qinling, China and Its Geological Implication

ULTRAMAFIC XENOLITHS FROM A KAMAFUGITE LAVA IN CENOZOIC VOLCANIC FIELD OF WEST QINLING, CHINA AND ITS GEOLOGICAL IMPLICATION     

Trace Element Geochemistry of Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks in Shandong Province

The Cenozoic volcanic rock of Shandong Province are mainly alkalic and strongly alkalic basaltic rocks.The Contents of major and trace elements including transitional,incompatible and rare-earth elements were determined.The chemical characterisitics of major and trace elements indicate that these basaltic rocks were derived from a mantle source and probably represent a primary magma,I,e.,unmodifiecd partical melts of mantle peridotite in terms of Mg values,correlatione between P2O5 and Ce,Sr,Ni and Rb concentrations,mantle xenoliths,etc.The abundances of trace elements vary systematically from west to east.The compatible transition elements such as Co,Ni,and Cr show a remarkable depletion,whereas the incompatible and rare-earth elements are abundant as viewed from the chondrite-nor-malized patterns.The chemical composition and correlation are consistent with the tectonic setting.According to the batch and fractional partial melting theory,the trace element contents of Shandong volcanic rocks can be calculated from the two-component mixing model.     

东南沿海地区第四纪大陆岩石圈地幔的特征

东南沿海地区新生代玄武岩中的橄榄岩包体来自年轻的大陆岩石圈地幔 ,该岩石圈地幔在岩石学、矿物组成、痕量元素以及Sr Nd同位素组成等各方面具有很大差异。这些差异反映了它们来自不同的地幔过程。南海张开与地幔热柱有关 ,南海扩张后第四纪形成的火山岩携至地表的包体更多保留了地幔热柱的信息。橄榄岩包体的矿物成分与深海橄榄岩类似 ,相对贫Opx而富Ol;在痕量元素上 ,表现为强不相容元素的富集 ,其配分模式类似于其寄主岩 ;Nd同位素强烈亏损 ,显示出比MORB源区更亏损的特征。大陆岩石圈地幔经历了来自地幔深处的贫SiO2 熔体的进一步改造。     

东南沿海地区古近纪大陆岩石圈地幔特征及成因

东南沿海地区新生代玄武岩中的橄榄岩包体来自岩石圈地幔 ,上地幔橄榄岩包体的岩石学及地球化学特征都记录了地幔演化的历史。普宁橄榄岩包体斜方辉石含量与太古宙克拉通地幔类似 ,但在矿物学、REE、痕量元素和Sr Nd同位素上又与太古宙岩石圈地幔不同。橄榄岩包体的岩相学、矿物学、REE、痕量元素特征都提供了含H2 O富Si流体交代橄榄岩的证据 ,这种流体可能主要是洋壳物质局部熔融而成。流体交代使橄榄岩富Si,同时富Sr、Pb和强不相容元素等大洋岩石圈物质。这表明普宁大陆岩石圈地幔既保留太古宙岩石圈地幔的特征 ,又具有大洋俯冲地幔的特征 ,它是古老岩石圈地幔向大洋岩石圈地幔转换的一部分 ,这种转换可能是大洋岩石圈与大陆岩石圈地幔相互作用的结果。     

Melt variability in percolated peridotite: an experimental study applied to reactive migration of tholeiitic basalt in the upper mantle

