有机质含量对软土力学性质影响效应分析

通过对软土中有机质含量及物理力学指标的分析和研究,阐明了软土中有机质含量与物理力学参数之间的关系,从力学角度探讨了有机质含量对软土力学效应的影响。研究结果表明:随着有机质含量的增加,软土中的含水量,孔隙比等呈线性增加,而软土的原状土与重塑土的十字板剪切强度、静力触探比贯入阻力、渗透系数、固结系数都是减小的。当有机质含量为1.74%时,软土的物理力学性质发生变化,力学软化效应尤为显著,且此时软土的渗透能力达到最大。     

土壤有机碳同位素样品制备过程的影响因素讨论

土壤有机碳同位素地球化学在气候和植被恢复方面的研究已得到广泛应用,但目前对不同类型、不同时代的土壤总有机碳同位素样品制备过程的系统研究较少.本文选取黄土高原不同地区、不同类型的现代土壤和古土壤,对其有机碳同位素样品制备过程进行了较系统的研究.( 1)去除土壤中无机碳酸盐对有机碳同位素组成的干扰:对于现代土壤样品,在室温条件下,用 0.5～ 6 mol/L HCl反应 1 d去除碳酸盐,均可获得理想数据;在 70 ℃反应条件下,用 0.5～ 2 mol/L HCl反应 2 h去除碳酸盐可获得理想数据,但用 6 mol/L HCl,δ 13C值偏负 0.65‰;( 2)在 850 ℃氧化温度条件下,样品制备加铜丝,对现代土壤及古土壤样品的δ 13C值均没有影响,结果表明在用封管法进行现代土壤及古土壤的有机碳同位素样品制备时,可以不加铜丝;( 3)对于有机碳含量较高的有机碳标准物质、植物和现代土壤样品,在 850 ℃氧化条件下,恒温 2.5 h,足以保证样品有机质氧化完全,不会产生同位素分馏;对于深层黄土和红粘土样品,由于样品体系复杂,在上述氧化条件下难以获得理想数据,合适的氧化条件有待进一步深入研究.     

Influence of soil moisture content on surface albedo and soil thermal parameters at a tropical station

Half hourly data of soil moisture content, soil temperature, solar irradiance, and reflectance are measured during April 2010 to March 2011 at a tropical station, viz., Astronomical Observatory, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India (76°59’E longitude and 8°29’N latitude). The monthly, seasonal and seasonal mean diurnal variation of soil moisture content is analyzed in detail and is correlated with the rainfall measured at the same site during the period of study. The large variability in the soil moisture content is attributed to the rainfall during all the seasons and also to the evaporation/movement of water to deeper layers. The relationship of surface albedo on soil moisture content on different time scales are studied and the influence of solar elevation angle and cloud cover are also investigated. Surface albedo is found to fall exponentially with increase in soil moisture content. Soil thermal diffusivity and soil thermal conductivity are also estimated from the subsoil temperature profile. Log normal dependence of thermal diffusivity and power law dependence of thermal conductivity on soil moisture content are confirmed.     

Effect of ramp size and sample spinning speed on CPMAS C NMR spectra of soil organic matter

Cross polarization (CP) magic angle spinning (MAS) ¹³C NMR spectroscopy is a solid state NMR technique widely applied to study the chemical composition of natural organic matter. In high magnetic fields (>7 T), fast sample spinning is required in order to reduce the influence of spinning sidebands underlying other chemical shift regions. As the spinning speed increases, the Hartmann-Hahn matching profiles break down into a series of narrow matching bands. In order to account for this instability variable amplitude cross polarization techniques (e.g. VACP, ramp-CP) have been developed. In the present study, we experimentally verified the stability of the Hartmann-Hahn condition under two MAS speeds for different samples with known structure and two different humic acids. For a complete restoration of flat matching profiles, large ramp sizes were needed. The matching profiles of the humic acids showed that both samples needed different ramp sizes to restore flat profiles. A set up based on the matching profiles of the commonly used glycine would have led to an insufficient ramp size for one of the humic acids. For the characterization of natural organic matter, we hence recommend to roughly set the matching conditions with a standard and subsequently optimize the matching conditions on a more complex, preferably representative, sample such as a humic acid. We would suggest to either run an array of different ramp sizes until maximum signal intensity is reached for all chemical shift regions or, in the case of unavailable measurement time, to use a ramp size twice the spinning speed.     

