若尔盖县大骨节病分布特征及其与地质环境的关系

大骨节病是一种地方性、变形性骨关节病。国内外学者历经160年的研究,病因假说上百种,但至今仍无定论。若尔盖县是中国大骨节病发病率较高的病区之一,通过在病区开展野外调查、岩土水样测试等工作,本文总结了该区大骨节病分布特征和自然与地质环境特征,探讨了大骨节病分布与地层岩性、土壤、地形地貌、饮水水源等地质环境的关系。研究表明:基岩岩性及其土壤母质成分是影响病情分布的基本因素;病区土壤中Se、Mo、Ba等元素含量较非病区低,N、P、Pb、S元素含量高于非病区;饮用地表水中的矿化度、硬度、腐殖酸含量病区与非病区差异不显著,病区硒含量低于轻、非病区;大骨节病的致病影响因素复杂,除与岩、土、水地球化学环境因素有关外,亦与饮食结构等因素有关;大骨节病与地质环境关系密切,其病因需进一步探索。     

陕西省永寿县大骨节病区水化学特征及其与病的关系

大骨节病是严重危害病区人民的一种地方性疾病,病因至今不明。近年来,中央地办室组织全国各类专业技术人员,对病情特别严重且十分活跃的陕西省永寿县进行了科学考察,使大骨节病研究进展很大。笔者参加了这次活动,对水文地质与病情的关系进行了研究。本文就饮水水化学方面,探讨与大骨节病的关系,并对病因作些分析。一、常量组份(一)病区与非病区对比从永寿病区与乾县、武功县绝非病区饮水水质资料对比可见:病区水中比非病区 Na~ 低3—4倍;Mg~( )低2—3倍;C1~-低6—7倍;HCO_3~- 低1一2倍;SO_4~= 及 SO_3~- 低5—6倍;NO_3~-及 NO_2~-低2—3倍;矿化度低1—2倍;Ca~( )、SiO_2、总硬度略低,只有 NH_4~ 高于非病区3—5倍。     

克山病环境地球化学病因研究新进展

从1937年发现克山病以来,许多科学家为寻找其病因奋斗了几十年时间,但至今仍未得到完全的阐明。 1.克山病病因的几种观点 (1)病区生态环境缺硒与克山病发生的关系:经过二十多年自然生态环境的调查与研究表明,克山病的分布与自然环境有密切的关系,确认克山病区属于低硒地带。但是有的用亚硒酸治疗和预防克山病的临床观察并没有得到令人满意的效果,有的病区与非病区环境中硒的含量并无显著差异,尤其是非常临近的病区与非病区屯之间。因此,缺硒之说并没有完全得到公认。但是较一致的看法是,克山病病因是复杂的,除了从环境到人体组织的整个生态系统低硒外,还可有其它因子与硒复合共同致病。 (2)环境中缺钼与克山病关系:早在70年代初,洪业汤等提出,克山病很可能是由钼     

四川省阿坝地区大骨结病区地球化学特征

大骨结病是中国分布较广的地方病，在四川省阿坝州流行，特别在若尔盖的包座地区严重流行。笔者通过以往专家对于大骨结病病因研究、生命元素特征分析和大骨结病病区和非病区的元素背景的研究认为，四川阿坝地区大骨结病可能是病区腐植酸富集，Se、Mo、Cu、V的偏低和Ba、Sr、P对于CaO的拮抗作用造成Ca的缺乏所引起的地方病。与此同时，通过1：20万内江幅“趴病”区的土壤和水化学元素地球化学研究，认为有类似之处。因此，上述因素可能是这种骨骼病的地球化学的病因。     

中国大骨节病区水环境化学组分特征研究综述

大骨节病发病机理复杂,病因研究没有取得统一的认识,但多数学者认为大骨节病与病区饮水存在关系。本文查阅了近30年大骨节病的研究文献,从常量组分、微量元素、有机物三方面总结病区水化学组分研究成果进行了综述。认为国内外学者大骨节病的研究方面已取得很多成果,但仍有许多不同看法和争议,尚需继续深入研究。     