Melt-rock reaction in the upper mantle is recorded in a variety of ultramafic rocks and is an important process in modifying melt composition on its way from the source region towards the surface. This experimental study evaluates the compositional variability of tholeiitic basalts upon reaction with depleted peridotite at uppermost-mantle conditions. Infiltration-reaction processes are simulated by employing a three-layered set-up: primitive basaltic powder (‘melt layer’) is overlain by a ‘peridotite layer’ and a layer of vitreous carbon spheres (‘melt trap’). Melt from the melt layer is forced to move through the peridotite layer into the melt trap. Experiments were conducted at 0.65 and 0.8 GPa in the temperature range 1,170–1,290°C. In this P-T range, representing conditions encountered in the transition zone (thermal boundary layer) between the asthenosphere and the lithosphere underneath oceanic spreading centres, the melt is subjected to fractionation, and the peridotite is partially melting (T _s ~ 1,260°C). The effect of reaction between melt and peridotite on the melt composition was investigated across each experimental charge. Quenched melts in the peridotite layers display larger compositional variations than melt layer glasses. A difference between glasses in the melt and peridotite layer becomes more important at decreasing temperature through a combination of enrichment in incompatible elements in the melt layer and less efficient diffusive equilibration in the melt phase. At 1,290°C, preferential dissolution of pyroxenes enriches the melt in silica and dilutes it in incompatible elements. Moreover, liquids become increasingly enriched in Cr₂O₃ at higher temperatures due to the dissolution of spinel. Silica contents of liquids decrease at 1,260°C, whereas incompatible elements start to concentrate in the melt due to increasing levels of crystallization. At the lowest temperatures investigated, increasing alkali contents cause silica to increase as a consequence of reactive fractionation. Pervasive percolation of tholeiitic basalt through an upper-mantle thermal boundary layer can thus impose a high-Si ‘low-pressure’ signature on MORB. This could explain opx + plag enrichment in shallow plagioclase peridotites and prolonged formation of olivine gabbros.     

Metasomatic processes in the lithospheric mantle beneath the V. Grib kimberlite pipe (Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province,Russia)

New data on metasomatic processes in the lithospheric mantle in the central part of the Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province (ADP) are presented. We studied the major- and trace-element compositions of minerals of 26 garnet peridotite xenoliths from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe; 17 xenoliths contained phlogopite. Detailed mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical studies of peridotite minerals (garnet, clinopyroxene, and phlogopite) have revealed two types of modal metasomatic enrichment of the lithospheric-mantle rocks: high temperature (melt) and low-temperature (phlogopite). Both types of modal metasomatism significantly changed the chemical composition of the peridotites. Low-temperature modal metasomatism manifests itself as coarse tabular and shapeless phlogopite grains. Two textural varieties of phlogopite show significant differences in chemical composition, primarily in the contents of TiO₂, Cr₂O₃, FeO, Ba, Rb, and Cs. The rock-forming minerals of phlogopite-bearing peridotites differ in chemical composition from phlogopite-free peridotites, mainly in higher FeO content. Most garnets and clinopyroxenes in peridotites are the products of high-temperature mantle metasomatism, as indicated by the high contents of incompatible elements and REE pattern in these minerals. Fractional-crystallization modeling gives an insight into the nature of melts (metasomatic agents). They are close in composition to picrites of the Izhmozero field, basalts of the Tur’ino field, and carbonatites of the Mela field of the ADP. The REE patterns of the peridotite minerals make it possible to determine the sequence of metasomatic enrichment of the lithospheric mantle beneath the V. Grib kimberlite pipe.     

雷琼地区晚新生代玄武岩地球化学：EM2成分来源及大陆岩石圈地幔的贡献

对雷琼地区21个晚新生代玄武岩样品的主量、微量元素和Sr、Nd、Pb同位素分别用湿化学法、ICP-MS和MC-ICPMS进行了测定.这些玄武岩主要为石英拉斑玄武岩,其次为橄榄拉斑玄武岩和碱性玄武岩.大多数样品的微量元素和同位素成分与洋岛玄武岩(OIBs)相似,而且随着SiO_2不饱和度增加,不相容元素含量也增加.除R4-1可能受到地壳混染外,其他样品相对均一的Nd同位素(ε_(Nd)=2.5-6.0)以及变化明显但范围有限的Sr同位素(0.703106～0.704481),可能继承了地幔源区的特征.~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr与~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb的正相关和~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd与~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb的负相关特征暗示DM(软流圈地幔)与EM2(岩石圈地幔)的混合.地幔捕虏体的同位素特征暗示EM2成分不可能存在于尖晶石橄榄岩地幔,而La/Yb和Sm/Yb系统表明岩浆由石榴石橄榄岩部分熔融产生,这意味着EM2成分可能存在于石榴石橄榄岩地幔.雷琼地区玄武岩的地球化学变化可以用软流圈地幔为主的熔体加入不同比例石榴石橄榄岩地幔不同程度熔融产生的熔体来解释:碱性玄武岩和橄榄拉斑玄武岩是软流圈熔体与石榴石橄榄岩地幔较低程度(7%～9%)熔融体混合,而石英拉斑玄武岩是软流圈熔体与石榴石橄榄岩地幔较高程度(10%～20%)熔融体的混合.     

