亚热带富铁土的磁学性质及其磁性矿物学

通过５５个亚热带富铁土的磁化率（χ）、频率磁化率(χ_ｆｄ)、非滞后剩磁（ＡＲＭ）和饱 和等温剩磁（ＳＩＲＭ）等磁性参数测定,结合氧化铁化学形态分析和矿物鉴定,初步明确了亚热 带富铁土的磁学特征及其磁性矿物．磁测数据表明富铁土中存在强磁性的矿物,其磁化率χ 与土壤游离氧化铁（Ｆｅ_ｄ）含量呈极显著指数正相关（Ｒ^２＝０．５９７１）,频率磁化率χ_ｆｄ与土壤游离氧 化铁含量呈极显著直线正相关（Ｒ^２＝０．４２８９）．富铁土的χ_ｆｄ和非滞后磁化率χ_ＡＲＭ。值表明土壤 中的磁性矿物以超顺磁性（ＳＰ）和稳定单畴（ＳＳＤ）颗粒为主,富铁上的χ和χ_ＡＲＭ呈极显著直线 正相关（Ｒ^＝ ０．９４２９）,证明富铁土的磁性是由风化成土过程产生的 ＳＰ和 ＳＳＤ磁性颗粒贡献 的．矿物磁测结合Ｘ－衍射证明富铁土中的氧化铁矿物由赤铁矿、磁赤铁矿和针铁矿组成。     

Étude et application du magnétisme rémanent naturel à la découverte de gisements de taconite magnétique

Résumé Le principal but de cette étude consiste à évaluer le potentiel des dépôts de taconites magnétiques rentables dans un rayon de 40 milles à partir de Schefferville, partie centrale de la fosse du Labrador. On s'est rendu compte que la composante du magnétisme rémanent naturel (MRN) est relativement importante dans les formations de fer de la région de Knob Lake. Dans la recherche de gisements de taconite magnétique rentable à partir de relevés aéromagnétiques, il faut tenir compte de la composante du magnétisme rémanent si l'on désire obtenir une image exacte des dimensions, de l'attitude, du volume (tonnage), du moment magnétique induit, car le moment magnétique rémanent est généralement indépendant de la concentration des minéraux magnétiques dans les roches. On discute de la collection et de l'orientation des échantillons, de l'interprétation des résultats corrigés des relevés magnétiques. Une étude détaillée de l'intensité et de l'orientation du MRN permet d'arriver à des conclusions importantes relatives au paléomagnétisme de la fosse du Labrador.

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Summary The present study is mainly concerned with the quantitative interpretation of aeromagnetic anomalies as an aid in the search of high grade magnetic taconites in the central portion of the Labrador Trough. A detailed survey of the volume ferromagnetic susceptibility as well as intensity and orientation of the NRM component allowed a much improved interpretation of these surveys. It is found that a major portion of the NRM component is of depositional nature and the remaining portion mainly of viscous nature and of chemical origin (partial chemical alteration of the iron formation). The orientation of the paleopoles is almost perpendicular to the present orientation of the earth's magnetic field. At least one reversal of the poles was observed within each member of the iron formation and the general trend indicates that with decreasing time (coming towards the younger members) the azimuth of the pole is moving towards the east and the plunge above the equator to below the equator. At the time of deposition in Precambrian time (early Proterozoic era), the north paleopole was oriented at 263° with respect to the astronomical north and plunged 9° above the equator. At that time, the earth's magnetic north pole was pointing in central Pacific ocean in the vicinity of the Christmas Islands and thus the iron formations were deposited in tropical regions. This study clearly indicates that the NRM component cannot be neglected in any kind of interpretation of magnetic surveys. An example shows that the estimated grade and attitude of an elongated magnetic mass are substantially altered by the presence of the NRM component whereas the volume and tonnage are not, but are mainly function of the geometric model used. It is shown that the grade and the volume can be estimated with a reasonable accuracy by proper interpretation of the aeromagnetic anomalies and a very selective choice of the magnetic masses of economic interest can then be made. Combined with an heliported magnetic and electromagnetic survey, a complete appraisal and estimate of the anomalies of economic interest is rendered possible and no expensive geophysical or geological ground follow-up is necessary; the anomalies selected are then consequently drilled.

