论证南海海疆国界线

According to a series of important historical maps,i.e.,the Location Map of the South China Sea Islands,the Nansha Islands,Zhongsha Islands,Xisha Islands,Yongxing Island and Shidao Island,and Taiping Island(archived by the Territorial Administration Division of the Ministry of Interior of Republic of China in 1946),and the Administration District Map of the Republic of China published in 1948,the dashed line surrounding the South China Sea Islands represents China's sea boundary in the South China Sea at that time.It was both connected with,and an extension of,the land boundary of China.At that time the dashed line was used to represent the waters boundaries while the solid line was used to represent the land boundary—a universal method used in maps that was then recognized internationally.The above observation provides historical and scientific evidence of China's sea boundary in the South China Sea that is useful for the international maritime delimitation over the South China Sea area.     

文献计量分析南海及其U形海疆线的遥感研究热点

为综合评估遥感技术在南海、尤其在南海U形海疆国界线(简称南海U形海疆线)研究中的应用情况, 本文以中国知识基础设施工程(China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CNKI)和Web of Science核心合集 (Web of Science Core Collection, WOSCC)分别作为中文与外文期刊论文数据库来源, 筛选出截至2019年已发表的相关主题的中外期刊文献, 进行文献计量分析。按照关键词筛选的三类论文为: 南海自然科学研究(中文10150篇, 外文10130篇), 南海遥感研究(中文560篇, 外文1296篇)与南海U形海疆线相关研究(中文303篇, 外文33篇)。文献计量分析表明: 南海自然科学研究总发文量最大的国家为中国(18253篇), 总发文量排名前列的研究机构(如排名第一的中国科学院南海海洋研究所)与期刊(如排名第一的《热带海洋学报》)也主要来自中国; 年发文量变化趋势显示, 南海自然科学研究呈现四个阶段(缓慢起步、缓慢增长、快速增长和回降), 南海遥感研究有两个阶段(缓慢起步与快速增长), 南海U形海疆线研究中文论文呈现三个阶段(缓慢起步、快速增长与回降); 热点研究显示, 南海自然科学研究围绕季风、天然气水合物与台风开展, 南海遥感研究关注海表温度、叶绿素与台风, 南海U形海疆线研究关注南海争端和地质特征。遥感数据于1974年开始被用于南海台风研究, 2019年被用于南海U形海疆线的生态环境研究。发展海洋遥感技术, 深化南海台风“风泵”生态效应与灾害研究, 拓展南海U形海疆线走廊立体的综合科学研究和增强南海的自然科学与社会科学的交叉研究, 意义重大。     

南海U形海疆线的生态环境分区特征

南海U形海疆国界线（简称南海U形线）是我国的南海国界线。该研究分析多源卫星遥感和GIS数据,系统研究南海U形海疆线水域的水深地形和环境生态要素,并重点分析2014年生态要素的季节变化,首次整体展现了南海U形线立体水深分布特征。根据海底地形的平缓、波峰、波谷和递增四大特征,将南海U形线分为东北、西北、东、西和南区5个区间。南海U形线总长大于4 000 km。西北区和南区的水深浅且变化平缓（<1 000 m）,西区水深呈波峰分布（平均2 303 m）,东区水深由南向北递增（>2 000 m）;东北区水深最深且呈波谷分布（平均3 535 m）。南海U形线的5个区间,西北区与北部湾盆地、西区与越东断裂、南区与曾母盆地、东区与南海海槽、东北区与马尼拉海沟地形构造相吻合。研究发现季风对南海U形线5个区间海洋环境季节性变化有明显影响:西北区和东北区海表温度温差大,呈冬季最低夏季最高,混合层深度冬季最深春季最浅,海表流场和海表盐度季节变化小,但西北区海表叶绿素a浓度冬季爆发,其余季节呈对数分布,而东北区冬季区内中部略有增长;西区、南区和东区海表温度盐度季节变化小,海表风场和混合层深度冬季最强春季最弱,但海表叶绿素a浓度西区季节变化小,南区区内中部冬季增长明显,东区区内南部冬季小幅增长。西北区和南区（浅地形区）呈相似的季节分布。研究阐明了5个区间具有各自明显的区域性海洋环境特征:西北区海表温度和海表叶绿素a浓度的季节变化最大、西区混合层深度季节变化最大、南区海表流场季节变化最大、东区海表盐度季节变化最大、东北区风场变化大但海表叶绿素a浓度季节变化小。研究显示,南海U形线上的台风路径时空分布南北差异大,东西不均。1945—2016年共604个台风跨过南海U形线,年均8个,路径集中在东北、西北、东3个区,112.3°E以东台风537个,112.3°E以西415个。南海U形线东北区的生态环境受台风"风泵效应"影响最大。1991—2000年为台风多发期,跨线台风年均达11个。研究提出的南海U形海疆线5区间分法,具有科学意义和实践指导作用。     