地下水硝酸盐中氧同位素研究进展

硝酸盐中氧同位素在某些情况下能弥补氮同位素组成无显著差别的不足以及更有效地识别反硝化作用。文中综述了氧同位素检测技术、NO-3 源的氧同位素组成特征和氧同位素的应用等方面的研究进展。检测技术经历了 5个发展过程。大气和土壤环境形成的NO-3 具明显的氧同位素组成差异 ,由此可识别地下水NO-3 是来自含NO-3 化肥或大气沉降NO-3 还是来自土壤环境中的NH+ 4 经微生物硝化作用形成的NO-3 。反硝化作用使δ15N和δ18O成比例线性增加。今后的研究方向是完善检测技术、研究NO-3 中氧来自水和大气比例的影响因素及氮、氧同位素与地球化学和水文模型的结合等。     

黑河中游绿洲农区地下水硝态氮污染调查研究

通过区域采样的方法,对黑河中游绿洲农田灌区71眼水井硝态氮(NO-3-N)含量进行了分析.结果表明:调查水井的NO-3-N平均含量为(10.66±0.19) mg·L-1,其中32.4%的水井NO-3-N含量超过饮用水标准(NO-3-N含量＞10 mg·L-1),16.9%的水井NO-3-N含量严重超标(NO-3-N含量＞20 mg·L-1).被调查的手压水井NO-3-N平均含量为17.41 mg·L-1,比饮用水机井((5.75±0.20) mg·L-1)、灌溉水机井((11.44±1.70) mg·L-1)分别高67.0%和34.3%,超标和严重超标机井所占比例分别为52.4%和28.6%;地下水观测井NO-3-N含量的平均值为(11.53±0.92)mg·L-1,超标和严重超标机井所占比例分别为50.0%和25.0%.该区域浅层地下水受到的污染较为严重,区域内深层水井也受到污染威胁.不同土地利用类型地下水NO-3-N含量顺序为:蔬菜大棚＞制种玉米＞菜田＞带田＞水稻＞小城镇.蔬菜大棚、菜田和制种玉米种植区域内的地下水污染情况严重.沙质土壤地区地下水NO-3-N含量平均值为(27.20±1.96)mg·L-1,比壤土地区的(9.93±0.87)mg·L-1高2.74倍,地下水NO-3-N含量的最大和最小值均高于壤土地区,超标率高28.3%,严重超标高52.5%,表明地下水NO-3-N污染受土壤质地影响,沙质土壤区域内的地下水更易受到污染.     

林州-安阳地区食管癌高发区地下水氮污染及防治措施

河南省林州市-安阳县是我国著名的食管癌高发区,食管癌严重地危害着当地居民的生命与健康.本文根据饮用水的NO-3分析资料,阐明了亚硝胺的前体物NO-3的分布与食管癌的地理分布具有明显的相关性.居民饮用NO-3超标的浅层地下水、旱井水是导致食管癌的重要原因之一.70年代以来,大量施用化肥是引起饮用地下水NO-3污染的根本原因,它导致的后果使林州市食管癌发病率和死亡率下降缓慢.本文结合14C资料对地下水NO-3-N污染机理进行了分析,并提出了相应的防治措施.     

吉林省双辽市氟中毒病区与非病区水文地球化学特征

双辽市氟中毒病区与非病区地下水水化学类型均处于重碳酸型水带内。病区水文地球化学作用处于元素迁移—富集的过渡阶段或元素富集阶段的初期,其水化学类型呈现由HCO3→HCO3.Cl→Cl.HCO3型水的分带性展布,地下水溶解固体浓度为0.5～2.0 mg/L;非病区则处于元素迁移阶段,其水化学类型则为单一的HCO3.Ca型水,地下水溶解固体浓度一般均低于0.5 mg/L。地方性氟中毒的分布与区域水文地球化学特征之间存在着一定的联系,此种关系虽然不可作为病因看待,但仍可当作一种环境标志加以考虑。     

NO3-中15N和18O同位素新技术在岩溶地区地下水氮污染研究中的应用——以河南林州食管癌高发区研究为例

介绍了在野外用阴离子交换树脂收集地下水中的NO-3的新技术,以及用AgNO3 和氧化铜丝及铜颗粒燃烧反应测定氮同位素比值;用AgNO3+ C(石墨)生成CO2 测定NO-3 中氧同位素比值的密封石英管燃烧法。安阳和林州岩溶区饮用水中广泛的NO-3 - N污染大大超过饮用标准,食管癌的死亡率与饮用水中NO-3 、NO-2 、NH+4 和亚硝胺过剩的含量成正比。δ18O和δ15N资料证实,饮用水中的NO-3主要来自农家肥和化肥,这个地区没有发生有意义的反硝化作用,而以硝化作用为主。在食管癌低发区(东部)存在反硝化作用而使该区地下水中硝酸盐含量降低。δ18O和δ15N资料还表明氧化环境中可能出现局部反硝化作用。      