Toluene sorption behavior on soil organic matter and its composition using three typical soils in China

The effect of soil organic matter (SOM) content and composition on sorption behavior of toluene for fluvo-aquic, red and black soils in China was investigated in batch experiments. Tested SOM was fractionated into two primary sorptive domains (‘soft’ and ‘hard’) to explain the dependence of sorption behavior on SOM composition. All the tested soils exhibited similar sorption kinetics and nonlinear sorption isotherms. Soils with high SOM content possessed a high sorptive capacity. Clay minerals also contributed to the sorptive capacity, especially for fluvo-aquic and red soils with low SOM content. In comparison, after removing most ‘soft’ SOM fraction from soils through hydrogen peroxide treatment, the residual ‘hard’ SOM fraction of three soil samples exhibited a slower sorption rate and a less sorption capacity compared to the untreated soil samples. The nonlinear degree of sorption was positively correlated with the content of ‘hard’ SOM for all soil samples. This is explained by the combined effect of SOM content and the composition on toluene sorption rates, sorption capacity and nonlinear degree of sorption of three typical soils in China.     

Spectral fingerprinting of soil organic matter composition

Large scale environmental monitoring schemes would benefit from accurate information on the composition of soil organic matter (SOM), but so far routine procedures for describing SOM composition remain a chimera. Here, we present the initial assessment of a two step strategy for expeditious determination of SOM composition that involves: (i) building infrared fingerprints from near and mid infrared spectroscopies, two rapid and cheap yet reliable technologies; and (ii) calibrating such infrared fingerprints with multivariate chemometrics from a molecular mixing model based on the more expensive and time consuming ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance technique, which discriminates five biochemical components: carbohydrate, protein, lignin, lipid and black carbon. We show fair to excellent predictive ability of the calibrated infrared fingerprints for four out of these five biochemical components, with cross-validated ratios of performance to inter-quartile distance from 3.2 to 8.3, on a small set of 23 soil samples with a wide range of organic carbon content (12–500 g/kg). Multivariate calibration models were highly selective (<2% of infrared data were used for all models). However, the specificity to one particular biochemical component of the infrared wavebands automatically selected by each model was relatively low, except for lipid. Achieving direct predictions of SOM composition on unknown soil samples with infrared spectroscopy alone will require further independent validation and a larger number of samples. Overall, the implementation of our strategy at a broader scale, based on available ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance soil libraries, could provide a cost effective solution for the routine assessment of SOM composition.     

Pyrolysis-combustion C dating of soil organic matter

Radiocarbon (¹⁴C) dating of total soil organic matter (SOM) often yields results inconsistent with the stratigraphic sequence. The onerous chemical extractions for SOM fractions do not always produce satisfactory ¹⁴C dates. In an effort to develop an alternative method, the pyrolysis-combustion technique was investigated to partition SOM into pyrolysis volatile (Py-V) and pyrolysis residue (Py-R) fractions. The Py-V fractions obtained from a thick glacigenic loess succession in Illinois yielded ¹⁴C dates much younger but more reasonable than the counterpart Py-R fractions for the soil residence time. Carbon isotopic composition (δ¹³C) was heavier in the Py-V fractions, suggesting a greater abundance of carbohydrate- and protein-related constituents, and δ¹³C was lighter in the Py-R fractions, suggesting more lignin- and lipid-related constituents. The combination of ¹⁴C dates and δ¹³C values indicates that the Py-V fractions are less biodegradation resistant and the Py-R fractions are more biodegradation resistant. The pyrolysis-combustion method provides a less cumbersome approach for ¹⁴C dating of SOM fractions. With further study, this method may become a useful tool for analyzing unlithified terrestrial sediments when macrofossils are absent.     

不同土壤有机质组分对憎水有机物的吸附机理研究

采用完全混合一步平衡反应实验方法，选择菲、萘、三氯苯和二甲苯作为憎水有机物(HOCs)的探针，研究了它们在土壤及其中的胡敏酸、胡敏素等有机质组分中的等温平衡吸附行为，探讨了非线性吸附的机制。结果表明，HOCs在水与土壤体系中表现为非线性吸附，其非线性的吸附行为主要受到土壤有机质(SOMs)的控制。SOMs具有高度不均匀的性质，HOCs表现出非线性吸附行为是其在不同的SOMs相扩散转移以及在相对聚结的胡敏素和“黑炭”的表面吸附的结果。     

