电磁波法探测地下异常体的数值模型和实验模型

本文研究均匀有耗媒质全空间及半空间中三维异常体散射的数值模型和实验模型。用矩量法解体积分方程,导出自小块积分的简单准确的计算公式,说明非自小块积分以及索末菲积分的简化计算方法。给出两个利用金属镜象板的水池测试装置,说明与测试方法有关的若干主要问题。计算结果与测量结果基本吻合。     

电磁波法探测地下异常体的数值模型和实验模型

本文研究均匀有耗媒质全空间及半空间中三维异常体散射的数值模型和实验模型。用矩量法解体积分方程,导出自小块积分的简单准确的计算公式,说明非自小块积分以及索末菲积分的简化计算方法。给出两个利用金属镜象板的水池测试装置,说明与测试方法有关的若干主要问题。计算结果与测量结果基本吻合。     

气爆型水库诱发地震的分析

气爆可能为水库诱发地震的一种成因。本文讨论了气爆机理。通过弹性理论分析和能量计算,讨论了它产生的条件,估计了其一般震级。 岩溶区的一些中小水库曾出现过气爆现象。但曾被作为典型气爆成因的乌江渡水库诱发地震却不属于气爆型     

福州地区地壳结构的地震转换波测深研究

地震转换波测深法首次在我国东南沿海的福州地区进行地壳深部构造的探测,得出了该区地壳中的4个主要界面的构造形态图和沿北东方向穿越本区的地壳深部构造剖面图。查明闽江断裂由两条北西向产状较陡的超壳断裂组成,福州断陷盆地的深部上地壳G界面呈条带状下沉,下地壳C、C_1界面和M面及壳内低速层均相对上隆,这一结果为解释本区高地热异常提供了深部依据     

THE SCATTERING OF SH-CHANNEL WAVES BY A FAULT IN A COAL SEAM*

The imaging of faults in coal seams by the in-seam seismic method has now become standard practice. In the UK over 300 surveys have been undertaken and the technique is now part of the exploration arsenal of colliery planners. From these users comes the pressure for two major improvements, namely an increase in range and target identification. This paper is directed towards the latter problem. It has long been recognized that the reflected channel waves must contain information on the fault structure that caused the reflection, and model experiments have been undertaken to investigate the reflection process. Only recently, however, have attempts been made to quantify the reflection process. Calculations using both the finite-difference and finite-element techniques have been carried out, and estimates of the reflection coefficient as a function of frequency have been obtained. The object of this paper is to extend these considerations by calculating analytically the scattering matrix of an SH-channel wave after interaction at a fault plane. The scattering matrix is calculated as a function of frequency, hade angle, and fault throw. The method employed is based on the decomposition of the incident SH-channel wave into Fourier components, the calculation of plane wave reflection and transmission coefficients within the constraints of geometrical acoustics, and finally the synthesis of the scattering matrix by application of the Helmholtz-Kirchhoff integral. The calculation throughout is restricted to normal modes.     

COMPUTATION OF TYPE CURVES FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC DEPTH SOUNDING WITH A HORIZONTAL TRANSMITTING COIL BY MEANS OF A DIGITAL LINEAR FILTER*

The computation method described in this paper is based on the existence of a linear relationship between the mutual coupling ratio and the kernel function in the integral expression for it. Accordingly, the mutual coupling ratio can be determined by first computing sample values of the kernel function and then subjecting these to a digital linear filter. In the present paper the appropriate sampling distance is determined and the values of the digital filter coefficients are computed, both for electromagnetic sounding with horizontal coils and for electromagnetic sounding with perpendicular coils.     

利用天然电磁场高分辨探测地下油气水的可能性

利用电磁波和地震波的性质以及目前对含流体多孔介质震电效应的认识,分析了电磁波对震电参数的分辨力,并与电磁波对电导率参数的分辨力进行了对比．据此指出了天然电磁场高分辨探测地下油气水地层的可能性．     

A METHOD FOR DETECTION OF DIFFRACTED WAVES ON COMMON-OFFSET SECTIONS*

A method of detection of diffracted waves on common-offset sections is proposed. The method utilizes the main kinematic and dynamic properties of the diffracted waves. The detection algorithm is defined by an automatic procedure including phase correlation of the diffracted waves and the application of certain statistical criteria. This procedure enables us to make decisions with regard to the presence of the diffracted waves and also to estimate parameters of the scattering objects. The method is applied to synthetic and field data and, even for a relatively low signal-to-noise ratio, it gives reliable results.     

