海洋微生物对多环芳烃的降解

从海域沉积物中富集分离出以芘作为唯一碳源和能源的海洋微生物，以ST4富集培养的混合微生物作为研究对象；该海洋混合菌株能利用菲（Phe）、芘（Pyr)、荧蒽（Fla)等多种多环芳烃；在不同浓度的芘的降解中，当芘的浓度为50mg/dm^3时，其生长水平和降解速率最高；当芘的浓度为200mg/dm^3时，其生长受到抑制，芘几乎不能被降解。外加营养盐酵母浸出液和葡萄糖促进降解微生物的生长，提高降解速率。研究表明了海洋微生物在多环芳烃污染环境的生物修复应用前景。     

铈配合物对有机磷农药的降解作用

研究了不同的铈配合物对有机磷农药降解的可行性。结果发现，在各种糖铈配合物中，以果糖及半乳糖的铈配合物对甲胺磷的降解作用较好，达15％以上，其它糖类铈配合物均在5％以下。海带组分S4铈配合物对甲胺磷及氧乐果降解效果最佳，在25℃，pH7．0及48h时，海带组分S4铈配合物对甲胺磷及氧乐果的降解百分率分别为42．9％和68．04％。     

利用微生物开发海洋多糖降解酶的研究

近年来 ,随着海洋药物和海洋保健生物制品种的蓬勃发展 ,海洋多糖类物质的研究引起了人们的广泛重视 ,多年的科研和实践证明 ,海洋多糖及其降解产物具有多种新型的生理活性 ,在医药、化妆品、食品工业及农业等方面具有重要的应用价值。海洋微生物酶的开发和利用是实现海洋资源高值化的关键技术之一。海洋生态环境复杂 ,高盐度、高压力、低温及特殊的光照特征可能使海洋微生物的遗传结构和生理习性发生适应性的改变 ,从而产生出具有独特生理活性的酶系。利用从海洋微生物中分离提取的多糖降解酶对海洋生物多糖进行降解 ,得到具有新型生物活性…     

海洋石油降解微生物的筛选及降解条件优化

从青岛港口海水中筛选出了4株适宜海洋环境的高效烃降解菌,根据传统的细菌鉴定方法将这4株菌鉴定到属,其中N1为脂肪杆菌属,N2为海球菌属,N3为微杆菌属,N4为动性球菌属。考察了温度、盐度和pH对4株混合菌生长的影响,结果表明它们都适合中性偏碱性环境生长,具有一定的耐盐性,并能耐受较低的温度,适合海洋环境。N4菌具有较宽的底物利用范围,对高浓度原油的耐受能力较强,当原油的浓度为2.5%时,其降解率仍可达到60%以上。通过构建优势混合菌发现,4株菌混合时对原油的降解能力最强。其降解原油的最佳pH=8,最佳盐度为NaCl%=3%。     

有机磷农药对海洋动物乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的毒性效应研究进展

近几十年来，农业和海水养殖业所使用的有机磷农药(OPs)造成沿岸海水的严重污染，威胁到海洋动物的生存。有机磷农药的海洋生态毒理学研究已经成为海洋环境科学中的热门领域之一。作为动物神经传导过程中的关键酶，乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)能够被有机磷农药专一性抑制，因此，有机磷农药对海洋动物AChE的影响受到更多的关注。本文以近年来该领域的研究成果为基础，综述了有机磷农药对海洋动物乙酰胆碱酯酶的毒性效应。     

有机磷农药对海洋微藻致毒性的生物学研究

在有机磷农药－久效磷的胁迫下，叉鞭金藻细胞内产生了过氧化物酶抑制因子。研究表明，此类过氧化物酶抑制因子是一类对高温敏感，具较强的热稳定性物质。它可能是通过减弱由ＰＯＤ催化合成的反应初始产物的稳定性来体现其抑制效应。     

有机磷农药对鱼类的毒性效应及内分泌扰乱作用

有机磷农药是一类高效、低残留的农药 ,２０世纪８０年代以来被广泛应用于农林业。据华小梅和单正军１９９６统计 ,在过去２０年里，有机磷农药的生产量和使用量急剧增长 ,目前已经成为当今使用最广谱的农药。有机磷农药的使用为农林业的增产丰收立下了汗马功劳 ,但所使用的农药会随雨水冲刷等途径而进入河流、湖泊和海洋 ,造成水体农药污染 ,对水生生物造成威胁。本文综述了国内外有关有机磷农药对海淡水鱼类的毒性及内分泌扰乱作用研究的最新进展。１鱼类对有机磷农药的敏感性农药的分子结构及脂溶性不同 ,导致不同农药对同一种鱼类的毒性…     