有机质对海相软土物理力学特性的影响效应分析

有机质是海相软土的重要组成部分,其对土体物理力学性质的影响有待深入研究。以连云港地区全新世海相软土为例,进行百组土体有机质物理力学试验。结果表明,研究区软土有机质含量平均值为0.98%,在0.90%~1.00%这个区间分布最为广泛。有机质含量在空间上分布不均,平行海岸线较垂直海岸线土体有机质含量变化小,自上向下变化规律复杂,但随着深度的增加有机质含量有增加的趋势;有机质含量与土体天然含水率、塑限、液限在0.01水平上显著正相关,与土体天然密度、干密度和比重在0.01水平上显著负相关,与土体粉粒含量在0.05水平上显著正相关,与土体黏粒含量相关性差;有机质含量与固结压力≤400 kPa阶段的孔隙比在0.01水平上显著正相关,与固结压力>400 kPa时的孔隙比相关性变差,这与有机质形成的复合体被破坏有关;海相软土黏土矿物、含盐量及含水率高,有机质与黏土矿物在碱性环境多通过阳离子键桥的方式来结合,形成有机复合体,可能参与千年及万年尺度的碳循环;研究土层最大埋深达30 m,符合有机质深埋的演化规律,而研究土体沉积时间距今最高才约8000 a,推测研究土体有机质还未达到平衡状态,还在进一步的循环演化过程当中。上述相关研究成果对海相软土分布区工程建设具有一定的参考价值。     

有机质固化土的强度及微观结构试验研究

通过无侧限抗压强度试验对比分析了有机质含量、水泥和石膏掺量对水泥固化土和XGL2005固化土强度形成规律的影响。分析结果表明,XGL2005固化土的强度均不同程度地高于水泥固化土的强度,而且强度增长也快于水泥固化土。结合抗压强度试验和扫描电镜试验分析了固化土微观结构变化和强度发展之间的对应关系。     

淤泥固化处理中有机物成分的影响

针对有机质对疏浚淤泥固化处理效果产生的影响,研究有机质的主要成分腐殖酸对水泥固化的影响。研究表明,腐殖酸对水泥的水化具有抑制作用,腐殖酸含量对淤泥固化土的无侧限抗压强度和破坏应变的影响存在一个极限含量（3.62 %）,超过这一极限含量,随腐殖酸含量的增加固化土的强度和破坏应变几乎不再变化。同时,研究结果表明,随着腐殖酸含量的增加,固化土塑性增强。     

Nanomechanics of organic-rich shales: the role of thermal maturity and organic matter content on texture

Despite the importance of organic-rich shales, microstructural characterization and theoretical modeling of these rocks are limited due to their highly heterogeneous microstructure, complex chemistry, and multiscale mechanical properties. One of the sources of complexity in organic-rich shales is the intricate interplay between microtextural evolution and kerogen maturity. In this study, a suite of experimental and theoretical microporomechanics methods are developed to associate the mechanical properties of organic-rich shales both to their maturity level and to the organic content at micrometer and sub-micrometer length scales. Recent results from chemomechanical characterization experiments involving grid nanoindentation and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) are used in new micromechanical models to isolate the effects of maturity levels and organic content from the inorganic solids. These models enable attribution of the role of organic maturity to the texture of the indented material, with immature systems exhibiting a matrix-inclusion morphology, while mature systems exhibit a polycrystal morphology. Application of these models to the interpretation of nanoindentation results on organic-rich shales allows us to identify unique clay mechanical properties that are consistent with molecular simulation results for illite and independent of the maturity of shale formation and total organic content. The results of this investigation contribute to the design of a multiscale model of the fundamental building blocks of organic-rich shales, which can be used for the design and validation of multiscale predictive poromechanics models.     

干密度对非饱和膨胀土水分迁移参数的影响

研究了非饱和膨胀土的两个水分迁移参数--水体积变化系数 和渗透系数kw,得出非饱和膨胀土的水分迁移参数 和kw并非恒值,是基质吸力的函数,而基质吸力与含水率密切相关。因此,其参数大小随含水率变化而变化。此外,还明显受到干密度的影响,随干密度的不同而变化。取得了考虑干密度和含水率的水体积变化系数 、渗透系数kw和基质吸力之间的非线性关系,为进一步研究非饱和膨胀土地基水分场变化提供基础资料。     

岩溶区土壤有机质空间变异性分析

采用GIS和地统计学研究土壤有机质（SOM）的空间分布、影响因素和预测是指导农业生产、环境治理和土壤碳储计量的重要手段。基于广西马山县北部岩溶区表层土壤 (0~20 cm)的441个SOM数据,建立普通克里格(OK)、回归克里格（RK）,以及结合辅助变量的地理加权回归克里格(GWRK)、残差均值（MM_OK）和中值（MC_OK）均一化克里格的5种模型,并比较其预测精度,旨在探讨岩溶区SOM制图中地统计学方法的适用性。结果表明：（1）SOM的变异系数为37.30%,属于中等空间变异;（2）岩溶区SOM空间变异受土地利用方式、土壤类型和地形因子等因素共同影响,SOM高值区分布在西北部、西部和东部等石灰土分布的岩溶区和水田,低值区位于北部红水河沿岸的冲积土地带;（3）RK、GWRK、MM_OK和 MC_OK对SOM解释能力均较优,可用于岩溶区SOM预测制图。结合辅助变量因子的GWRK预测模型能有效消除空间变异因素的影响,克服岩溶区SOM含量的空间非平稳性,从而提高SOM含量模型的稳定性和精度,同时MC_OK模型能提高预测的准确度。     