中国海疆油气分布

中国海域分布有27个新生代沉积盆地,总面积约172．9×10^4km^2,属我国传统疆域线内的为143.2×10^4km^2。其中,近岸大陆架有10个沉积盆地,合计面积92．2×10^4km^2;南海中、南部有13个,面积59．4×10^4km^2,南海北部陆坡与洋壳过渡区中有3个,面积9．3×10^4km^2。     

海疆炮台祭(下)

<正>吴淞要塞清道光二十年(1840),英国侵略者发动鸦片战争。这一年,60多岁的抗英名将陈化成调任江南水师提督。益感奋激昂,誓以死报国。在钦差大臣、两江总督裕谦等抗英派的支持下,陈化成积极备战,亲自察看吴淞一带的江防地形,筑起26座坚固的土堡炮台,督造精良铁炮。     

海疆炮台祭(上)

<正>虎门的门虎门六台,金锁铜关;入来不易,也去更难。虎门,因大虎山形如老虎趴在海面上,看守珠江口而得名。明清时期,虎门炮     

南海西南部新生代盆地类型及演化历史

南海西南部地区发育了多种类型的新生代沉积盆地，各种类型的盆地具有各自的结构特征和演化历史，走滑－周缘前陆盆地－曾母盆地发育了渐新－中中新统层系，晚中新统层系和上新－第四系层系第三套地层，曾母盆地经历了三个发育阶段，拉张剪切盆地－万安盆地发育下第三系－下渐新统层系，上渐新统一中中新统层系和上中新统一第四系层系三套地层，万安盆地经历了四个发育阶段。     

维护国家海洋权益服务海洋经济发展——国家海洋局南海分局海洋事业亮点巡礼

2011年是“十二五”规划开局之年,我国的海洋事业正。处在重要的发展时机,国务院李克强副总理对2011年海洋工作取得的成绩给予了充分肯定,也对2012年海洋工作提出了新的更高的要求。2012年是海洋系统进一步深入贯彻落实六项重点任务、提升六种能力、增强六个方面意识的关键之年。在国家海洋局的部署和领导下,南海分局全面总结工作经验,在新的一年里,厉兵秣马,以更饱满的热情铺开和推进各项工作。     

南海西南部新生代盆地类型及演化历史

南海西南部地区发育了多种类型的新生代沉积盆地。各种类型的盆地上有各自的结构特征和演化历史。在走滑－周缘前陆盆地－－曾母盆地发育了渐新－中中新统层系、晚中新统层系和上新统一第四第层系第三套地层曾母盆地经历了三个发育阶段，拉张剪切盆地－－万安盆地发育了下第三系一下渐新统层系、上渐新统一中新统层系和上中新统一第四系层系三套地怪。万安盆地经历了卤个发育阶段。     

AI南海主权证据链知识管理系统构建研究

维护并管理我国南海主权,建设系统、科学、实用的AI主权证据链云系统,应对长远而复杂的南海形势,具有重大的战略意义.鉴于南海主权证据链,需要在国际法、国际政治和国际关系的复杂系统中运行作用,具有知识交叉、学科复杂、形势多变的特点;南海突发事件、国际舆情事件需要我国快速反应,科学决策具有人工智能特点的南海主权证据链知识管理智慧云系统,满足预警决策需求.因此,基于南海争端的复杂长远性、危机突发性等特点,本文在开展国家项目南海云系统构建研究中提出,进行南海主权证据链系统知识管理原理与实践研究,以期通过主权证据链知识管理云系统应对南海长期复杂的斗争.未来运用AI南海主权证据链知识管理智慧云系统,还需要进行大量的算法研究与设计.     