MICROTOX法在监测生物毒性中的应用

本文用ＭＩＣＲＯＴＯＸ法测定了甲胺磷、乐果、甲基异柳磷等三种有机磷农药的生物毒性,分析了厦门近岸海域水体生物毒性及甲胺磷降解过程中的毒性变化。测定结果表明：１）甲基异柳磷对发光细菌相对发光度的抑制作用最强,乐果对发光细菌的抑制的作用最弱;２）黄厝海滩与胡里册海滩终年各月份水样发光细菌的相对发光度都在８０％以上,属于低毒或无毒水平;３）甲胺磷在降解过程中毒性逐渐减小,其毒性下降幅度为：降解菌株１〉降     

海洋病毒在微生物食物环中的重要作用

自从Azam(1983)等提出“微生物食物环”(Mi-crobialloop)的概念以来,微生物在海洋生态系中对物质循环和能量流动过程所起的重要作用已成为海洋生态学的研究热点。Billen,G.等(1987)认为,浮游藻类、细菌、异养鞭毛虫和小型纤毛虫在微生物食物环中扮演主要角色:浮游植物初级生产所释放的溶解有机碳(DOC)被细菌利用,而细菌又被异养鞭毛虫和小型纤毛虫所吞噬。目前,由于对病毒在海洋生态系中重要作用的新认识,这一基本物流途径的完备性已受到质疑。病毒的介入使得微生物食物环中的物质流向更为复杂化,如图1所示。许多研究表明,病毒对传统意义…     

海洋微生物在生态环境中的作用

海洋生物学的基本目的是描述生物的分布模式，并找出形成这种模式的原因。这个工作需要建立食物链结构的模型，回答食物链作用机理方面的问题及找出海洋生产力的决定因素。由于微生物是海洋生物群的一个重要部分，因而作者根据海洋微生物学研究的新进展，对其在生态环境中的作用作一评估。长期以来，由于方法学上的原因，细菌在海洋生态系中的作用被认为是次要的。然而新近的大量研究表明，细菌的数量、生物量及其代谢活性在海洋生态系中起着相当重要的作用。对细菌在海洋生态系中作用的看法发生这种转变的原因在于海洋中细菌数量、生物量以…     

Studies on the role of marine bacteria in the upwelling ecosystem——Ⅰ.Bacterial biomass in the upwelling regions

-Six cruises were carried out off the south bank of Fujian - Taiwan during the period of December 21, 1987 to November 15, 1988 to estimate the contribution of bacterial biomass carbon (BBC) to the totai particulate organic pools using epifluorescent microscopic technique. The results show that the standing crop of bacteria fluctuated from 0. 95 to 66. 60 mg /m3 (dry weight). Upwelling phenomena appeared in the region around Nanpeng Island in summer while in the region of Waixie in all seasons. The average value of BBC was 27. 60(±6. 08)mg/m3and 21. 32 (±2. 34) mg/m3 respectively. The seasonal and spatial distribution is discussed in relation to environmental factors as well as upwelling phenomena. The role of bacteria in the flow of material and energy in the upwelling ecosystem is emphasized.     

Experimental activities that intentionally perturb the marine environment: Implications for the marine environmental protection and marine scientific research provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

The global community's ability to assess the environmental effects of marine scientific research (MSR) as required by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea's (UNCLOS) marine environment provisions (MEP) is limited, as shown by experimental activities that intentionally manipulate the marine environment. Such work enhances knowledge of the ocean, but it may also have significant environmental effects. This growing use of the ocean as a laboratory has global scientific, environmental, legal and policy implications. Examined here is the relationship between the MSR and the MEP provisions of UNCLOS. International, science-driven guidelines are proposed.     

Developing marine historic environment management policy: The English Heritage experience

This paper provides an opportunity to examine the involvement of English Heritage in the development of policy and practice with particular regard to how archaeology and features of historic interest are addressed under national legislation, international conventions and EU law. In this paper we provide an explanation of action taken to support conservation, understanding and enjoyment of the historic environment, such as those sites that are legally protected as historic shipwreck sites, and other features that comprise the historic environment, but which are recognised and protected through other legal mechanisms e.g., military vessels and aeroplanes. It is apparent to us that when considering the management agenda for the marine environment attention is also given to archaeological material that predates tidal inundation, as well as the subsequent legacy of maritime activities. To support this approach we examine how the historic environment is defined and included in objectives, policy and law, such as the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009, as well as other European or international programmes to promote marine policy and spatial planning. In the years since the National Heritage Act 2002, and the empowerment of English Heritage to support marine projects, we assess the production of explanatory statements and guidance to inform protection in recognition of how change may affect historic environment features. In addition, it is apparent that extensive development is now taking place further offshore (e.g., renewable power projects) and we direct attention at how English Heritage's role is affected by legally defined maritime territorial limits that dictate interpretation of what the marine environment comprises and how such limits influence regulatory controls placed on the management of cultural heritage.     