N-nitrodimethlyamine in natural and drinking water of high cancer incidence regions of Guangdong,China

The Guangdong province of China contains the most clearly described high-incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) areas in the world. The geographical heterogeneity of cancer incidence in the region suggests that many carcinogenic risk factors might be present in the regional geochemical environment. This paper presents the concentrations of a wide range of known carcinogens in two high cancer incidence areas in Guangdong and compared them to a low cancer incidence area in the same province. N-Nitrosamines, NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, and ammonium were detected in groundwater, surface water, and drinking-water. The concentrations of the 7 trace metal and metalloid elements As, Cd, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Hg were determined in surface soil samples and all water samples. The results show that, compared with the guidelines or limit values for drinking-water quality in the world, the high cancer incidence areas have hazardous high levels of N-nitrodimethlyamine (NDMA) in all kinds of water. Oppositely, the low cancer incidence area has a safe low level of NDMA in water bodies. The levels of NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, and ammonium in water have the same character, although they have different expression between the two high-risk areas. The distribution of the 7 tested trace elements in surface soil has no significant correlation with cancer incidence. On the other hand, high concentrations of carcinogenic N-Nitrosamines in drinking-water and natural water bodies were identified for the first time in the high NPC and HCC incidence area.     

Geochemistry characterization of groundwater in an agricultural area of Razan,Hamadan, Iran

This study was conducted to evaluate factors regulating groundwater quality in an area with agriculture as main use. Thirty groundwater samples have been collected from Razan area (Hamadan, Iran) for hydrochemical investigations to understand the sources of dissolved ions and assess the chemical quality of the groundwater. The chemical compositions of the groundwater are dominated by Na⁺, Ca²⁺, HCO₃ ⁻, Cl⁻ and SO₄ ²⁻, which have been derived largely from natural chemical weathering of carbonate, gypsum and anthropogenic activities of fertilizer’s source. The production of SO₄ ²⁻ has multiple origins, mainly from dissolution of sulphate minerals, oxidation of sulphide minerals and anthropogenic sources. The major anthropogenic components in the groundwater include Na⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄ ²⁻ and NO₃ ⁻, with Cl⁻ and NO₃ ⁻ being the main contributors to groundwater pollution in Razan area.     

Tracing the sources of nitrate in karstic groundwater in Zunyi,Southwest China: a combined nitrogen isotope and water chemistry approach

Nitrate (NO₃ ⁻) is major pollutant in groundwater worldwide. Karst aquifers are particularly vulnerable to nitrate contamination from anthropogenic sources due to the rapid movement of water in their conduit networks. In this study, the isotopic compositions (δ¹⁵N–NO₃ ⁻, δ¹⁵N–NH₄ ⁺) and chemical compositions(e.g., NO₃ ⁻, NH₄ ⁺, NO₂ ⁻, K⁺) were measured in groundwater in the Zunyi area of Southwest China during summer and winter to identify the primary sources of contamination and characterize the processes affecting nitrate in the groundwater. It was found that nitrate was the dominant species of nitrogen in most of the water samples. In addition, the δ¹⁵N–NO₃ ⁻ values of water samples collected in summer were lower than those collected in winter, suggesting that the groundwater received a significant contribution of NO₃ ⁻ from agricultural fertilizer during the summer. Furthermore, the spatial variation in the concentration of nitrate and the δ¹⁵N–NO₃ ⁻ value indicated that some of the urban groundwater was contaminated with pollution from point sources. In addition, the distribution of δ¹⁵N–NO₃ ⁻ values and the relationship between ions in the groundwater indicated that synthetic and organic fertilizers (cattle manure) were the two primary sources of nitrate in the study area, except in a few cases where the water had been contaminated by urban anthropogenic inputs. Finally, the temporal and spatial variation of the water chemistry and isotopic data indicated that denitrification has no significant effect on the nitrogen isotopic values in Zunyi groundwater.     

