Rotation velocity of a thrust: a paleomagnetic study in the External Sierras (Southern Pyrenees)

An accurate calibration of chronologic and geologic data (biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic) with GPTS has been performed for the middle and upper Eocene syntectonic deposits in the surrounding areas of the Pico del Aguila anticline (South Pyrenean External Sierras).This calibration shows a variable sedimentation rate that changes from 4.8 cm/ka at the bottom to 34 cm/ka at the top, with a maximum of 58.6 cm/ka in the upper part of the studied stratigraphic section, and gives a fine and continuous chronologic frame to understand the rotational kinematics of the infrajacent thrust system.At the same time, a detailed paleomagnetic study has been carried out (14 sites and a total of 157 thermally demagnetised samples) to know the amount of rotation in the area taking advantage the “tape-recording” effect of the syntectonic materials. These samples display a ChRM between 250 and 400 °C, both polarities (that agree very well with the sequence of magnetostratigraphic zones) and consistency with the magnetic reference. Due to the decreasing value of the magnetic declination (from +46° to −3°) of the primary components (checked by fold and reversal test), the calibration has been useful to assign an absolute age to every rotation value (from 40.32 to 37.05 Ma).A time versus rotation curve does not show significant differences of rotation between the flanks of the Pico del Aguila anticline (less than 8°). Thus, the clockwise rotations detected in the study area result from the kinematics of the imbricate basal thrust system, which is also responsible for the development of detachment folds (e.g. Pico del Aguila anticline). In a time against rotation graph, the simplest fit for the overall rotation values is given by a linear segment (rotation velocity of 10°/Ma); however, the best fit is given by a segment of a parabolic curve. This pattern implies that there were changes of the rotation velocities (between 21°/Ma and −5.3°/Ma) that in this segment of the External Sierras were caused by an acceleration of the rotational movement (between 9°/Ma² and 5.5°/Ma²). The thrust sheet shows maximum values of at least 40° of clockwise rotation.     

Structures and Implications for Fluid Migration in the Jiadi Carlin‐Type Gold Deposit,Guizhou Province,Southwest China

The Jiadi gold deposit is a newly discovered Carlin‐type gold deposit in the Guizhou Province, Southwest China. This deposit is structurally controlled by a shallow fold–fault superimposed system along the Lianhuashan trend. Field geological investigations, structural analysis, and mathematical research are conducted to study its structures and hydrothermal fluid flow process. Geological investigations (i.e. sections, stope, and drill hole) indicate that the structures are dominated by NE‐trending folds, NWW‐trending folds, and faults. A trend‐surface analysis of the low interformational fracture zone suggests that the overall distribution of the Lianhuashan trend is controlled by the NE‐trending Lianhuashan anticline. Nearly all primary Carlin‐type gold deposits are distributed along the southeastern flank where the fold axis changes from NE to EW. Gold orebodies are hosted by the interformational fracture zones and primarily situated at the transitions from the high‐value areas to the low‐value areas of the interformational fracture zones. A stress analysis on the hydrothermal veins indicates that they are of tenso‐shear properties. The ore‐forming elements (Au, As, Sb, Hg, and Tl) of the hydrothermal veins from the interformational fracture zones and intrusive breccia body present strong positive anomalies compared with those from the adjacent wall rocks. According to the development patterns of the ore‐forming elements and hydrothermal veins, a migration process of the ore‐forming fluids is proposed: the deeply sourced ore‐forming fluids migrated vertically to shallow crust along an intrusive breccia body, subsequently flowed horizontally along the interformational fracture zones accompanied by gold precipitation in the early stage, and finally migrated outward along steep micro‐fractures during following stages.     

老挝万象平原盐类矿床控矿构造研究

老挝万象平原盐类矿层赋存于古近纪古新统塔贡组中,主要含钾矿物为光卤石,少量钾石盐。成矿期塔贡组及盐类矿层主要受北西向的边界断裂及塔贡向斜控制;成矿期后盐类矿层主要受褶皱（盐向斜、盐背斜）控制。在盐类矿层沉积后,先在水平应力作用下形成宽缓褶皱。由于向斜部位相对沉降,沉积速度较快,盐类矿层上部的碎屑岩较厚;而背斜部位相对上升,其上沉积的碎屑岩较薄。盐类矿层与碎屑岩存在较大的密度差,加之向斜与背斜上部的碎屑岩厚度不同,背斜与向斜的盐类矿层之间产生"差异负载"。向斜部位的盐类矿层受到较大的载荷向背斜塑性流动,使背斜部位矿层增厚,形成盐背斜,而向斜部位的矿层厚度明显变小。盐背斜部位往往盐类矿层厚度巨大,埋藏浅,上覆地层常常缺失,甚至于盐背斜进一步发育使钾盐矿层刺穿上覆泥岩层而暴露于相对的淡水环境中而遭受溶蚀。      