     

近表磁异常与油气关系研究进展

本文对近年来国内外科学界关于油气产区与近表磁异常关系的研究进行论述。认为国外一些科学家提出的磁亮点以方法以及钻探岩芯及岩屑中的ＭＳＲＩ参数法都是新颖有效的。它为我们提供了一个新的思路,即从油气藏的烃渗漏问题入手,寻找与其有关的相关标志,来自国外的一些报导证实了磁性变化与油气资源间较高的相关性。而我国科学院家们在塔里木等地的工作,则进一步证实了方法的有效性。     

FIELD PROCESSING OF MAGNETIC DATA*

This paper deals with the practical problem of processing magnetic data in the field, and it shows how the parameters describing a geological contact can be obtained quickly and conveniently on the basis of five measurements. The complete interpretation can be performed in the field using a programmable calculator. For a small ground-party the method greatly improves the quality of the field-work and the interpretation of the magnetic data. The method has been applied to the data from a magnetic survey over the Mooki Fault (Gunnedah-Manilla, N.S.W.), and the results are discussed as an illustration of the efficacity of the method as a field procedure.     

中国东部红土的磁性及其环境意义

通过中国东部红土剖面的环境磁学参数（磁化率、频率磁化率、非磁滞剩磁、饱和等温剩磁等）测量,获得了红土剖面磁性矿物浓度、粒度和类型等特性随深度的变化曲线以及红土经连二亚硫酸钠一柠檬酸钠一重碳酸钠溶液（ＤＣＢ）处理后的磁性参数变化．根据红土剖面环境磁学参数及其磁参数比值的变化可将红土分为３个层段,各层段的磁性矿物特征存在明显的差异．证实了红土剖面中的磁性载体主要是磁赤铁矿、赤铁矿和针铁矿,并分离出了球粒状磁颗粒．认为红土磁性矿物的数量、粒度、类型等的变异指示了其形成时的环境特征,其频率磁化率和ＤＣＢ处理的磁化率损失量指示了红土成壤化作用的强弱,可作为在红壤区研究过去全球变化的一种新途径．     

DISCOVERY OF DIRECT-SHIPPING IRON ORE BY GEOPHYSICAL METHODS IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE LABRADOR TROUGH*

The deposits of the central sector of the Labrador Trough are magnetite-rich iron ores subjected to enrichment by the process of leaching. In spite of the fact that some ore types are porous and low in density, most of the ore zones have undergone a net increase in density brought about by enrichment. In the course of their formation, the magnetic characteristics of the rocks have changed and a great deal of the magnetite was altered to relatively non-magnetic iron oxides and hydrous iron oxides. Consequently, induced as well as remanent magnetization decreased, but the ratio of the latter with respect to the former increased substantially. All drift-covered areas underlain with iron-formation are potential ore producing areas. From measurements of the first two physical properties and determination of the thickness of overburden by means of a combined gravity-magnetic-seismic or resistivity survey, it is possible to detect and distinguish the iron formations and potential ore zones from the country rocks. In spite of the fact that the iron formations are a complex assemblage of rock types, each having different physical and chemical properties, a qualitative and semi-quantitative correlation between the results of the surveys and the geology as well as the structure of the area could be established. Consequently, in order to increase the chances of success, first a mathematical correlation of the amplitude of the gravity anomalies with the specific gravity, the iron content, the silica content, the porosity factors and the dimensions of the underlying orebodies, and secondly, a quantitative correlation of the ground magnetic intensity relative to the reference lithologie unit with the percentage of Fe₃ O₄ recovery and the volume magnetic susceptibility were done for many deposits. A few discoveries were made with this method. Finally, a fully quantitative interpretation of the geophysical data using a multimodeling analysis led to the discovery of additional direct-shipping iron ore deposits in the Schefferville mining district of Canada.     

浅议中国黄土磁化率的物理意义

中国的陆相黄土地层连续地记录了第四纪以来的古气候变化。基于中国黄土磁化率曲线与深海氧同位素记录具有可比性这一事实，磁化率作为一种气候替代性指标在黄土研究中得到广泛的应用。但是，磁化率的物理意义仍不清楚。本文作者对陕西榆林蔡家沟剖面末次间冰期以来的风成沉积作了研究，指出黄土、古土壤的磁化率差异不仅与前人提出的碳酸盐淋失、空隙度变化、“就地”新生成磁性矿物等作用有关，而且还可能与有机质有重要关系。有机     

THE DETECTION OF BURIED PLACER DEPOSITS BY GROUND MAGNETIC SURVEY1

A method is proposed to detect buried magnetite concentrations within river sediments. Model studies show that relatively small (thickness 1 m, width 10 m) plate-shaped volumes with magnetite contents of 0.5% within a non-magnetic matrix can be detected by a detailed ground magnetic survey using a sensitive (0.1 nT) magnetometer. Tests along lines perpendicular to the river but at a different angle to the bedrock trend (or the aeromagnetic anomaly trend) reveal that essentially all total field and vertical’gradient’anomalies detected in the profiles are elongated in the river and/or valley direction. This shows that the anomaly sources are (buried) volumes of higher magnetite content within the river sediments. Further evidence for this is (1) that higher intensity total field and vertical’gradient’anomalies occur in an area where the river cuts through strongly magnetic serpentinites, (2) the absence of high frequency anomalies over unsorted glacial till, and (3) some features on power spectra. Relatively large volumes of high magnetite concentrations within the river sediments may well contain the highest concentration of heavy economic minerals such as gold. Consequently, the areas of greatest interest in the exploitation of buried placers may be selected from maps obtained by detailed magnetic surveys either on the ground or at low altitude by helicopter.     