Distribution of nitrate in groundwater affected by the presence of an aquitard at an agricultural area in Chiba, Japan

Geological and geographical parameters including land use, stratigraphic structure, groundwater quality, and N- and O-isotopic compositions of nitrate in groundwater were investigated to elucidate the mechanism of groundwater pollution by NO₃ ^? in the agricultural area of Katori, Chiba, Japan. An aquitard distributed in the western part of the study area has produced two unconfined aquifers. The average concentrations of NO₃ ^? and dissolved oxygen (DO) were high in the aquifer above the aquitard (7.5 and 7.6 mg/L, respectively) and in the aquifer of the eastern part of the study area that was not influenced by the aquitard (11.9 and 7.8 mg/L, respectively); however, the levels in the aquifer under the aquitard were relatively low (2.2 and 3.7 mg/L, respectively). The δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O values of NO₃ ^? generally increased exponentially in the groundwater that flowed into the aquifer under the aquitard as the concentration of NO₃ ^? decreased, although this decrease in NO₃ ^? also occasionally occurred without isotopic changes. These results indicated that the aquitard prevented the penetration of NO₃ ^?, DO, and gaseous O₂. Under the aquitard, denitrification and dilution with unpolluted water that entered from natural forested areas reduced the NO₃ ^? concentrations in the groundwater. The major sources of NO₃ ^? in groundwater in the study area were estimated to be NH₄-chemical fertilizer, livestock waste, and manure.     

再生水入渗区典型抗生素分布特征与地下水微生物群落影响因素研究

再生水入渗携带的抗生素污染是地下水污染的来源之一,已经成为城市地下水资源的安全中不可忽视的问题。抗生素对复杂和脆弱地下水环境中的微生物群落及其功能的影响值得关注。本研究基于利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序方法,对3月和9月两个月份再生水渗入区城市地下水中微生物群落结构进行分析。结合现场调查测试和室内分析,测得样品中离子(K~+、Na~+、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、NH~+₄、F~-、Cl~-、SO■、NO~-₃、NO~-₂、HCO~-₃、CO■)浓度,并采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术测得主要的抗生素浓度(环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、磺胺吡啶和磺胺醋酰),对研究区地下水环境中微生物群落结构及与环境因子的响应规律进行探讨。结果表明：(1)研究区内3月份地下水中抗生素浓度要高于9月份整体抗生素浓度,以磺胺醋酰和环丙沙星为主,此外除了季节因素外,人类活动可能是影响抗生素分布的又一因素;(2)微生物群落主要由变形菌门(Proteobacteria,81.0...     

Study of precipitation chemistry over an industrial city

The growing trend of industrialization has marked impact on the atmospheric chemistry around the globe. Such impacts are also predicted for developing countries like India. Acid precipitation due to secondary pollutants is one of them. The present investigation was conducted with an aim of studying the precipitation chemistry over Asansol city, India during the monsoon season. The rain water samples, collected on event basis during the period of June to September 2006, were analyzed for HCO₃ ^?, Cl^?, SO₄ ^2?, NO₃ ^?, NH₄ ⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and pH using standard procedures. The study revealed that the precipitation was alkaline in nature with mean pH value of 6.08. Dominant anion in rain water samples was HCO₃ ^? (36 %), whereas Ca²⁺ was highest among the cations (53 %). The observed acidic events, based on pH value, were only 17 %, indicating the alkaline components effectively neutralize rain water over the area. This was also supported by the total alkaline to acid ion ration of 1.05. The ratio of (NO₃-^?+Cl^?) and SO₄ ^2? was >1, indicating that acidic properties were influenced by HNO₃ and HCl. In the ratio between (Ca²++NH₄ ⁺) and (NO₃ ^?+SO₄ ^2?), values >1 were obtained, indicating significant alkaline influence, which effectively prevented acid depositions in the area.     

Chemistry and source identification of wet precipitation in a rural watershed of subtropical China

South China is one of the regions severely suffering from acid rain in the world.However,few systematic studies of rural precipitation chemistry have been performed in comparison with the extensive studies on their urban counterparts of this region.In order to characterize the current acid rain status and identify its possible sources in the rural area of South China,we analyzed precipitation collected event by event from a rural forested watershed in southern Anhui Province between March 2007 and February 2010.The results showed that the concentrations of major ions within precipitation in the studied rural area were significantly lower than those reported for the urban areas of the same latitude in China.Nevertheless,the precipitation acidity(with an average pH value of 4.49) and the frequency of acid rain(95%) were considerably high.The relatively high ratio of(SO42+ NO 3)/(Ca2+ +NH4+) was the main cause of acid rain in this rural area,as SO 2 and NO x were the main precursors of acid rain,while Ca2+ and NH4+acted as the dominant neutralizers to the acidity.Source identification indicated that Ca2+ and Mg2+ mainly were derived from alkaline dust,SO42,NO 3 and NH4+originated mainly from anthropogenic sources such as industrial and agricultural activities,most Na +,Cl,K + and some of Mg2+ were derived from the sea.The results suggested that the major ions within precipitation in the rural area of South China were related to the meso-scale and long-range transport of particles and aerosols in the air.     