利用天然电磁场高分辨探测地下油气水的可能性

利用电磁波和地震波的性质以及目前对含流体多孔介质震电效应的认识，分析了电磁波对震电参数的分辨力，并与电磁波对电导率参数的分辨力进行了对比．据此指出了天然电磁场高分辨探测地下油气水地层的可能性．     

ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ANOMALIES BY A CONDUCTING OVERBURDEN*

The effect of a conducting overburden on the electromagnetic response of sulphide ore-bodies has been studied with the help of quantitative electromagnetic model experiments. These experiments were conducted at a fixed, crystal controlled, frequency of 100 kHz using a number of transmitter-receiver configurations, though the results discussed here mostly pertain to a horizontal coplanar system. An analysis of the anomaly profiles—after accounting for the regional anomaly—indicates a general enhancement of the response. This is attributed (a) to the concentration of the current lines in the host-rock effected by the embedded target and (b) to the change in the phase and space orientation of the field vectors, brought about by the conducting overburden. The enhancement is most pronounced in the case of non-symmetrical bodies such as veins and ribbon-like structures represented by sheet models, but is also observed to a lesser degree for isometric structures. These results are expected to pave the way for a more accurate interpretation of the induction prospecting data.     

利用天然电磁场高分辨探测地下油气水的可能性

利用电磁波和地震波的性质以及目前对含流体多孔介质震电效应的认识，分析了电磁波对震电参数的分辨力，并与电磁波对电导率参数的分辨力进行了对比．据此指出了天然电磁场高分辨探测地下油气水地层的可能性．     

EXAMPLES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC PROSPECTING FOR KARST AND FAULT SYSTEMS*

Electromagnetic (EM) surveys using the horizontal coplanar loop (‘Slingram’) geometry have been successful in the location of karst aquifer systems in limestone areas of Germany and the Mediterranean. In spite of the rapid changes in shape and resistivity of karst pipes, correlations of significant EM minima can be made by reference to the main structural directions. The EM results have often been verified by drilling. EM prospecting need not be confined to limestone areas. It can be used on all hard rocks where faulting has created vertical zones with a resistivity contrast to the undisturbed rock. EM siting of wells has proved successful in water-supply schemes for several places. This method is now being applied as a routine, fast and low-cost procedure to tap ground-water resources in hard-rock areas.     

ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ANOMALIES BY A CONDUCTING OVERBURDEN II *

The influence of a partially conducting overburden/host rock on the electromagnetic response of a horizontal, tabular conducting ore body, investigated with the aid of quantitative scale model experiments, was discussed in an earlier paper (Gaur, Verma and Gupta 1971), which will be referred to as I. This paper presents the results of more comprehensive experiments subsequently carried out to study the combined effect of various geological parameters, namely: the dip and depth of burial of the ore body, its electrical conductivity and that of the zone surrounding it. These results obtained for four different transmitter-receiver configurations confirm the general enhancement of response in varying degrees, brought about by a conducting overburden. However, the transformation of the shapes of the anomaly profiles with increasing overburden conductivity is observed to depend on the dip of the ore body, being more drastic for gently dipping ones. Variations in the inphase and quadrature components as well as in the phase of the anomaly have been studied for varying depths of burial of the ore body and for a number of values of the solution conductivity. Anomaly index diagrams have been constructed with a view to predicting possible values of the geological parameters from a knowledge of the anomaly components. It is felt that the notable overburden effects are caused by a drastic redistribution and concentration of currents, mostly in a narrow loop at the top of the ore body, brought about by its galvanic contact with an extended medium of relatively poorer conductivity.     

