生活垃圾卫生填埋及地质环境效应概论

论述当前世界各国城市建设中必不可少的重要工程设施类型之一——生活垃圾处置工程。总结当前垃圾处置的主要方式,分析卫生填埋在各种处理方式中独具的优势,并简要介绍组成卫生填埋工程的各个部分及其功能;论述垃圾填埋体中进行的各种化学和生物化学作用及其变化;指出垃圾填埋体是其中的核心部分,填埋体结构的优化设计是控制污液污染地质环境的关键,提出填埋体结构设计的技术路线和系统方法。最后,根据当前卫生填埋场实施中存在的问题,为进一步有效地控制垃圾填埋处置对地质环境污染中的研究不足,提出意见和建议     

城市垃圾的地质处置

城市固体废物（城市垃圾）是国际上现代化城市环境污染的主要污染源之一,发达国家非常注重固体废物地质处置的研究,这一领域是环境工程与水资源工作者研究的热点问题。我国城市垃圾对环境的污染非常严重,目前有三分之二的城市已形成“垃圾包围城市”的严重局面。随着经济的发展,我国城市固体废物的数量增长很快。如何处理庞大的城市垃圾将是关系到经济发展、水资源和环境保护的重大问题。本文介绍了我国城市垃圾的现状和目前国际     

Small-scale landfills: impacts on groundwater and soil

In Brazil, the large quantities of solid waste produced are out of step with public policies, technological developments, and government budgets for the division. In small municipalities, the common lack of technological knowledge and financial conditions for suitable waste disposal has resulted in a large number of illegal dumps. Therefore, small sanitary landfill facilities are working with simplified operations focusing on cost reduction and meeting the economic and technological standards of the city without endangering the environment or public health. Currently, this activity is regulated at a federal level although there is some uncertainty regarding the risk of soil and aquifer contamination as theses facilities do not employ liners. Thus, this work evaluates a small landfill to identify changes in soil and groundwater using geotechnical parameters, monitoring wells, and geophysical tests performed by electrical profiling. It is verified that based on current conditions, no contaminants have migrated via underground water aquifers, and overall no significant changes have occurred in the soil. It is concluded that, despite its simplicity, the method investigated is a viable alternative for the final disposal of municipal solid waste from small cities, especially in developing countries.     

Engineering geological aspects of replacing a solid waste disposal site with a sanitary landfill

The current solid waste disposal site in the Mamak district of Ankara is being engulfed by the growing city. All varieties of solid wastes, including medical wastes, are stored at the present site in an irregular manner. Topographical and geological conditions at Mamak waste site are favorable for constructing a sanitary landfill. Located at the edge of a topographical depression, the site is underlain by the natural hydraulic barriers such as clay and metagreywacke. The terrestrial clay has a permeability of 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻⁸ cm/s and low to moderate values of CEC. The proposed sanitary landfill to replace the present solid waste site has a capacity of storing solid waste over 50 years. The details of base liner, final cover, toe embankment, and drainage of leachate and gas are presented in the paper.     

卫生填埋场动力分析和动力性状研究进展

城市固体垃圾卫生填埋场在动力荷载作用下反应分析是对卫生填埋场进行正确设计、施工和保证其正常运行的重要研究内容,本文评述了国内外城市因体垃圾卫生填埋场动力分析的最新进展情况,着重探讨了几种主要分析方法的长处和不足,以及影响卫生填埋场动力反应的主要因素和其在动力荷载作用下的动力性太,最后指出了今后卫生填场动力分析中急需改进的若干问题。     

垃圾填埋场地特征及其工程地质问题分析

以徐州某垃圾填埋场工程为例,以勘察工作成果为基础,对区域稳定性、地震效应等方面进行了探讨。重点研究和评价了水文地质条件,分析了垃圾填埋场建设所涉及的主要工程地质问题。研究结果表明:本场地的变形特性、边坡稳定性等满足填埋场使用要求,不会出现承压水突涌现象,填埋场的修建不会对地下水产生不良影响,场地作为垃圾填埋场的建筑场地是适宜的。      