Statistical analysis of the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in hard rock coastal aquifers of Thoothukudi district in Tamil Nadu, India

The study of groundwater hydrogeochemistry of a hard rock aquifer system in Thoothukudi district has resulted in a large geochemical data set. A total of 100 water samples representing various lithologies like Hornblende Biotite Gneiss, Alluvium Marine, alluvium Fluvial, Quartzite, Charnockite, Granite and Sandstone were collected for two different seasons and analyzed for major ions like Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, HCO₃ ^?, Cl^?, SO₄ ^2?, NO₃ ^?, PO₄ ^?, F^? and H₄SiO₄. Statistical analysis of the data has been attempted to unravel the hidden relationship between ions. Correlation analyses and factor analyses were applied to classify the groundwater samples and to identify the geochemical processes controlling groundwater geochemistry. Factor analysis indicates that sea water intrusion followed by leaching of secondary salts, weathering and anthropogenic impacts are the dominant factors controlling hydrogeochemistry of groundwater in the study area. Factor score overlay indicate major active hydrogeochemical regimes are spread throughout the Eastern, Northwestern and Southeastern parts of the study area. The dominant ions controlling the groundwater chemistry irrespective of season are Cl^?, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, SO₄ ^2?, K⁺ and NO₃ ^?. An attempt has also been made to note the seasonal variation of the factor representations in the study area. This study also illustrates the usefulness of statistical analysis to improve the understanding of groundwater systems and estimates of the extent of salinity/salt water intrusion.     

Geochemical assessment of groundwater contamination with special emphasis on fluoride concentration, North Jordan

The concentrations of fluorine in groundwater of North Jordan range from 0.009 to 0.055 mg/l. Other chemical parameters, e.g. pH, EC, TDS, Cl, TH, HCO₃, PO₄, SO₄, NO₃, NH₄, K, Ca, Mg, and NO₃ have been studied and showed higher concentrations in HCO₃⁻ and NO₃⁻ of 307 and 51 mg/l, respectively. Thermodynamic considerations show that almost all the analyzed samples are undersaturated with respect to calcite and fluorite. This undersaturation is probably due to their low availability in the locations. Fluoride concentration shows a positive relation to pH and HCO₃, whereas Cl, Mg, Ca, and Na initially increase and then decrease with increasing fluoride in the water. Saturation indexes of fluorite and calcite are estimated. The chemistry of the groundwater is controlled by the fluorite and calcite solubility. The topography of the area has exerted control on the aerial extent of fluoride concentration.     

Water soluble components of PM10 Chongqing, China

The concentrations of water soluble ions (Na⁺, NH₄ ⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃ ^-, Cl^-, and SO ₄ ^2- ) in PM₁₀ samples collected on cellulose filters by a medium-volume cascade impactor were determined, which were obtained from three kinds of areas in Chongqing: industrial area (Jiulongpo district), commercial and residential area (Jiangbei district) and background area (Jinyun Mountain in the Beibei district). The results showed that except for the background site, the annual average values of PM₁₀ are 23% – 61% higher than the national air quality standard (GradeII) (0.1 mg/m³), even that the value of the control site is still 20% higher than American standard (0.05 mg/m³). This implied that serious pollution of fine particles occurred in Chongqing. Nine kinds of soluble ions in water of PM₁₀ were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC) and the annual average concentrations follow the order of [SO ₄ ^2- ] > [NO³ _-] > [Cl^-] > [F^-], and [Ca²⁺] > [NH₄ ⁺] > [K⁺] > [Na⁺] > [Mg²⁺]. Their values were different in these areas: the industrial area > the commercial and living area > the control area. As for NH_{4 +}, K⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃ ^- and SO ₄ ^2- , their seasonal average concentrations show a similar variation trend: the values in spring and fall were higher than those in summer and winter. The seasonal average concentrations of [Cl^-], [F^-], [Na⁺] and [Mg²⁺] are much lower than those of other ions. However, the concentrations of [Na⁺] changed more greatly in different seasons than those of the other three ions. Correlation coefficients showed that the three areas have been polluted by coal smoke and dust to different extents, while some local resources of pollution should be taken into consideration as well.