西藏泽当地幔橄榄岩中的异常矿物及其指示意义

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带内多个地幔橄榄岩体产有金刚石、碳硅石等异常矿物组合,为了进一步探讨这些异常矿物形成的物理化学条件,在前人已有的研究基础上,对泽当地幔岩体中526 kg的方辉橄榄岩样品开展人工重砂矿物学研究工作。研究表明,同雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带内的其他岩体相似,泽当地幔橄榄岩也选出了包含金刚石、碳硅石、锆石等30余种矿物。异常矿物组合指示泽当地幔橄榄岩中存在局部的超高压、极还原环境,可能经历了复杂的演化过程:即古老地壳物质通过深俯冲或者折沉作用,进入地幔甚至是地幔过渡带(410~660 km),随后经历了超高压、极还原环境的改造,在后续的地幔柱或地幔对流作用中从洋中脊上升至浅部环境并返回到地壳中。该过程中地幔橄榄岩中的异常矿物组合记录了岩石的演化信息,因此开展地幔橄榄岩中异常矿物组合的精细矿物学研究,对认识壳-幔物质交换以及深部地幔动力学过程都有重要的研究意义。     

Trace element distribution between orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene in peridotites from the Gakkel Ridge: a SIMS and NanoSIMS study

Clinopyroxenes (cpx) in abyssal and ophiolitic peridotites are commonly analyzed for lithophile trace element abundances in order to estimate degrees of melting and porosity conditions during melt extraction, assuming that these data reflect near-solidus conditions. During cooling, however, cpxs always exsolve into parallel lamellae of low-Ca enstatite and high-Ca diopside. This may potentially lead to redistribution of the initial trace element budget. Since orthopyroxene (opx) cannot significantly host most incompatible trace elements, exsolution will lead to an enrichment in the cpx lamellae. In order to address a possibly exsolution-controlled partitioning between cpx and opx, we have obtained major and trace element mineral compositions on 14 plagioclase-free ocean floor mantle rocks. They cover the entire abyssal peridotite compositional spectrum from very fertile to highly depleted compositions. The mean volume proportion of opx lamellae in cpx porphyroclasts lies around 15% of the original cpx. For the light to middle rare earth elements, the enrichment in the measured cpx exsolution is exclusively controlled by these phase proportions. Relative to these highly incompatible trace elements, solely Ti and Yb partition significantly into opx. Lamellar interpyroxene partition coefficients, estimated from NanoSIMS analyses, are around three times as high as the ones for near-solidus bulk pyroxene. The equilibration temperatures for the exsolution lamella are slightly higher than 800°C. The bulk cpx can be reconstructed using the lamellar proportions and their relative partitioning. The implication of such a reconstruction is that the cpx rare earth element patterns shift almost in parallel to lower values. These shifts, however, do not affect mantle melting models proposed thus far for mid-ocean ridges. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Geochemical variation in peridotite xenoliths and their constituent clinopyroxenes from Ray Pic (French Massif Central): implications for the composition of the shallow lithospheric mantle

Anhydrous mantle peridotite xenoliths from a single volcanic vent in the French Massif Central are compositionally varied, ranging from relatively fertile lherzolites to refractory harzburgites. Fertile lherzolites closely resemble previous estimates of undepleted mantle compositions but the average of the Ray Pic xenoliths is much less enriched in LILE and LREE than McDonough's (1990) average mantle [McDonough, W.F., 1990. Constraints on the composition of the continental lithospheric mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 101, 1–18]. The wide geochemical variation in the bulk rocks reflects significant heterogeneities that can be attributed to two major processes within the shallow lithospheric mantle. The first process is depletion, related to variable degrees of partial melting and melt extraction from an originally near-chondritic mantle. This process has largely controlled the major elements and much of the trace element variation between fertile lherzolites and refractory peridotites. LREE-depleted compositions are also produced by this process. During partial melting, HREE behaved coherently with the major oxides and the moderately incompatible trace elements (Y, V and Sc). A subsequent process of enrichment is indicated by high concentrations of incompatible trace elements in many of the xenoliths. Sr, Ba, K, Th, U, Nb and LREE abundance are independent of major oxide variations and reflect enrichment related to infiltration by alkaline silicate melts/fluids. Both fertile and refractory mantle were enriched but harzburgites were particularly affected. Modal metasomatism occurred only rarely and is indicated by Cr-diopside-rich veins and patches in a few samples. Their chemistry suggests that they were also formed by migration of similar magmas/fluids from the asthenospheric mantle, although the presence of wehrlitic patches may indicate interaction with carbonate melts. In both depleted and enriched xenoliths, trace element patterns for separated clinopyroxenes closely reflect those of the bulk rock, except for Rb, Ba and Nb, which are probably hosted by other phases.     