用地震波的持续时间测定川滇地区的近震震级

本文用云南,四川地区的大量地震资料讨论了地震尾波衰减,维式地震仪器静态放大倍数以及震中距与地震波持续时间的关系.求得了川滇地区垂直向和水平向的地震波持续时间tDU测定近震震级的公式:MDZ=0.94+1.57log(tDUV)+0.00136△(1)MDM=0.78+1.60log(tDUM)+0.00114△(2)结果表明,用持续时间 tDU求得的震级标准误差比用振幅求得的震级标准误差要小.说明用这种方法求近震震级也许是较好的方法.      

岩溶古地震遗迹的初步研究

笔者 1999— 2 0 0 3年在华北太行山区和北京地区多次进行洞穴调查 ,发现很多古地震遗迹。文中论述了岩溶古地震研究的原理与依据 ,以及岩溶古地震遗迹的主要特征与岩溶古地震标志 ,对辨别洞穴正常岩溶现象与岩溶古地震遗迹的问题提出了新的方法 ,指出了在岩溶古地震调查时应注意的问题     

TIME-VARYING PREDICTION FILTERING BY MEANS OF UPDATING*

In contrast to the conventional deconvolution technique (Wiener-Levinson), the spike-, predictive-, and gap-deconvolution is realized with the help of an adaptive updating technique of the prediction operator. As the prediction operator will be updated from sample to sample, this procedure can be used for time variant deconvolution. Updating formulae discussed are the adaptive updating formula and the sequential algorithm for the sequential estimation technique. This updating technique is illustrated using both synthetic and real seismic data.     

DETECTION OF SOLUTION CHANNELS IN LIMESTONE BY ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD*

The results of geophysical surveys carried out in the Kopili Hydel Project site in the United North Cachar and Mikir Hills district, Assam, to locate and trace underground caverns in limestone are presented. Electrical resistivity observations over known limestone caverns showed significant anomalies (high resistivity). In the course of the systematic electrical resistivity survey conducted at the eastern fringe of the Umrong basin to study the competency of the proposed reservoir, a number of indications of possible caverns in limestone were obtained and a few of them have been verified by drilling. An analysis of the electrical resistivity data also suggests that the deep seated caverns are aligned along an axis trending NNW-SSE, which may represent a zone of weakness– presumably a fault–that has influenced the formation of the caverns in preferred direction. Drilling over a few of the geophysical indications have corroborated the presence of a fault along the eastern fringe of the Umrong basin.     

高能离子束流引起低频电磁波动的特性

理论和数值模拟研究了日冕区高速低密离子束流与等离子体相互作用产生的低频电磁波动特征. 结果表明,在线性阶段,系统波动主要表现为短波长的非共振模的激发;在非线性阶段,长波模占优,短波长波逐渐衰减,此时系统波动表现为具有Alfvén波动特征,波的能谱为双幂律谱. 这些结果可用来解释太阳风中的Alfvén湍动现象.     

高能离子束流引起低频电磁波动的特性

理论和数值模拟研究了日冕区高速低密离子束流与等离子体相互作用产生的低频电磁波动特征. 结果表明,在线性阶段,系统波动主要表现为短波长的非共振模的激发;在非线性阶段,长波模占优,短波长波逐渐衰减,此时系统波动表现为具有Alfvén波动特征,波的能谱为双幂律谱. 这些结果可用来解释太阳风中的Alfvén湍动现象.     

MATHEMATICAL DENOTATION OF STANDARD-GRAPHS FOR RESISTIVITY PROSPECTING IN VIEW OF THEIR CALCULATION BY MEANS OF A DIGITAL COMPUTER*

This paper is the follow-up of an earlier paper by the same author on the calculation of standard-graphs for horizontally stratified subsoils. The method which was developed in that earlier paper was destined for handwork; it was laid down in master-tables. The present paper deals with the presentation of similar methods to the computer expert in purely mathematical denotation. Two different denotations are described for the calculation of the image pole strengths involved. The first denotation is an improved version of Watsons formulae; it gives the total strengths. The second denotation preserves the character of successive approximations as described in the previous paper. Both denotations have been worked out until a six layer resistivity profile, but actually there is no limitation to the number of layers. There is no restriction to the resistivities of any layer. The only condition is now that all interface depths must be integers. This paper is followed by a paper on the relevant computer program by Argelo in this same issue