海水对近岸沉积物中放射性同位素~(90)Sr(~(85)Sr)、~(137)Cs、~(60)Co及~(106)Ru的解吸性能研究

本文应用同位素示踪和γ能谱测定方法,就海水对近岸沉积物中放射性同位素~(90)Sr(~(85)Sr)、~(137)Cs、~(60)Co及~(106)Ru的解吸性能进行了初步研究。海水对沉积物中四种同位素解吸性能的变化顺序为~(90)Sr(~(85)Sr)>~(106)Ru>~(60)Co>~(137)Cs,沉积物吸附的~(90)Sr(~(85)Sr)易被海水解吸,而~(137)Cs和~(60)Co则易被沉积物吸附固定。     

海水中 90Sr的几种分析方法

目前,在大气中实验核武器的次数虽已人为减少,但估计还会有700万居里的~(90)Sr存留在30公里的高空中,此量足以沉降到本世纪末;近年来,由于核动力船只和沿海核企业大量增加,致使更多的放射性废物进入海洋。因此,海水中一直存在着溶解状态的长寿命的~(90)Sr。这样,对于~(90)Sr的分析,就仍然是海洋放射性     

广东近岸海域表层水中^90Sr和^137Cs的分布

本文提供了1989～1991年广东近岸表层水中~(90)Sr和~(137)Cs含量的分析结果。在调查海区,~(90)Sr含量为2.31～3.75mBq/L,平均值为3.21±0.45mBq/L。~(137)Cs含量为2.10～4.49mBq/L,平均值为3.47±0.89mBq/L。~(137)Cs/~(90)Sr放射性的比值为0.63～1.69,平均值为1.11±0.35。调查结果表明,近三年来未发现广东近岸海域有明显的人工放射性污染。目前广东近岸海水中的~(90)Sr和~(137)Cs主要仍是以往核试验所产生的放射性落下灰残余。     

海水中90Sr测定方法的研究

海水中~(90)Sr的测定、富集方法很多,概括起来有沉淀法、离子交换法和溶剂萃取法。过去使用的常规方法虽然都比较准确可靠,但操作手续冗长复杂,而且使用发烟硝酸亦有害人体健康。 1964年,在调查海洋污染状况时,根据前人的经验和海洋污染的实际情况,我们制定了一个测定海水~(90)Sr的方法,并用同位素示踪法研究了该方法的可靠性以及有关因素的相互关     

渤海湾沉积物中90Sr的研究

人工放射性核素及其地球化学行为的研究已成为当前海洋科学的重要内容之一。由于~(90)Sr是重要的裂变产物,在沉积化学、地球化学、海洋环境学和生物学的研究中都具有较重要的意义,故各国均比较重视。据统计,关于海水中~(90)Sr问题的研究最多,而沉积物较少。1981年,我们对渤海湾沉积物中的~(90)Sr进行了初步调查,根据所获资料,讨论了其分布规律和转移方式以及造成不同放射水平的原因。     

渤海海洋环境中90Sr分布规律的研究

本文根据1980—1981年间渤海放射性调查获得的资料,探讨了渤海环境中~(90)Sr的含量分布及其变化规律。认为大陆径流以及~(90)Sr、~(137)Cs两核素被土壤吸附和从土壤中解吸的能力差异,是影响渤海环境中~(90)Sr分布及造成~(137)Cs/~(90)Sr比值严重反常的主要因素。     

海洋中90Sr:日本周边海域与南海的对比

90Sr长期被视为最重要的人工放射性核素之一,日本福岛核事故导致包括90Sr在内的大量放射性物质泄漏进入海洋,厂区储水罐中冷却废水至今仍然存在大量90Sr。海洋中90Sr分析方法却繁琐耗时,导致核事故后的90Sr研究较为匮乏,且缺乏系统的认识。本研究在2015?2018年期间测量南海海水和多种海洋生物(马尾藻、海虾、牡蛎、红树林植物、造礁珊瑚)中90Sr的基础上,深入分析核事故后日本周边海域和南海90Sr的比活度水平与环境半衰期。结合文献资料,本研究发现1975?2010年期间日本近岸海水90Sr的环境半衰期为15.4 a,2011年的核事故后日本周边海洋中90Sr比活度显著升高,基于ERICA软件定量计算核事故后90Sr对海洋鱼类的剂量率比核事故前的结果高5个数量级。南海作为福岛核事故后北太平洋环流的下游海域,本文进一步构建1984?2018年期间南海90Sr比活度的历史曲线,发现核事故前后南海90Sr比活度水平没有可识别的变化,进一步定量计算南海90Sr的环境半衰期为26.7 a,发现边缘海和大洋中90Sr和137Cs环境半衰期格局差异与核素(90Sr和137Cs)的源汇过程(河流输入和海洋生物泵)密切相关。鉴于海洋中90Sr分析方法的挑战性,本文发现在10多种海洋生物中造礁珊瑚骨骼几乎拥有最高的90Sr浓集因子(约1 000 L/kg),同时具有较易大量获取、固定附着生长、连续高分辨率记录、前处理简单快速等优点,很可能是海洋中90Sr可靠的指示生物。造礁珊瑚中90Sr研究将有利于揭示人工放射性核素的源汇过程,同时为我国海洋放射性监测方案和相关标准导则的优化和完善提供有益的参考。     