攀西裂谷南段鸡街碱性超基性岩微量元素和Sr-Nd 同位素地球化学及其成因探讨

鸡街碱性超基性杂岩体产出于攀西古裂谷南段,地处云南省境内的罗茨地区,空间上与峨嵋山玄武岩紧密伴生。岩体的主体由霞霓钠辉岩、霓霞岩和磷霞岩组成,三类岩石具有相似的微量元素和稀土元素(REE)配分,富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Sr、Ba,过渡族元素Sc、Cr和Ni相对亏损,Nb/Ta、Zr/Hf比值在幔源岩的范围内,Sr-Nd同位素沿"幔源趋势"线分布。鸡街碱性超基性岩中不相容元素总体亏损,含量与EMORB相当,稀土总量ΣREE=32.86～70.07偏低,(La/Yb)N=3.03～4.47,HREE亏损,指示源区的适度亏损。微量元素和同位素信息共同指示鸡街碱性超基性岩为地幔岩高压条件下低程度部分熔融的产物(<10%),岩浆演化过程中经历了橄榄石、辉石和少量磁铁矿的结晶分异。霞霓钠辉岩、霓霞岩与磷霞岩来自同一地幔源区,岩浆源区的相对亏损,可能与中-晚二叠纪大量的玄武质岩浆从深部地幔抽取有关。攀西古裂谷的多期次活动为峨嵋地幔柱提供了岩浆通道,地幔柱活动的早期阶段或晚期阶段岩石圈地幔(或混合地幔)低程度部分熔融的碱性岩浆沿此构造薄弱带上侵,形成了攀西古裂谷内呈带状分布的各碱性杂岩体。     

Trace element partitioning between mica- and amphibole-bearing garnet lherzolite and hydrous basanitic melt: 2. Tasmanian Cainozoic basalts and the origins of intraplate basaltic magmas

Oligocene volcanics from Oatlands in Tasmania, Australia, include olivine tholeiites, alkali olivine basalts, nepheline basanites and olivine nephelinites. They have compositional characteristics that are typical of intraplate basalts worldwide. They are generally enriched in incompatible elements relative to the primitive mantle and are strongly enriched in Nb, Ta and light rare earths, but not heavy rare earths. At the same time, they have Sr and Nd isotope compositions that are similar to those in some incompatible-element-depleted mid-ocean ridge basalts (E-type MORB). Experimentally obtained mineral/melt partition coefficients for an Oatlands basanite allow the relative concentrations of incompatible elements in the volcanics to be produced by small degrees of melting (≤1%) of a source similar to the E-type MORB source of Workman and Hart (2005). However, the absolute concentrations that can be achieved in this way are much less than present in the most incompatible-element-enriched basanites and nephelinites at Oatlands. This contradiction can be explained by open-system melting under the influence of a conductive geotherm. This would have involved upwardly migrating near-solidus melts from the asthenosphere cooling along a sub-adiabatic geotherm. Cooling of the melts would have caused them to re-crystallize and accumulate in the overlying mantle, thereby enriching both the new host rocks and any residual melts in incompatible elements. This would also have increased the buoyancy of the host rocks leading to upwelling and further (decompression) melting of incompatible-element-enriched peridotite. We were able to use our partition coefficients to quantitatively model the development of incompatible-element enrichments in the Oatlands magmas by these processes. Our explanation is consistent with the characteristically scattered but widespread distributions and long time scales of intraplate volcanism in a broad variety of tectonic settings. This is because the conditions required to initiate volcanism (i.e. those of near-solidus melting of the asthenosphere) are relatively easy to produce and can therefore be caused by both near-surface tectonics and deeper mantle processes. Furthermore, the super-enrichments of incompatible elements in some intraplate volcanics can be attributed to the influence of normal geothermal gradients on melting processes. Without the very strong fractionation imposed by this combination of factors, the Oatlands volcanics would more closely resemble mid-ocean-ridge basalts.     