A review on the South China Sea western boundary current

The advances in understanding the South China Sea (SCS) western boundary current (SCSwbc) have been reviewed since the works of Dale (1956) and Wyrtki (1961) in the middle of the 20th century. The features of the pattern of SCSwbc and the oceanic phenomena associated with it are focused on. The current is driven mainly by monsoon over the SCS and partially by winds over the tropical Pacific governed by the island rule. The SCSwbc exhibits strong seasonal variation in its direction and patterns. In winter, the current is strong and flows southwestward along the South China shelf and slope from the east of Dongsha Islands to the northern central Vietnamese coast, then turns to the south along the central and southern Vietnamese coast, and finally partially exits the SCS through the Karimata Strait. In summer and early fall, the SCSwbc can be divided into three segments based on their characteristics. The southern segment is stable, flowing northward from the Karimata Strait up to about 11 N, where it separates from the coast forming an eastward offshore current. The separation of the current from Vietnamese coast induces some striking features, such as upwelling and cold sea-surface temperature. The middle segment off the central Vietnamese coast may have a bimodal behavior: northward coastal current and meandering current in early summer (June-July), and cyclonic gyre in later summer and early fall (August-September). The northern segment is featured by the summer SCS Warm Current on the South China shelf and a southwestward subsurface current along the continental slope.     

南海西边界ADCP观测海流的垂直结构

采用多种数据处理方法,分析了南海西南陆架西边界处定点连续观测站上的海流记录。正压潮流的调和分析结果表明该海域以日周期潮流为主,潮流椭圆随深度旋转。去潮后流速垂直结构的奇异值分解(SVD)证实观测点的流速结构存在不同的垂向模态,第一模态对应平均流的变化部分,第二模态含有倾向性变化部分,双日周期变化在各个模态中均较明显。对各观测层流速进行小波分析,进一步发现观测流的频率构成具有垂向变频和同一层次频率漂移的特征。     

1998年季风爆发期南海大气边界层的日变化

在南海尚未有关于海洋大气边界层结构日变化方面的研究.研究海洋大气边界层,有利于我们更好地研究海洋表层结构变化影响机制,对发生在海洋大气边界层上的过程进行预测预报.因此了解南海海洋大气边界层的结构特征,对于我们进一步了解南海天气尺度海气相互作用有非常重要的意义.通过对1998年在南海南部(6°15′N,110°E)和南海北部(20°29′39″N,116°57′48″E)的南海季风试验中定点科考船释放一天四次的探空观测资料分析得出,季风爆发前海洋大气边界层存在规则的日变化,在中午达到深厚.季风爆发后南海北部大气边界层日变化消失,南海南部依然明显.分析表明对其日变化起重要影响的是短波辐射;潜热输送对大气边界层高度日变化影响不大.与大气边界层厚度日变化相对应,南海南部边界层内水汽日变化明显,而南海北部较不明显.     

南海南部造山运动及其与古南海俯冲的成因联系

古南海的展布范围以及俯冲消亡过程等一直是地质学家们争论的焦点问题。这不仅与南海扩张诱因密切相关,而且对南海地球动力学研究有重大的指导意义。在研究前人文献的基础上,对南海南部造山运动以及古南海俯冲过程之间的关系进行详细的论述。结果表明,南海南部构造活动主要分为两期：第一期运动从早白垩纪到晚白垩纪,古太平洋的洋壳俯冲到婆罗洲岛下方,俯冲带位于现今卢帕尔线一带,引起了曾母-南沙地块不断向西南婆罗洲靠近,并于晚白垩纪引发了碰撞造山运动。由于婆罗洲自身是由众多地块拼合而成,所以在始新世期间发生了多期碰撞之后的地块变形重组事件。最终在晚始新世（37 Ma）完成最后一期变形（沙捞越运动）。第二阶段是晚始新世（35 Ma）到中中新世（15.5 Ma）,位于西巴拉姆线以东至菲律宾卡加延一带的古南海从西巴拉姆线以东,向婆罗洲岛下方俯冲,随后扩散到沙巴以及巴拉望岛以南的地区,直至菲律宾的民都洛岛一带停止俯冲。由此产生的拖曳力是南海扩张的主要诱因。与古太平洋板块俯冲产生的效果相似,古南海的俯冲使得婆罗洲岛与南沙地块不断靠近。在中中新世（15.5 Ma）,引起南沙地块与婆罗洲岛在沙巴地区的碰撞（沙巴造山）以及巴拉望北部陆壳与菲律宾岛弧的碰撞而停止。由此带来的不整合面在南海南部普遍可见,甚至到达了巴拉望岛一带。而现今南沙海槽与巴拉望海槽并非是俯冲带的前渊,前者是对沙巴新近纪增生楔重力驱动变形的响应,后者是巴拉望岛北侧伸展背景下产生的半地堑盆地,在后期增生楔的作用下发生强烈沉降所形成。真正的俯冲带则分别位于南沙海槽东南部以及巴拉望海槽东南部。据现有证据推测,最少在10 Ma之前古南海就在菲律宾民都洛一带停止俯冲,从而完成了整个古南海的封闭。     