磁变仪布局的研究

本文提出了改进磁变仪布局的必要性和布局标准,对磁变仪定向及其稳定性、标度值稳定性和分量仪间允许的最小间距进行了研究,提出了可以提高磁变仪记录质量的改进布局和满足布局全部标准的新布局,改进布局特别是新布局可以显著提高磁变仪保持定向、抗干扰能力,获得记录标度值稳定的较理想的磁照图。     

中国南北地震带磁性层构造特征

本文首先给出磁性层下界面反演的等效模型和其在球坐标系下变地磁倾角的二维反演方法,利用航磁资料研究了南北地震带的磁性层结构构造及其与地震活动性的关系为:1.磁性层南北两端厚,中间薄;2.下界面呈南北向的宽隆起带,北浅南深;3.磁性层所处的层位温压条件适于积累应力能量产生粘滑错动,地震多发生在磁性层内,往往位于磁性层由厚变薄的过渡处,并多伴有断裂、温泉、岩浆活动     

河北迁安宫店子褶皱中岩石的磁组构分析

通过确定河北迁安矿区宫店子向形的岩石磁组构,分析了褶皱的磁组构特征,并用磁组构对向形构造做了一些简单的地质解释     

地球磁尾中不同类型磁结构的磁螺度演化特征

在二维三分量MHD数值模拟的基础上 ,对地球磁尾不同类型磁结构的形成作磁螺度分析 .研究表明 ,对于由晨昏电场产生的磁尾驱动重联过程 ,通过系统边界输运的磁螺度通量是引起系统总磁螺度变化的直接原因 .不同的初始磁螺度密度分布和磁螺度通量输运 ,可以引起中性片区域磁螺度密度分布的不同演化 ,从而导致具有不同拓扑位形磁结构的形成 .     

DIURNAL CORRECTIONS TO MAGNETIC SURVEYS—AN ASSESSMENT OF ERRORS*

The comparison of a group of continuous total field stations in Ireland with the record of the total field from Valentia Observatory enables the errors which would be involved in using the Observatory as a diurnal correction base to be examined. For the most part, for a single correction, these errors lie between ± 2 and ± 6 gammas. However, they have three notable characteristics: (i) they are not closely dependent on the magnetic ‘noisiness’ of the day, (ii) they are only marginally reduced by the application of station-base time differences and (iii), they are strongly related to differences between the amplitude of the daily magnetic variation at the station and at the base. A permanent geographical basis for the latter differences enables a system for the estimation of the errors to be proposed.     

均匀磁化多面体的磁场

本文研究了均匀磁化多面体的磁场,建立了总磁异常（△T）及其各分量(H_ax、H_ay、Z_a)的规格化解析表达式。这是由平表面围成的任意磁性体磁场的一般式。由它可以简化出各种规则磁性体的磁场公式。文中以有限长倾斜板状体磁场为例,说明了这个简化过程。 本文的多面体磁场解析式是由角点坐标和磁参数值表示出来的。鉴于它是边和面的二重累加和式,因此,在电子计算机上计算将十分方便。     

SOME COMMENTS ON THE CALCULATION OF THE GRAVITATIONAL AND MAGNETIC ATTRACTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS RECTANGULAR PRISM *

The use of arctangents rather than arcsines in the expression for the gravitational attraction of a homogeneous rectangular prism reduces computational difficulties. Once a subroutine is available to compute one component of attraction in a Cartesian coordinate system, the other components may be obtained by cyclic permutation of the field point and body coordinate parameters. This technique also readily provides derivatives of the gravitational attraction and hence forms a compact method for the calculation of a magnetic anomaly due to a homogeneous rectangular magnetic prism.     