Spinel peridotite xenoliths from the Tariat Depression, Mongolia. II: Geochemistry and Nd and Sr isotopic composition and their implications for the evolution of the subcontinental lithosphere

A suite of spinel peridotite xenoliths from the Shavaryn-Tsaram volcano, Tariat Depression (central Mongolia) represents (for major elements) fertile to moderately depleted subcontinental lithosphere. Part of the variation of moderately incompatible trace elements is ascribed to small-scale mineralogical heterogeneities caused by processes like metamorphic differentiation accompanying partial melting or by mechanical segregation. Several bulk lherzolites show a high relative enrichment of the LREE over HREE which can be traced to a grain boundary phase genetically linked to, but not directly representing, the host basanitoid. In Nd and Sr isotopic composition the anhydrous peridotites cover the field of oceanic basalts (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0.5128-0.5133, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7020-0.7039). In contrast, a phlogopite peridotite has a high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and also a less radiogenic ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd. The majority of “dry” lherzolites have Nd and Sr “bulk earth” model ages around 2 Ga. They may be interpreted as dating a small-degree (< ˜5%) melting event which would not have severely affected the major element chemistry of the xenoliths. The ˜2 Ga model ages may indicate a genetic relation between the lithospheric mantle and the stabilization of the continental crust in Mongolia at that time. Alternatively, if the peridotites are unrelated to the overlying crust, they may be pieces of a young asthenospheric diapir. Coexisting ortho-and clinopyroxenes are in Nd isotopic equilibrium for Iherzolites having equilibrated at temperatures around 950°C at mantle pressures. Disequilibrium melting models of mantle rocks are not supported by our data because for medium to coarse-grained mantle spinel peridotite the Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic systems close with respect to diffusional exchange at temperatures around 900°C, as indicated by recently published diffusion experiment results and supported by our data.     

Peridotite xenoliths in alkali basalts from the Sikhote-Alin, southeastern Siberia, Russia: trace-element signatures of mantle beneath a convergent continental margin

Abundant spinel peridotite xenoliths occur in late Cenozoic alkali basaltic rocks in the Sikhote-Alin region at the Pacific margin of the Asian continent. Major- and trace-element compositions of representative peridotite xenolith are documented for four occurrences located in different structural units of the continental margin. In each locality, the majority of xenoliths have distinctive microstructures, modal and chemical compositions that are typical for a given xenolith suite. Significant textural and compositional differences between the four xenolith suites suggest that the upper mantle beneath the Sikhote-Alin consists of distinct domains with contrasting composition. The inferred large-scale mantle heterogeneities may be due to juxtaposition of lithospheric blocks of different provenance during accretion of the Sikhote-Alin to the Asian continent.

Trace-element patterns of the xenoliths and their minerals obtained ICP-MS technique provide evidence of depletion and enrichment events and indicate contrasting behaviour of REE, HFSE and other incompatible trace elements. The HFSE behave non-concordantly, in particular, some xenoliths have highly fractionated Zr/Hf, Ti/Zr, Nb/Ta, La/Nb and U/Th ratios relative to their values in the primitive mantle. The fractionated compositions may be related to the interaction of evolved subduction-related fluids and melts with lithospheric mantle at the Mesozoic-early Cenozoic active continental margin or to metasomatism during later continental rifting.     