海水中137Cs/90Sr的比值

在海洋环境中,放射性核素~(90)Sr和~(137)Cs的测定占有重要的位置。 研究~(137)Cs/~(90)Sr比值,有助于了解这两个核素的地球化学过程、分馏现象以及在海洋中的归宿。同时,还可以根据其比值和其中一个核素的含量,推算出另一个核素的浓度。 一、核爆炸后的~(137)Cs/~(90)Sr比值 1965年,Harley等人根据百万吨级的核     

三亚湾海水中Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca 变化及对珊瑚微量元素温度计的响应

对海南岛南岸三亚湾海水2008~2009年周间隔取样,用全谱直读等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)分析方法对其Sr、Mg、Ca的含量m(Sr)、m(Mg)、m(Ca)进行了测定。结果显示,m(Sr)/m(Ca)=8.558×10-3~9.227×10-3、m(Mg)/m(Ca)=4.924~5.403,与全球各大洋和主要珊瑚礁区有明显的高异常偏差,而且在春末夏初和秋末冬初两个过渡期,三亚湾海水m(Sr)/m(Ca)波动幅度比m(Mg)/m(Ca)相对较大,且体现了一定的差异性。在此基础上,结合海水的m(Sr)/m(Ca)、m(Mg)/m(Ca)在时间和地域空间上的变化对珊瑚温度计标定的影响,对不同站点建立的珊瑚m(Sr)/m(Ca)温度计进行了重新校正,并与分配系数法对比分析,我们认为利用珊瑚的m(Sr)/m(Ca)、m(Mg)/m(Ca)重建古海水表面温度(SST)记录时必须综合考虑包括海水微量元素比值变化在内的各种影响因素对温度计标定的干扰,为进一步了解气候环境演变具有重要意义。     

中国东海及邻近大洋表层海水中的~(90)Sr含量

在海洋放射性污染研究中,~(90)Sr的调查占有重要的位置。尤其在七十年代之前,许多从事海洋研究的国家都开展了这项工作。其主要原因:(1)~(90)Sr是核爆炸的裂变物质;(2)它是亲骨性核素,毒性很大;(3)存在时间和人的寿命相近;(4)在研究水体运动中是良好的示踪剂。七十年代之后,美、苏等国在大气层中的核武器试验大大减少,海洋中~(90)Sr分布的研究工作也有所削弱。但是,许多国家仍然保留了这个核素的调查,其原因一方面是因为~(90)Sr仍然存在于海洋中,大气沉降还在继续。另一方面,还有一些国家仍在进行新的核装置试验     

南海近海海水中放射性总α、总β的研究

本文对南海近海海水中的放射性总α、总β的含量和分布进行了研究。结果表明:南海近海海水中的总α、总β含量,略高于东海,稍低于渤海。南海近海海域的主要放射性物质是铀、钍天然放射系和~(40)K。     

Radionuclides as tracers of water fronts in the South Indian Ocean—ANTARES IV Results

Anthropogenic ⁹⁰Sr, ^239,240Pu and ²⁴¹Am were used as tracers of water mass circulation in the Crozet Basin of the South Indian Ocean, represented by three main water fronts—Agulhas (AF), Subtropical (STF) and Subantarctic (SAF). Higher ⁹⁰Sr concentrations observed north of 43°S were due to the influence of AF and STF, which are associated with the south branch of the Subtropical gyre, which acts as a reservoir of radionuclides transported from the North to the South Indian Ocean. On the other hand, the region south of 43°S has been influenced by SAF, bringing to the Crozet Basin Antarctic waters with lower radionuclide concentrations. The ²³⁸Pu/^239,240Pu activity ratios observed in water and zooplankton samples indicated that, even 35 years after the injection of ²³⁸Pu to the Indian Ocean from the burn-up of the SNAP-9A satellite, the increased levels of ²³⁸Pu in surface water and zooplankton are still well visible. The radionuclide concentrations in seawater and their availability to zooplankton are responsible for the observed ²¹⁰Po, ^239,240Pu and ²⁴¹Am levels in zooplankton.     