Fault development through fractured pelagic carbonates of the Cingoli anticline,Italy: Possible analog for subsurface fluid-conductive fractures

The Cingoli anticline is a late Messinian thrust-related fold that developed along the northern Apennines front (Italy). This exposed anticline represents a potential analog of hydrocarbon reservoirs located in the nearby Po Plain and Adriatic Sea areas. The folded rock multilayer of the Cingoli anticline includes a heterogeneous, Mesozoic–Cenozoic, marine succession, consisting of massive platform carbonates below, and layered pelagic carbonates on top. This article reports the results of analyses conducted on pelagic micrites cropping out in two exposures located in the anticline backlimb. There, the late Cretaceous–Eocene Scaglia Rossa Fm., which is characterized by thin beds of pelagic limestones and marly limestones, is crosscut by pervasive, closely-spaced, stratabound fractures mostly consisting of pressure solution seams (PSSs) and sheared PSSs. The fractured strata are, in places, crosscut by small-offset fault zones. Field and laboratory structural data are used to define the nature and type of the different fracture sets as well as their temporal evolution and interaction. Seven main sets of stratabound PSSs and sheared PSSs are identified and interpreted as an early background fabric crosscut by or involved in later through-going fault zones. We propose a conceptual model of fault nucleation and growth that envisions the studied faults as late-stage structures, which formed by incorporating and connecting segments of bedding surfaces and early developed PSSs. We discuss our conceptual model in terms of fault and fracture permeability, highlighting the possible role exerted by the documented structures on subsurface fluid flow.     

焦石坝-武隆构造带古流体活动差异及对页岩气保存条件的影响

焦石坝-武隆地区差异构造带发育,古流体活动复杂,对页岩气保存条件影响较为关键.以两类典型背斜(高陡背斜和箱状背斜)的裂缝脉为研究对象,基于裂缝分形理论和碳、氧、锶同位素地球化学理论,揭示出不同构造的古流体活动差异与页岩气保存条件优劣的耦合性.研究认为:(1)构造变形与古流体活动性存在耦合性.构造应力集中部位(如箱状背斜枢纽、隐伏断层)较构造其他部位具更强的流体活动性.(2)古流体示踪差异与页岩气保存条件存在耦合性.同位素地球化学揭示出二叠系-下三叠统以内源流体活动为主,封闭能力较好,盆内高陡背斜带和盆外残余向斜五峰-龙马溪组页岩气具备一定勘探前景;中寒武统-下奥陶统存在跨层流体活动的痕迹,封闭能力变差,盆外箱状背斜下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩气勘探风险加大.     

墨江金矿成矿流体的形成演化机制

笔者利用矿物流体包裹体、稳定同位素、微量元素和稀土元素地球化学等手段，研究了墨江金矿成矿流体的地球化学特征，成矿物质来源和形成演化机制。研究结果表明，墨江金矿为中低温热液金矿床，成矿流体属于中性－弱碱性的钠质溶液，其中的水为大气降和岩浆水混合成因，矿化剂主要来源于深部，金主要来源于海西期超基性岩和志留系金厂组浅变质岩。     

右江盆地流体运移过程中成矿与成藏作用

右江盆地裂陷期和坳陷早期的沉积物提供研究区金矿与古油藏的物质与流体。成矿物质与烃类在盆地流体中沿以二叠纪生物礁为核心的断层、浊积岩及不整合面组成的三维输导体系向盆地边缘及二叠纪生物礁的核部运移。由于烃类物质与盐水体系密度的差异，使烃类物质与成矿物质差异聚集于不同的圈闭中形成流体藏。流体矿藏的破坏是导致成矿物质沉淀形成矿床的直接原因。构造活动、风化剥蚀及流体压裂均可导致流体矿藏破坏，其中燕山构造运动是该区流体藏破坏的主要原因，因而亦是该区金矿成矿作用的主要构造营力。本文从盆地流体运移、演化的角度证明，该区古油藏是盆地裂陷与坳陷阶段流体聚集的产物，而矿床则是盆地挤压抬升阶段流体藏破坏、流体散失的结果。研究成果表明，金矿与油气是同一盆地流体在其不同演化阶段的产物，这对在盆地中寻找相同类型的金属矿产意义重大。     