Investigating societal attitudes towards the marine environment of Ireland

This paper presents the results of a nationwide survey in Ireland that explored the values, concerns and preferences of individuals towards the Irish marine environment. The results of the Irish survey are also compared to the results from similar surveys carried out in other maritime countries in the EU. The results of the Irish survey demonstrate a reasonable level of knowledge of the main threats facing Ireland׳s marine environment and of the importance of non-market as well as market ecosystem services provided by the seas around the Irish coast. The results also suggest that the Irish public are sceptical of the ability of government and private industry to manage the Irish marine economy but instead place a large amount of trust in the competency of scientists. The perception of whether or not they consider where they live as being a coastal area would also suggest that the Irish public hold a much more narrow view of what constitutes a coastal area than that held by statistical agencies such as Eurostat.     

海洋污损细菌分离纯化及金属离子抑菌研究

为了研究海洋生物污损对船体和海洋工程的影响,作者将热喷涂镀钴基、镍基及含铜氧化钛基膜的船用厚钢板试样片放置在海水中,利用振荡培养箱模拟海洋环境,进行晃片培养。分离纯化镀膜钢片表面上的细菌,研究早期污损细菌的生长规律,通过革兰氏染色、生理生化实验对细菌进行鉴定,伯杰氏系统细菌学手册查证。采用纸片法测定抑菌圈,研究铜、钴、镍3种金属离子对污损细菌的影响,观察不同离子浓度的抑菌圈。研究结果表明:早期海洋污损细菌有G⁺芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、G⁺芽孢乳杆菌属(Sporolactobacillus)、G⁺无芽孢杆菌(Bacilli)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、G⁺无芽孢丝状菌、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)6类;其中G⁺细菌首先吸附; Cu²⁺的最佳抑制质量浓度为30 g/L, Co²⁺的最佳抑制质量浓度为80 g/L, Ni²⁺的最佳抑制质量浓度为110 g/L。     

海洋环境分类管理分级控制区划理论体系研究

本文以可持续发展理论、协调发展理论、生态学理论为理论基础,根据社会经济发展需要和不同海域在环境质量现状、环境承载力和主导海洋功能上的差异,提出海洋环境分类管理分级控制区划的基本原则、技术方法和区划方案．通过采用空间叠置法、相关分析法等定性和定量分区相结合的方法对各管理区进行划界,将规划海域划分为重点保护区、控制性保护利用区和污染控制区,并确定各分区的环境质量目标．其主要目的是按照社会发展的需要和各分区的海洋资源与环境特点,对海域内及周边区域的开发活动实施分类指导,促进沿海地区海洋经济的可持续发展．     

海洋环境中的厌氧氨氧化细菌与厌氧氨氧化作用

厌氧氨氧化是细菌在厌氧条件下将氨氮氧化成氮气的过程,主要应用在污水处理反应器中,最近几年发现在海洋环境中也广泛存在,并在海洋氮循环过程中发挥了重要作用,代表了海洋中一个巨大的氮汇,对碳循环和全球气候变化也有重要影响。梯烷膜脂结构独特,是厌氧氨氧化细菌的化学生物标志物,具有化学分类与古海洋学应用潜力。厌氧氨氧化作用及厌氧氨氧化细菌已成为海洋生物地球化学、微生物学、有机地球化学等研究领域的热点。     

海洋环境中的厌氧氨氧化细菌与厌氧氨氧化作用

厌氧氨氧化是细菌在厌氧条件下将氨氮氧化成氮气的过程,主要应用在污水处理反应器中,最近几年发现在海洋环境中也广泛存在,并在海洋氮循环过程中发挥了重要作用,代表了海洋中一个巨大的氮汇,对碳循环和全球气候变化也有重要影响.梯烷膜脂结构独特,是厌氧氨氧化细菌的化学生物标志物,具有化学分类与古海洋学应用潜力.厌氧氨氧化作用及厌氧...     

Effects of fixation and storage on flow cytometric analysis of marine bacteria

Flow cytometry (FCM) is now becoming a routine tool for the enumeration and optical characterization of bacteria in marine environments. We investigated the effects of sample fixation and storage upon flow cytometric determination of marine bacteria. Fixed and unfixed seawater samples were analyzed by FCM immediately aboard ship and/or later in the laboratory, and the appearances of the fluorescence signals and bacterial counts of these samples were compared. Fixation and storage led to the formation of multiple peaks in fluorescence histograms; this was also seen in 22 out of 36 samples frozen in liquid nitrogen. Fixation did not, but storage did induce a decrease of bacterial counts: a rapid decrease during the first 3 days followed by a slower decline. The decline of cell numbers in stored samples was expressed by a regression model. Our studies indicate that precaution is necessary when interpreting the data from fixed and/or stored marine bacterial samples analyzed by FCM. The possibility that the procedure of fixation and storage leads to the appearance of high DNA and low DNA bacterial groups should be considered.