A field study of physico-chemical states of artificial radionuclides in seawater

The physico-chemical states of artificial radionuclides,⁹⁰Sr,¹³⁷Cs and¹⁴⁴Ce in seawater were investigated by radiochemical analysis of filtered and unfiltered seawater. The difference of radionuclide concentrations between unfiltered and filtered seawaters was defined as the particulate form radioisotope and its particle ratio was discussed.Practically no particulate⁹⁰Sr, greater than 0.22 in size, was observed in both coastal and open seawaters, but some of¹³⁷Cs seemed to be insoluble in some circumstances, especially in coastal waters. A considerable amount of¹⁴⁴Ce was found to be particulate.An estimation of the radionuclides in particulate form was made for Kashima-nada seawaters collected in 1970 to 1972, and it was shown that the possible occurrence of particulate radionuclides, greater than 0.22 in size, were 1% or less for⁹⁰Sr and 6% for¹³⁷Cs. In the coastal water, 80 % of¹⁴⁴Ce were seemed to be in particulate form, but in the open seawater only a few%. The influences of suspended materials to¹³⁷Cs and¹⁴⁴Ce concentration levels in seawater were not negligible and further investigations are desirable.     

Numerical experiment for strontium-90 and cesium-137 in the Japan Sea

A numerical experiment is carried out to reproduce distribution of concentration of ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs, estimate their total amount and verify their source in the Japan Sea. Model results are in good agreement with observational findings in the Japan Sea expeditions between 1997 and 2002 by the Japan Atomic Energy Agency. Vertical profiles of the concentration of ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs show exponential decreases with depth from the sea surface to the sea bottom. From the model and observational results, it is suggested that the concentration of ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs in the surface layer is approximately in the range of 1.0–1.5 Bq/m³ and 2.0–2.5 Bq/m3, respectively. On the other hand, it is found that the concentration in the intermediate and deep layer is higher than that observed in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, suggesting active winter convection in the Japan Sea. The total amount of ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs in the seawater is evaluated to be 1.34 × 10¹⁵ Bq and 2.02 × 10¹⁵ Bq, respectively, in the numerical experiment, which demonstrates an estimation by observational data obtained in the Japan Sea expeditions. The total amount of ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs changed during the second half of 20th century corresponding to deposition at the sea surface with the maximums of 4.86 × 10¹⁵ Bq for ⁹⁰Sr and 7.33 × 10¹⁵ Bq for ¹³⁷Cs, respectively, in the mid-1960s. The numerical experiment suggests that the main source of ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs has been global fallout, although there have been some potential sources in the Japan Sea.     

90Sr and137Cs contents in the surface waters of the adjacent seas of Japan and the North Pacific during 1969 to 1973

The concentrations of⁹⁰Sr and¹³⁷Cs, derived from the radioactive fallout, in the surface layers of the adjacent seas of Japan and the North Pacific were determined radiochemically during 1969 to 1973. The⁹⁰Sr and¹³⁷Cs concentrations in sea water decreased markedly with increase of the depth and below the depth of 1,000 m, the concentrations were approximately uniform. The distribution of⁹⁰Sr in the surface water of the North Pacific in spring of 1970 was approximately uniform, except two regions; rather large low-concentration region between 160°E and 170°W and relatively higher contamination area around 32°N and 146°W.     

夏季南海水团垂直分布的聚类分析研究

以南海夏季不同深度层次的各站位的温度，盐度，pH，O2，硝酸盐，亚硝酸盐，铵，磷酸盐，硅酸盐等水化学参数作为变量，实施Q型多维聚类分析，聚类分析结果表明，在垂直方向上，南海的水团可划分为南海表层水，南海次表层水，南海中层水，南海深层水和南海深海盆水等5种类型，聚类分析结果与温盐点聚图解所得的结论完全一致，南海夏季调查的多维聚类分析及T－S点聚图一致表明，南海的海水有着良好的成层结构，自海面至海底的水体运动自然形成了化学性质各异的五个水团。     

Contents of strontinm-90 and ruthenium-106 in beach and shallow water deposits of noto peninsula