康滇地轴东缘铅锌矿的成矿构造

大地构造控制了含矿建造的分布,区域地质构造的不同发展阶段发育了不同的含矿建造类型,不同的含矿建造孕育了不同的矿床成因类型。“两隆夹一陷”的构造格局、晚二叠世玄武岩沿断袭的喷溢,是区内构造热卤水驱动和运移、基底铅锌物质活化的重要条件。基底复活断裂、倒转背斜加“一刀”(断层)、长寿断裂加次级褶皱是区内的重要控矿构造型式。容矿构造不管是断裂或层间破碎带,当它与导矿构造(如基底复活断裂、深断裂)毗邻时,是区内大、中型矿床的重要构造成矿条件。     

Three-dimensional architecture of growth strata associated to fault-bend,fault-propagation,and décollement anticlines in non-erosional environments

The evolution of surficial structures at the toes of orogens arises from the complex interplay between tectonic and surface processes. The internal architecture of syntectonic sediments has been shown to provide useful insights on the kinematic mechanism of folding. Two-dimensional templates of growth strata patterns associated to thrust-related anticlines are available in the literature. In this paper, we show the results of three-dimensional numerical modelling of growth fault-bend folds, fault-propagation folds, fixed limb length décollement folds and fixed limb dip décollement folds. We point out that total thickness contour maps, single syntectonic layer contour maps, and above all, the computation of their directional first-derivative maps, provide useful templates for inferring the kinematic mechanism of folding when compared with similar maps from natural examples. Application of these three-dimensional numerical models includes the comparison and supervised best fit with three-dimensional seismic reflection data sets. Numerical results are contrasted with the growth strata map patterns of the Mediano, Oliana and Pico del Aguila anticlines, in the Spanish Pyrenees.     

The correlation of fracture directions with sediment anisotropy in folded rocks of the Delamerian fold belt at Port Germein gorge, South Australia

Fracture patterns have been analysed across an anticline within the Delamerian fold belt. All fractures have orientations normal to bedding and have been separated into sets geometrically related and unrelated to the fold. The preferred orientation of quartz grain long axes in thin sections is statistically normal to the crests of small-scale ripple marks and these two directions correspond to the orientation of two sets of orthogonal joints unrelated to the fold geometry. It is therefore suggested that the sedimentary structures may have had a controlling influence on the fracture orientations.The presence of quartz fibres within fractures and consistent offsets between fracture sets allow time relations of fracture dilation to be determined. Dilation apparently occurred during or after folding. One set of fractures whose orientation correlates with the sedimentary anisotropy was dilated first and it is possible that these fractures were initiated before folding, possibly during diagenesis.     

Role of basement in epithermal deposits: The Kushikino and Hishikari gold deposits,southwestern Japan

The magma–ore deposit relationship of most low-sulfidation epithermal ore deposits is still unclear, partly because many stable isotopic studies of such deposits have indicated the predominance of meteoric waters within hydrothermal fluids. However, it is certainly true that hydrothermal systems are ultimately driven by magmatic intrusions, and epithermal gold deposits might therefore be produced by magmatic activity even in deposits having has no obvious links to a magma. We re-examine the genesis of two typical low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposits, the Kushikino and Hishikari deposits, using structural simulations and isotope data.Many epithermal gold deposits including the Kushikino and Hishikari deposits have been discovered in Kyushu, southwestern Japan. The Kushikino deposit comprises fissure-filling veins within Neogene andesitic volcanics that overlie unconformably Cretaceous sedimentary basement. The veins consist of gold- and silver-bearing quartz and calcite with minor amounts of adularia, sericite and sulfides. Although carbon and oxygen isotopic data for the veins indicate a meteoric origin of the ore fluid, finite element simulations suggest that the vein system might have formed in direct response to magma intrusion. In particular, geophysical data suggest that intruding magma has uplifted the basement rocks, thereby producing fractures and veins and a positive Bouguer anomaly, and providing the heat necessary to drive an ore-forming hydrothermal system.The second component of this study has been to investigate the nature and evolution of the Kushikino and Hishikari epithermal systems. Isotope data document the geochemical evolution of the hydrothermal fluids. We conclude that the existence of sedimentary basement rocks at depth might have affected the strontium and carbon isotopic ratios of the Kushikino and Hishikari ore fluids. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and δ¹³C–δ¹⁸O trend reveal that major ore veins in the Hishikari deposit can be distinguished from shallow barren veins. It was suggested isotopically that fluids responsible for the barren veins in nearby shallow and barren circulation systems were only controlled by the shallow host rocks. Such multi-isotope systematics provide a powerful tool with which to determine the center of hydrothermal activity and thereby document the evolution of hydrothermal fluids.     