Landfill site selection by using geographic information systems

One of the serious and growing potential problems in most large urban areas is the shortage of land for waste disposal. Although there are some efforts to reduce and recover the waste, disposal in landfills is still the most common method for waste destination. An inappropriate landfill site may have negative environmental, economic and ecological impacts. Therefore, it should be selected carefully by considering both regulations and constraints on other sources. In this study, candidate sites for an appropriate landfill area in the vicinity of Ankara are determined by using the integration of geographic information systems and multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA). For this purpose, 16 input map layers including topography, settlements (urban centers and villages), roads (Highway E90 and village roads), railways, airport, wetlands, infrastructures (pipelines and power lines), slope, geology, land use, floodplains, aquifers and surface water are prepared and two different MCDA methods (simple additive weighting and analytic hierarchy process) are implemented to a geographical information system. Comparison of the maps produced by these two different methods shows that both methods yield conformable results. Field checks also confirm that the candidate sites agree well with the selected criteria.     

城市垃圾填埋场甲烷资源量与利用前景

垃圾填埋气的主要成分为CH4、CO2等气体,可严重污染大气、地下水和生态环境,并对全球气候变暖产生一定的影响;同时填埋气也是一种清洁可再生能源和资源,回收和利用垃圾填埋气可实现环境、安全、能源、资源、经济多重效益。目前,垃圾填埋气的利用主要为甲烷利用。本文介绍了填埋气中甲烷资源量的计算方法,采用一阶动力模型对国内城市垃圾填埋气中的甲烷排放量进行了计算和预测,获得了城市生活垃圾填埋气中甲烷的资源量的范围,并分析了国内垃圾填埋气排放的特点和趋势以及国内外对填埋气利用的途径、方法及效果。结合清洁发展机制（CDM）项目和国情分析了垃圾填埋气的利用前景,并提出了填埋气回收利用的主要问题和建议,为国内城市生活垃圾填埋气的利用提供了有益参考。     

Comparative study of municipal solid waste treatment technologies using life cycle assessment method

The aim of the study is to analyze three different waste treatment technologies by life cycle assessment tool. Sanitary Landfill, Incineration and gasification-pyrolysis of the waste treatment technologies are studied in SimaPro software based on input-output materials flow. SimaPro software has been applied for analyzing environmental burden by different impact categories. All technologies are favorable to abiotic and ozone layer depletion due to energy recovery from the waste treatment facilities. Sanitary landfill has the significantly lower environmental impact among other thermal treatment while gases are used for fuel with control emission environment. However, sanitary landfill has significant impact on photochemical oxidation, global warming and acidification. Among thermal technology, pyrolysis-gasification is comparatively more favorable to environment than incineration in global warming, acidification, eutrophication and eco-toxicity categories. Landfill with energy recovery facilities is environmentally favorable. However, due to large land requirement, difficult emission control system and long time span, restriction on land filling is applying more in the developed countries. Pyrolysis-gasification is more environmental friendly technology than incineration due to higher energy recovery efficiency. Life cycle assessment is an effective tool to analyze waste treatment technology based on environmental performances.     

Management and stability analysis of a seashore waste landfill site in Korea

Annual variation in the amount and composition of waste deposited in the Gimpo #2 landfill, the largest landfill around Seoul, Korea, is reviewed, and the stability of the same landfill is analyzed during waste disposal. For the stability analysis, three empirical stability prediction methods, i.e., linear stability, displacement velocity, and curve stability methods, are used to analyze field-measured settlement and horizontal displacement data. The analysis indicated that national waste management policy has greatly influenced the annual variation in the amount and composition of waste deposited in the landfill. Continuous measurement of geotechnical data and the use of stability analysis based on these data are necessary for landfills on seashore clay foundation. Stability of the landfill must be examined with various methods to ensure accurate determination of its stability.     