Distributions of nutrients in the East China Sea and the South China Sea connection

Surface maps of nitrate, phosphate and silicate of the East China Sea (ECS) have been constructed and are described. Reports on exchanges of material between the ECS and the South China Sea (SCS) through the Taiwan Strait are reviewed. Recent advances seem to have reversed the earlier view that the SCS exports nutrients to the ECS through the Taiwan Strait. This is because the northward flow of seawater in the summer carries little nutrient. On the other hand, the waters flowing southward along the coast of China in winter carry orders of magnitude higher nutrient concentrations. The outflow of subsurface waters from the SCS, however, is the major source of new nutrients to the ECS continental shelves because these subsurface waters flow out of the Luzon Strait, join the northwardly flowing Kuroshio and enter the Okinawa trough. Around 10% of the nutrients exported from the SCS through the Luzon Strait upwell onto the ECS shelf. These inputs are larger than the aggregate of all the rivers that empty into the ECS, contributing 49% of the externally sourced nitrogen, 71% of the phosphorous, and 54% of the silica for the ECS.     

南海冬季之西边界流：1998年2月的水文结构与体积输运

The unique survey in December 1998 mapped the entire western boundary area of the South China Sea(SCS),which reveals the three-dimensional structure and huge volume transport of the swift and narrow winter western boundary current of the SCS(SCSwwbc) in full scale. The current is found to flow all the way from the shelf edge off Hong Kong to the Sunda Shelf with a width around 100 km and a vertical scale of about 400 m. It appears to be the strongest off the Indo-China Peninsula, where its volume transport reached over 20×10~6 m~3/s. The current is weaker upstream in the northern SCS to the west of Hong Kong. A Kuroshio loop or detached eddy intruded through the Luzon Strait is observed farther east where the SCSwwbc no more exists. The results suggest that during the survey the SCSwwbc was fed primarily by the interior recirculation of the SCS rather than by the"branching" of the Kuroshio from the Luzon Strait as indicated by surface drifters, which is likely a near-surface phenomenon and only contributes a minor part to the total transport of the SCSwwbc. Several topics related to the SCSwwbc are also discussed.     

A Review on the Currents in the South China Sea: Seasonal Circulation, South China Sea Warm Current and Kuroshio Intrusion

Researches on the currents in the South China Sea (SCS) and the interaction between the SCS and its adjacent seas are reviewed. Overall seasonal circulation in the SCS is cyclonic in winter and anticyclonic in summer with a few stable eddies. The seasonal circulation is mostly driven by monsoon winds, and is related to water exchange between the SCS and the East China Sea through the Taiwan Strait, and between the SCS and the Kuroshio through the Luzon Strait. Seasonal characteristics of the South China Sea Warm Current in the northern SCS and the Kuroshio intrusion to the SCS are summarized in terms of the interaction between the SCS and its adjacent seas.     

Recent progress in studies of the South China Sea circulation

The South China Sea (SCS) is a semi-enclosed marginal sea with deep a basin. The SCS is located at low latitudes, where the ocean circulations are driven principally by the Asia-Australia monsoon. Ocean circulation in the SCS is very complex and plays an important role in both the marine environment and climate variability. Due to the monsoon-mountain interactions the seasonal spatial pattern of the sea surface wind stress curl is very specific. These distinct patterns induce different basin-scale circulation and gyre in summer and winter, respectively. The intensified western boundary currents associated with the cyclonic and anticyclonic gyres in the SCS play important roles in the sea surface temperature variability of the basin. The mesoscale eddies in the SCS are rather active and their formation mechanisms have been described in recent studies. The water exchange through the Luzon Strait and other straits could give rise to the relation between the Pacific and the SCS. This paper reviews the research results mentioned above.