非均匀物性条件下多尺度窗口修正法换算磁源重力异常及在寻找DSO的应用

DSO(Direct Shipping Ore,直运块矿)是一种高品位的富铁矿.在加拿大拉布拉多(Labrador)地槽谢菲尔威利(Schefferville)铁矿成矿带,含铁建造苏克曼(Sokoman)组地层全铁含量低、具高密度、强磁性,能够引起高重力异常与高磁异常;而风化淋滤后富集的赤铁矿和针铁矿等(也称DSO)全铁含量高,具高密度、无磁性,仅能够引起高重力异常.采用一般的滤波方法不能提取DSO的重、磁异常.本文采用基于泊松(Poisson)公式的磁场换算磁源重力异常(pseudo-gravity anomaly)方法,由磁场换算磁源重力异常,再与实测重力异常对比,得到纯粹由高密度、无磁性的DSO产生的剩余重力异常,对剩余重力异常采用密度成像与2.5D反演方法解释DSO.泊松公式虽然提出时间很长,但迄今为止仅仅用在资料解释中的定性分析,本文推导并实现了密度磁性非均匀条件下经典泊松公式的形式与实现过程,提出了多尺度窗口滑动线性回归修正的磁场换算磁源重力异常方法,使该公式的数学原理能够对重、磁异常的反演解释定量化.最后本文将多尺度窗口滑动线性回归修正的换算磁源重力异常方法用于加拿大拉布拉多地槽谢菲尔威利铁矿成矿带铁矿勘探,较好地解决了寻找高密度、无磁性DSO的问题.     

1900-2000年地球主磁场的本征模分析

利用1900-2000年国际参考地磁场模型（IGRF）,对地球主磁场的空间结构和长期变化进行了自然正交分量分析,得到了组成地磁场的主要成分（本征模）及其随时间的长期变化（SV）．第一本征模描述主磁场稳定结构的总体特征,其强度随时间单调减小;第二本征模主要描述印度洋和南大西洋地区正异常特征,其强度也随时间单调变化;第三本征模对应于加勒比地区正异常,其强度呈100a周期的变化,目前正处于下降阶段;第四本征模的主要特点是北美正异常和南亚负异常,其强度呈80a周期的变化;第五本征模对应尺度较小的局部磁异常,其强度的变化周期约60a;第六及其以后的本征模则对应空间尺度更小和时间变化更快的磁异常．分析表明,太平洋地区的磁场经历着缓慢的单调减小变化,其结构比较稳定,几乎完全包括在第一本征模中．但是,印度洋磁场结构较复杂,它是由空间结构不同和变化周期各异的多个本征模组成的．大西洋的北部、中部和南部分属不同本征模,它们有完全不同的时间变化特性．     

磁通量浮现驱动磁场重联的数值研究

应用二维时变可压缩磁流体动力学数值模拟,研究了双极－单极磁场中由于磁通量浮现驱动的磁场重联过程．结果表明,双极场与单极场间磁力线的重联形成上升的冷而密的等离子体团,磁场演变成鞭状结构．向上运动的等离子体团到达其最大高度后将回落和弥散.等离子体团最大上升速度达０．１４ＶＡ,等离子体最大上升速度达０．２７ＶＡ,ＶＡ为下边界处的Ａｌｆｖｅｎ速度．随着磁通量浮现幅度的增大,等离子体上升速度增加,重联过程发展得较快．背景等离子体β１值（β１为等离子体压力与磁压之比）越小,等离子体团中密度增量越大．磁Ｌｕｎｄｑｕｉｓｔ数Ｓ在１０３－１０６之间的改变对等离子体的速度和密度增量影响并不明显．与电阻撕裂模不稳定性引起的自发重联相比,磁通量浮现会更有效地驱动双极－单极场中的磁场重联过程,寻致日冕Ｈα冲浪和Ｘ射线喷流的形成．     

磁铁温度系数及感应系数的测定

測定磁棒磁矩的溫度系数时,用了一个电流綫圈以抵消磁矩变化的影响,因而簡化了計算工作。測定磁棒的綫膨胀系数时,利用現有設备及一个比較簡单的装置,得到了相当准确的結果。測定磁棒感应系数使用的螺綫管（納尔逊法）中磁場的均勻性,在纵方向及横方向都作了核算,因而对它們的影响,能进一步加以估計。綫圈及其他磁强計附加装置也还准确而簡单易制。     

用旋转式磁化率仪和卡帕桥对岩样磁组构的比测

磁化率各向异性(AMS)是岩石的普遍特性,它反映岩石磁性矿物的择优取向,即磁组构(Magnetic fabric).近三十年来,磁组构技术逐渐应用于地质和地球物理学,显示广阔的研究前景.测量磁组构的仪器有多种,原理不一,故有必要用同一样品在不同原理的仪器上进行比测,以便确认数据的一致性和可靠性.用黄土、变质岩、玄武岩及掺有铁粉的断层泥制成正方体或圆柱体样品,在卡帕桥(KLY-1和KLY-2)和旋转式磁化率仪(Minisep)上进行比测发现:(1)前者的精度(即重复性)在多数情况下优于后者;2)用旋转式磁化率仪测量之前,必须先测得样品z轴的体磁化率,其标定值取决于厂家在标准样品上标示的数值及被测样品与标准样品的相对体积.就旋转样品测量AMS而言,其标定值应为z轴体磁化率测量标定值的一半.