Municipal solid waste landfill siting by using GIS and analytical hierarchy process (AHP): a case study in Qom city,Iran

Qom is the eighth most populated city in center of Iran, and its population growth rate is among the highest in this country. Th presence of a Great Salt Lake, petroleum potential and tourism attractions in this city sheds light on the importance of how solid waste landfill locations should be disposed, located and managed as an environmental issue. Considering the key parameters in landfill site selection, in this study a series of location analysis have been conducted to locate optimum regions for municipal solid waste disposal, using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS). The main factors in selecting the suitable location for waste disposal include geomorphology–hydrography, environmental–social factors and design criteria, each of which are subdivided into several categories. Criteria are selected according to the regional condition; therefore, important factors such as distance from sea and forested areas were not considered. In the next step, digital layers are weighted and classified according to the available standards and expert judgment. Then, analytical multi-criteria decision-making algorithms as AHP and weighted linear combination are applied upon existing layers in GIS. The results show that by implementing the AHP method in this region only 7% of the study area has a very good and appropriate condition for landfill location and the field observation confirms them. Finally, considering the environmental effects of landfill, appropriate locations are suggested.     

Siting MSW landfills with a weighted linear combination methodology in a GIS environment

Landfill has been taken to the bottom of the hierarchy of options for waste disposal but has been the most used method for urban solid waste disposal. However, landfill has become more difficult to implement because of its increasing cost, community opposition, and more restrictive regulations regarding the siting and operation of landfills. Land is a finite and scarce resource that needs to be used wisely. Appropriate allocation of landfills involves the selection of areas that are suitable for waste disposal. The present work describes a type of multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method called weighted linear combination (WLC) in a GIS environment to evaluate the suitability of the study region for landfill. The WLC procedure is characterized by full tradeoff among all factors, average risk and offers much flexibility than the Boolean approaches in the decision making process. The relative importance weights of factors are estimated using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). In the final aggregated suitability image, zones smaller than 20 hectares are eliminated from the allocation process. Afterwards, the land suitability of a zone is determined by calculating the average of the suitability of the cells belonging to that zone, a process called zonal land suitability. The application of the presented method to the Gorgan city (Iran) indicated that there are 18 zones for landfill with their zonal land suitability varying from 155.426117 to 64.149024. The zones were ranked in descending order by the value of their zonal land suitability. The results showed the use of GIS as a decision support system (DSS) available to policy makers and decision makers in municipal solid waste (MSW) management issues.     

世界高放废物地质处置库选址研究概况及国内进展

高放废物是核能事业发展的必然产物。它的安全处置是核能事业持续发展的前提 ,已受到世界各国的高度重视。文中阐述了高放废物深地质处置的一般概念。同时重点介绍了世界上一些国家处置库选址研究的主要内容和研究进展 ,例如 ,美国把处置库建造过程分为场地推荐、场地的特征评价、处置库场地的选择和批准、领取场地执照和处置库建造设计的审批、处置库的建造 5个阶段 ;德国的选址研究工作包括地电和地热研究 ,重力、地震、地球化学、水文地质、同位素地球化学及微生物研究等 ;瑞典在花岗岩中建成了地下实验室 ,并制定了实验室的总体研究目标等等。另外也介绍了中国在甘肃省北山进行的高放废物地质处置库选址工作的情况 ,研究表明北山地区为一地壳稳定区 ,也是地下水贫水区且地下水流速缓慢 ,有利于处置库的建造 ,进一步的地面地质、水文地质勘察工作及钻探工程工作正在进行中。伴随着这些工作的完成 ,中国将大大缩短在高放废物地质处置研究方面与发达国家的距离。     

Landfill site selection using combination of fuzzy logic and multi-attribute decision-making approach

During the last decades, growth of urbanization and industrialization led to an increase in solid waste generation. Landfilling is the most prevalent ultimate disposal method for the municipal solid wastes in developing countries. The rapid municipal solid waste generation in Markazi province (central part of Iran) causes the need for precision in finding a suitable landfill site selection. In the present study, 12 factors (environmental and socioeconomic factors) have been applied to select the landfill site in Markazi province, Iran. The different methods including the analytic network process (ANP) combined with fuzzy linguistic quantifier, ordered weighted average (OWA), and weighted linear combination (WLC) approach in geographic information system was applied to find an appropriate landfill site. The OWA operator function permits the evaluation of the wide spectrum of consequences (with different scenario) obtained from different management strategies. Results revealed that integration of fuzzy logic, ANP, and OWA provides flexible and better ideas compared to the Boolean logic and WLC to select a suitable landfill site.     