Fate of microbial biomass-derived amino acids in soil and their contribution to soil organic matter

Soil organic matter (SOM) is important for soil fertility and for the global C cycle. Previous studies have shown that during SOM formation no new compound classes are formed and that it consists basically of plant- and microorganism-derived materials. However, little data on the contribution from microbial sources are available. Therefore, we investigated previously in a model study the fate of C from ¹³C-labelled Gram-negative bacteria in soil (Kindler, R., Miltner, A. Richnow, H.H., Kästner, M., 2006. Fate of gram negative bacterial biomass in soil – mineralization and contribution to SOM. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38, 2860–2870) and showed that 44% of the bulk ¹³C remained in the soil. Here we present the corresponding data on the fate of amino acids hydrolysed from proteins, which are the most abundant components of microbial biomass. After 224 days incubation, the label in the total amino acids in the soil amended with ¹³C-labelled cells decreased only to >95%. The total amino acids therefore clearly showed a lower turnover than the bulk ¹³C and a surprisingly stable concentration. Proteins therefore have to be considered as being stabilised in soil in dead, non-extractable biomass or cell fragments by known general stabilisation mechanisms. The label in the amino acids in a fraction highly enriched in living microbial biomass decreased to a greater extent, i.e. to 25% of the initially added amount. The amino acids removed from this fraction were redistributed via the microbial food web to non-living SOM. All amino acids in the microbial biomass were degraded at similar rates without a change in isotopic signature. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the soils were very similar and indicate that the residues of the degraded microbial biomass were very similar to those of the SOM and are a significant source for the formation of the SOM.     

Sedimentary evidence of soil organic matter input to the Curuai Amazonian floodplain

A multi-proxy study has been performed on a sediment core from the Curuai floodplain, Central Amazonia. The combination of elemental, isotopic and molecular analysis of a 110 cm core (a record of ca. the last 100 yr) allowed reconstruction of the hydrological conditions of organic matter (OM) deposition. Two units could be delineated. The first (UI) was composed of three sub-units: UIa (0–15 cm), composed of highly degraded organic particles originating from the surrounding soil and indicative of restricted transport; UIb (15–48 cm), during which the region was permanently flooded and the material stored came from soil runoff, mainly from alluvial forest; and UIc (48–88 cm) composed of material from Amazon River suspended sediment, itself originating from OM degradation in forest soil. In UII (88–111 cm), the OM originated mainly from the forest soil and other plant remains in the floodplain. The data reveal that, during the four distinct depositional periods, the sedimentary OM alternated between land derived soil and alluvial vegetation due to changes in hydrodynamics.     

The effect of soil salinity and the organic matter content on the thermal properties and unfrozen water content of frozen soils at the west coast of Baydarata Bay

This paper reports on laboratory results on the composition, structure, and properties of frozen and thawed soils on the western coast of the Baydaratata Bay. Experimental data that focus on the unfrozen water content and thermal properties of different soils are discussed and summarized. This effects of soil salinity and organic matter content on these properties were evaluated for frozen and thawed soils.     

土壤热导率的研究现状及其进展

土壤热导率是重要的土壤热参数之一, 在下垫面土壤热量的传输中起到重要作用; 同时也是区域气候模式、 陆面过程模式中重要的输入参数, 在预估未来气候变化等方面也具有重要作用. 根据国内外的研究现状, 评述了土壤热导率的影响因素和模拟方案. 其中, 土壤质地、 温度、 含水(冰)量和孔隙度等是影响土壤热导率的主要因素, 特别在研究冻土时需重点分析含冰量的变化. 结合影响因素, 比较分析了典型的国内外计算土壤热导率的模型, 得出这些模型多适用于模拟常温下的热导率, 低温条件如青藏高原冻土区模拟结果并不理想. 因此, 多年冻土区土壤热导率的研究多基于观测资料计算或使用陆面模式中的参数化方案估算, 但因多年冻土内部水热传输过程的复杂性, 青藏高原多年冻土区热导率的模型模拟仍需进一步研究.