⁹⁰Sr,¹⁰⁶Ru, natural strontium and major elements were studied in 12 samples of beach deposits from Togi, Fukuura and Shiga, and in 26 samples of shallow water sediments from sea off Fukuura, Noto Peninsula, Ishikawa Pref., Japan.The average contents of natural strontium and⁹⁰Sr in the beach deposits were 488 ppm ranging from 247 to 1,550 ppm and 45±9 pCi kg^–1-dry mud ranging from 18 to 72 pCi kg^–1-dry mud, respectively. While the average contents of natural strontium,⁹⁰Sr and¹⁰⁶Ru in the sediments were 234 ppm ranging from 136 to 415 ppm, 22±6 pCi kg^–1-dry sand ranging from 7 to 48 pCi kg^–1-dry sand and 0.6 ±0.2 nCi kg^–1-dry ranging from 0.3 to 1.2 nCi kg^–1-dry, respectively.The average contents of each natural strontium and⁹⁰Sr in the beach deposits were about two times higher than those in the shallow water sediments. But no obvious relation of natural strontium to⁹⁰Sr was found in all the samples. The enrichment of⁹⁰Sr and¹⁰⁸Ru in the beach deposits or tthe sediments were as high as 150320 and of 2,0003,000 compared with average contents of⁹⁰Sr and¹⁰⁶Ru in a liter of surface water from the Japan Sea. It is to be noticed that the average¹⁰⁶Ru to⁹⁰Sr ratio of 27 for the shallow water sediments is much higher than the average of 1.0 for surface sea water of the Japan Sea.As to major elements of the samples, the beach deposits are rich in silicon (Av. 70.89 ±0.92% SiO₂), but poor in iron (Av. 2.99±0.32% Fe₂O₃). Whereas the shallow water sediments are poor in silicon (Av. 52.96±10.33% SiO₂) and rich in iron (Av. 5.50±1.90% Fe₂O₃), calcium (Av. 9.64±9.22% CaO) and magnesium (Av. 2.83±1.58% MgO).     

南黄海及长江口附近海域绿潮暴发前期微观繁殖体的动态变化

基于2011年3至5月对南黄海及长江口附近海域的水体与沉积物样品采集及实验室萌发培养实验,分析了绿潮暴发前期该海域微观繁殖体的时空分布特征。结果表明,在调查期间,南黄海水体中微观繁殖体空间分布趋势表现为近岸高远岸低,高值区主要集中在紫菜筏架养殖区附近海域,在122°30'E以东区域未发现有微观繁殖体存在。3,4,5月份该区域海水中平均微观繁殖体数分别为144 ,164和140株/dm3,最大值分别为278,426,和537株/dm3;南黄海沉积物中微观繁殖体数量分布范围介于19~127株/层,表层微观繁殖体数高于底层。长江口以北靠近江苏近岸区域有微观繁殖体存在,数量介于1~10株/dm3,31°N以南区域和河口内未发现有繁殖体分布,由此可排除黄海浒苔等绿藻微观繁殖体由长江水携带入海或来源于长江口南部海域。在春季绿潮暴发前开展该海域微观繁殖体的研究,可为查明绿潮发源地及早期发生发展过程提供基础资料,为预测和预警绿潮发生提供科技支撑。     

南黄海及长江口附近海域绿潮暴发前期微观繁殖体的动态变化

基于2011年3至5月对南黄海及长江口附近海域的水体与沉积物样品采集及实验室萌发培养实验,分析了绿潮暴发前期该海域微观繁殖体的时空分布特征。结果表明,在调查期间,南黄海水体中微观繁殖体空间分布趋势表现为近岸高远岸低,高值区主要集中在紫菜筏架养殖区附近海域,在122°30'E以东区域未发现有微观繁殖体存在。3,4,5月份该区域海水中平均微观繁殖体数分别为144 ,164和140株/dm³,最大值分别为278,426,和537株/dm³;南黄海沉积物中微观繁殖体数量分布范围介于19~127株/层,表层微观繁殖体数高于底层。长江口以北靠近江苏近岸区域有微观繁殖体存在,数量介于1~10株/dm³,31°N以南区域和河口内未发现有繁殖体分布,由此可排除黄海浒苔等绿藻微观繁殖体由长江水携带入海或来源于长江口南部海域。在春季绿潮暴发前开展该海域微观繁殖体的研究,可为查明绿潮发源地及早期发生发展过程提供基础资料,为预测和预警绿潮发生提供科技支撑。