广西城镇生活垃圾适宜处理方法及卫生填埋选址地质问题初探

根据广西自然、社会经济、垃圾组成等具体情况和垃圾处理的技术经济性比较,结合国内外垃圾处理技术进展,广西绝大部分城镇生活垃圾在未来一段时间内适宜选择卫生填埋,但广西地质作用复杂,岩溶发育,崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等较为频繁,易引发工程地质、水文地质问题,选址需要结合地理信息系统,并加强工程地质勘察和水文地质勘察。     

国外城市垃圾填埋场岩土工程研究的最新进展

介绍了国外在垃圾填埋场衬垫层、覆盖系统 (帽子 )、垂直隔离墙及土工布等方面的最新进展.     

Resolving the landfill siting impasse: modelling technocratic and indigenous perspectives using GIS multicriteria approach

Increase in waste generation calls for an effective waste management as this has become a necessity for environmental sustainability. Several methods are adopted in managing waste, which include waste reduction, reuse, thermal treatment, recycling and landfilling. The landfill method is recognised as the most used of all the waste management methods in developing countries such as Ghana. However, the selection of a suitable landfill site is very difficult and tedious. This is because it involves a consideration of many factors such as environmental, topographic, economic, socio-cultural and civil engineering. This research sought to identify a suitable landfill site by applying GIS multicriteria and weighted overlay approach in the Bongo District of Northern Ghana. The analysis relied on criteria and weights provided by the technocrats and the indigenes in the district as a way of demonstrating how landfill siting impasse can be resolved by incorporating the various stakeholders. The results obtained provided clear areas for landfill sites in the study area from the technocratic and the indigenous perspectives. However, the technocratic perspective failed to include an important cultural criterion, sacred groves, as a factor. The indigenous perspective also compromised on the factor related to nearness to residential areas, and is equally not sufficient on its own. The optimal landfill sites, which meets the expectations of both the technocrats and indigenes, was identified. This perspective has produced technically favourable and socio-culturally acceptable landfill site. However, it is recommended an environmental impact assessment (EIA) be conducted to identify the full environmental and social cost of the site. It is concluded that in landfill site selection much attention be given to cultural factors in the same way as the technical factors.     

我国高放废物地质处置库场址筛选总体技术思路探讨

综合对比瑞典、加拿大、芬兰和美国等国高放废物地质处置库场址筛选技术思路,分析国外高放废物地质处置库场址筛选过程中取得的经验、教训,总结了我国处置库选址工作取得的成果和存在的问题。在综合研究基础上,分析提出我国高放废物地质处置库场址筛选总体技术思路,包括应遵循的原则、工作范围、目标和总体技术步骤等,以利于今后处置库选址工作更系统、规范和统一。     

拆迁场地建筑碎渣的处理和综合应用研究

建筑碎渣作为各种建材产品废料的混合物,会给环境带来一定的危害,但也是一种再生利用率很高的资源.如果经过一定方式的处理,使其变废为宝,处理后的建筑碎渣即可成为新的建筑材料再次使用.分析了建筑碎渣所具有的物理化学特点,指出建筑碎渣存在再生利用的可行性;介绍了国内外建筑碎渣的处理现状、利用途径和发展趋势,并指出了现阶段我国对于建筑碎渣处理利用的几种主要方式和存在的问题.     

Environmental impact assessment using rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) for Russeifa landfill, Jordan

An environmental impact assessment (EIA) study for the solid waste landfill was prepared for the Russeifa area, northeast Jordan. As landfill was not subjected to sophisticated EIA, serious environmental problems are still occurring, such as groundwater contamination and air pollution. Three alternatives were proposed to rehabilitate the landfill: upgrading the existing landfill, construction of a biogas plant and its relocation. The EIA for the three options was carried out using the rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM), it applies a consistent and recordable assessment of the importance of the different components. The scoping components included in the RIAM were: physical/chemical, biological/ecological, social/cultural and economic/operational components. The RIAM analysis showed that the least negative impacts would be to relocate to a better-managed sanitary landfill. The most serious negative impacts were the contamination of groundwater, air pollution and public health. These impacts can be mitigated through a comprehensive environmental management plan for the Russeifa landfill to address the deterioration of environmental components in the vicinity of landfill.