莺歌海盆地超压体系的成因及与油气的关系

莺歌海盆地独特的地质进程形成多套泥源层,泥源岩的压实与排液不均衡导致盆地内存在大规模的超压体系,大量的生烃及水热增压使盆地内超压进一步加剧。底辟作用将超压传递至浅层,使超压体系的分布在不同深度和不同构造带中的差异均较大。在中央底辟带,由于泥-流体底辟活动极强,突破的地层多,超压顶面埋深很浅;超压的释放不仅仅是孔隙流体的逸散,更重要的是烃源(主要是泥源层)所生成的油和气作为热流体的一部分,伴随热流体向上突破、运移到浅部分异、逸散和聚集形成气藏。      

小秦岭—熊耳山地区金矿的成矿流体特征

文章系统地总结分析了小秦岭-熊耳山地区金矿的成矿流体特征和成矿作用及矿床的S、Pb、O、C等稳定同位素特征，提出金矿床的成矿流体为地幔流体。流体的运移方向则是自南向北，由下向上，并非来自矿床北部的燕山期文峪花岗岩。新的测年结果表明，不少矿床的成矿时代为印支期，燕山期是迭加在印支期之上的成矿期。它们构成了中国东部中生代成矿作用的完整旋回。成矿受印支期构造作用的制约，是在远离商丹主缝合带的拉张环境下形成的。     

内生金矿床的成矿流体

流体具有媒介和作用剂的双重属性,流体作用贯穿于整个内生金矿成矿作用过程.不同地区、不同类型金矿床具有相似的原始成矿流体——来源于上地幔或下地壳的、富含SiO₂、挥发份、成矿元素的C-H-O体系.在从深部至浅部的运移过程中受岩石建造性质、岩石(层)中流体成分的混入以及水-岩反应等因素作用,原始的成矿流体物理化学性质、组成成分等发生了不同程度的改变,最终形成直接导致金矿化的成矿流体.造成成矿流体中金等成矿物质发生沉淀的主要原因是流体的沸腾作用、流体中挥发份的逸失、流体相的分离作用、不同类型流体之间的混合作用以及热液蚀变(水-岩反应)作用等.     

论我国微细浸染型金矿床与沉积盆地演化的关系——以右江盆地为例

对华南右江盆地中某些微细浸染型金矿床开展了系统的地质学、组构学以及矿床地球化学研究。地质学和组构学研究表明，这类矿床具有大量的沉积阶段－成岩阶段的成因特征，在沉积物沉积－成岩期间就已经成矿。矿化与碳酸盐岩孤台的密切联系和丰富的成岩期软变形组构，表明成矿与控制海底地形的同沉积期断裂活动密切相关。而大量泄水构造和液化层理的出现则表明，在沉积物成岩阶段，沉积柱中曾有大量流体的活动。而且这种盆地流体的活动与成矿有密切关系。丰富的生物－有机成因组构则显示，成矿与沉积有机质的演化有着密切的内在联系。另外，矿床没有显示出与岩浆活动的任何关系。因此，右江盆地的微细浸染型金矿床与美国的卡林型金矿床不同，可能是离散大陆边缘张性盆地演化过程中盆地流体活动的产物之一。这一认识也得到地球化学研究不同程度的支持。     

Role of basement in epithermal deposits: The Kushikino and Hishikari gold deposits, southwestern Japan

The magma–ore deposit relationship of most low-sulfidation epithermal ore deposits is still unclear, partly because many stable isotopic studies of such deposits have indicated the predominance of meteoric waters within hydrothermal fluids. However, it is certainly true that hydrothermal systems are ultimately driven by magmatic intrusions, and epithermal gold deposits might therefore be produced by magmatic activity even in deposits having has no obvious links to a magma. We re-examine the genesis of two typical low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposits, the Kushikino and Hishikari deposits, using structural simulations and isotope data.Many epithermal gold deposits including the Kushikino and Hishikari deposits have been discovered in Kyushu, southwestern Japan. The Kushikino deposit comprises fissure-filling veins within Neogene andesitic volcanics that overlie unconformably Cretaceous sedimentary basement. The veins consist of gold- and silver-bearing quartz and calcite with minor amounts of adularia, sericite and sulfides. Although carbon and oxygen isotopic data for the veins indicate a meteoric origin of the ore fluid, finite element simulations suggest that the vein system might have formed in direct response to magma intrusion. In particular, geophysical data suggest that intruding magma has uplifted the basement rocks, thereby producing fractures and veins and a positive Bouguer anomaly, and providing the heat necessary to drive an ore-forming hydrothermal system.The second component of this study has been to investigate the nature and evolution of the Kushikino and Hishikari epithermal systems. Isotope data document the geochemical evolution of the hydrothermal fluids. We conclude that the existence of sedimentary basement rocks at depth might have affected the strontium and carbon isotopic ratios of the Kushikino and Hishikari ore fluids. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and δ¹³C–δ¹⁸O trend reveal that major ore veins in the Hishikari deposit can be distinguished from shallow barren veins. It was suggested isotopically that fluids responsible for the barren veins in nearby shallow and barren circulation systems were only controlled by the shallow host rocks. Such multi-isotope systematics provide a powerful tool with which to determine the center of hydrothermal activity and thereby document the evolution of hydrothermal fluids.     