湖南宁远早侏罗世玄武岩中橄榄岩包体的含水性和元素地球化学特征

运用电子探针(EMP)和激光熔蚀等离子体质谱(LA-ICPMS)对湖南宁远早侏罗世玄武岩中的橄榄岩包体矿物进行了主要元素和微量元素的系统分析,结果表明这些橄榄岩是经历了小程度部分熔融的原始地幔残留,并经历了后期交代作用的影响,硅酸盐熔体可能是重要的交代介质。运用显微傅立叶变换红外光谱技术(Micro-FTIR)对宁远橄榄岩中的单斜辉石和斜方辉石进行了详细的观察,结果显示两种辉石均含有以OH缺陷形式存在的结构水,其含量(H2O的质量分数,下同)分别为147×10-6～461×10-6和40×10-6～126×10-6。根据矿物百分含量计算的全岩水含量为34×10-6～108×10-6,除1个样品外,其余样品的水含量均50×10-6。结合文献中的资料看来,由橄榄岩包体所代表的宁远中生代岩石圈地幔的含水量要明显高于华北克拉通新生代岩石圈地幔的含水量(多30×10-6)。宁远中生代岩石圈地幔和华北新生代岩石圈地幔之间的差异反映的可能是中国东部岩石圈地幔含水性的时代演化,即伴随着岩石圈减薄的进行,上涌软流圈的热烘烤使得岩石圈地幔的水含量不断降低。     

Fluid/rock interaction and mass transfer in continental subduction zones: constraints from trace elements and isotopes (Li,B, O,Sr, Nd,Pb) in UHP rocks from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Program,Sulu, East China

In order to better understand the role of fluids during subduction and subsequent exhumation, we have investigated whole-rock and mineral chemistry (major and trace elements) and Li, B as well as O, Sr, Nd, Pb isotopes on selected continuous drill-core profiles through contrasting lithological boundaries from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Program (CCSD) in Sulu, China. Four carefully selected sample sets have been chosen to investigate geochemical changes as a result of fluid mobilization during dehydration, peak metamorphism, and exhumation of deeply subducted continental crust. Our data reveal that while O and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions remain more or less unchanged, significant Li and/or B isotope fractionations occur between different lithologies that are in close contact during various metamorphic stages. Samples that are supposed to represent prograde dehydration as indicated by veins formed at high pressures (HP) are characterized by element patterns of highly fluid-mobile elements in the veins that are complementary to those of the host eclogite. A second sample set represents a UHP metamorphic crustal eclogite that is separated from a garnet peridotite by a thin transitional interface. Garnet peridotite and eclogite are characterized by a >10% difference in MgO, which, together with the presence of abundant hydroxyl-bearing minerals and compositionally different clinopyroxene grains demonstrate that both rocks have been derived from different sources that have been tectonically juxtaposed during subduction, and that hydrous silicate-rich fluids have been added from the subducting slab to the mantle. Two additional sample sets, comprising retrograde amphibolite and relatively fresh eclogite, demonstrate that besides external fluids, internal fluids can be responsible for the formation of amphibolite. Li and B concentrations and isotopic compositions point to losses and isotopic fractionation during progressive dehydration. On the other hand, fluids with isotopically heavier Li and B are added during retrogression. On a small scale, mantle-derived rocks may be significantly metasomatized by fluids derived from the subducted slab. Our study indicates that during high-grade metamorphism, Li and B may show different patterns of enrichment and of isotopic fractionation.     

大陆地壳中元素地球化学分异指数排序模式

深入分析了元素相容性、元素两相间的分配系数与壳幔元素地球化学分异间的关系,建立壳幔元素地球化学分异模型,提出不相容元素在地壳富集与壳幔岩石部分熔融过程相关的观点。收集并整理了原始地幔、地壳各层圈60余种元素的平均化学成分。以壳幔元素的地球化学分异理论模型为依据,计算得到壳幔元素地球化学分异强度指数,并分析了元素分异指数与元素相容性的关系。根据分异指数数值大小由高到低排序得到大陆地壳元素地球化学分异强度的序列。最左边元素为正强分异元素,即强不相容元素,富集于大陆上地壳;最右边为负强分异元素,即强相容元素,在大陆上地壳相对贫化。分异指数值靠近1的元素在地壳的富集和贫化不明显,属于过渡型。根据该序列提出元素地球化学一种新的分类法,分布于序列左边的正强分异元素为亲地壳元素类,分布于序列右边的负强分异元素为亲地幔元素,处于两者之间的元素成为亲地壳 亲地幔的过渡元素,并在周期表中列出了各类元素的位置。新划分的三大类元素在周期表中呈现有规律的分布。