泸州区块深层页岩裂缝脉体发育特征及成脉流体活动

裂缝脉体中蕴藏着天然裂缝演化与古流体充注活动等重要信息,对于深层页岩气保存条件也有指示意义.针对泸州区块龙马溪组深层页岩裂缝脉体,综合运用光学薄片、阴极发光、流体包裹体及微区原位等分析手段,分析了裂缝脉体的发育特征,研究了成脉流体活动及其成岩环境演化,探讨了页岩气保存条件.研究发现,深层页岩裂缝脉体主要为石英与白云石或方解石组成的复合脉体,不同矿物之间表现出较复杂的切割关系,盐水包裹体与高密度甲烷包裹体大量发育,且裂缝脉体主要形成于还原性环境.整体看来,构造抬升背景下,深层页岩裂缝开始形成且处于不断开启或闭合过程,3期不同性质的古流体多次充注胶结,较封闭的成岩体系对深层页岩气的保存有利.      

陕西旬阳砂硐沟汞锑矿含矿构造特征及成矿物质来源探讨

陕西旬阳砂硐沟汞锑矿富集区汞锑含矿体受褶皱构造（背斜）和断裂构造的联合控制。通过对控（含）矿构造、富矿空间的构造次序以及结构面组合特征等的详细研究,对初步建立的"背斜+一刀"的成矿模式进行了完善。成矿流体、稀土分析等综合研究显示成矿物质可能来源于地壳深部。已有的勘查工程及找矿成果表明,本矿集区具有较大的找矿潜力。      

云南兰坪北部铜多金属矿化区成矿流体流动与矿化分带

通过研究白秧坪、富隆厂、吴底厂、麻栗坪、金满、科登涧等矿床和矿点的矿化脉体中黝铜矿等矿物的铅同位素组成及黝铜矿和白云石的特征元素组成，进一步探讨了成矿流体与矿化分带的关系。结果表明，黝铜矿中Cu分别与As、Sb之间的正、负相关性，白云石中Sr含量与矿床之间相对距离间正相关关系，指示成矿流体由西向东流动；矿石与盆地的中新生界沉积岩系的铅同位素组成相似。不同矿化部位矿石的铅同位素组成与逆冲推覆构造断裂主要围岩铅同位素组成之间的对应关系指示，金属组分可能主要源自盆地中的中新生界沉积岩系，成矿流体与不同围岩之间的相互作用是造成不同部位矿石铅同位素组成不同的主要原因之一。成矿流体的形成、流动和沉淀源自和发生在该区地壳浅部范围。喜马拉雅期青藏高原的隆升，造成了盆地地形西高东低，有利于形成水力梯度，驱动流体由西向东流动。流体以逆冲推覆构造断裂系统作为通道流动，有效地在更大范围内、长期或周期性地从所流经的各种岩石中萃取和迁移金属组分到合适部位富集。     

中国卡林型金矿的分布规律及找矿前景

我国卡林型金矿床主要分布于扬子陆块西南缘的板内古生代-中生代沉降带和西北缘古生代-中生代造山带。具有分布局限、成矿集中的特点。金矿床往往形成成矿带,单个金矿床的规模大小不一,矿化受构造、围岩和深部流体控制。金矿床成矿域发育一套大面积分布的巨厚的古-中生代造山带建造,成矿期的岩浆活动和构造活动强烈。基于我国卡林型金矿的分布规律,找矿应优先考虑的有力部位有:1)地块边缘裂陷槽拉张与挤压交替的环境中沉积建造和不同性质大地构造接合部位或构造过渡带;2)在背斜构造倾伏端、背斜轴转折端、背斜翼部以及不同方向、不同序次的断裂破碎带交叉与复合部位;3)在富粘土质、粉砂质和有机质中发育的交叉断裂和可微渗透的纹层状细粒钙质和白云质粉砂岩,局部为较粗粒砂岩和透镜状砾状钙质生物碎屑岩夹层接触部位;4)在燕山期岩浆活动以及热点活动地区发育的古生界和中生界地层。