北京市朝阳区平房地区热储层研究

蓟县系雾迷山组是北京地区地热田的主要取水层位。平房乡位于北京市区东部,属于天竺地热田范围,经地热勘查显示,该地区主要热储层为蓟县系雾迷山组、杨庄组,长城系高于庄组。本文基于平房地区及周边已有地热井资料,对该地区热储层蓟县系雾迷山组、蓟县系杨庄组及长城系高于庄组有了新的认识。结论显示:平房地区主要储层为蓟县系雾迷山组、杨庄组和长城系高于庄组,其中蓟县系雾迷山组揭露较浅,剩余热储层含水性好,具备开采价值,地热资源丰富。     

济南市北部地热田地热资源量计算与评价

为合理开发利用济南市北部地热田的地热资源,以新近系馆陶组和古近系东营组热储层为研究对象,根据收集的地球物理勘探、水文地质调查、钻孔数据等资料,建立了热储概念模型,计算了热储层的地热资源量和地热流体可采量,评价了地热资源的开发利用。研究表明,研究区热储类型为孔隙裂隙型热储,地热资源丰富,热储层中储存的地热资源量为2.25×1019J,地热流体可采资源量为2.05×105 m3/d。计算和评价成果可为该区地热资源的进一步开发、管理提供依据。     

Study on the geothermal production and reinjection mode in Xiong County

The large karst geothermal field of Xiong County,which is located to the south of geothermal field in Niutuozhen,features huge geothermal resources and favorable condition for development and utilization.Because of the long-term extensive production,the pressure of geothermal reservoir continues to decline and some geothermal wells even face the danger of scrapping.To relieve the fall in pressure of geothermal reservoir and achieve the sustainable development and utilization of geothermal field in the long run,reinjection experiment is conducted in the geothermal field of Xiong County and a three-dimensional hydrothermal coupled numerical model was constructed.The reinjection experiment showed that the mode of one production well and one reinjection well can be achieved in this geothermal field.The numerical simulation is used to forecast and compare the change in pressure field and temperature field under different production and reinjection modes and concludes that the most opotimized production and utilization mode is the concentrated production-reinjection mode,and the most opotimized production-reinjection combination mode is the shallow production and shallow reinjection mode which can ensure the sustainable development and utilization of geothermal resources in the long run.     

热储特征对砂岩热储采灌井距的影响

水热型地热资源的回灌式开采是公认的地热可持续开采方式,而采灌井距是地热项目中需要着重关注的问题,以避免开采井中的热突破现象。回灌水在热储中的运移取决于热储特征,也就是储层的透水能力,主要指热储的孔隙度、渗透率及砂泥岩组合关系等参数。基于济阳坳陷典型地热田的储层数据,采用Tough2为核心的Petrasim软件建立数值模型,系统研究了储层孔隙度、渗透率及单砂体厚度对热储中回灌水的运移以及温度场的影响。模拟结果显示：（1）储层孔隙度对回灌压力与采灌井距几乎没有影响;（2）储层渗透率对采灌率和采灌压力影响较大,控制着热储的回灌能力,但对采灌井距没有影响;（3）多次叠置的薄砂层热储中的泥岩隔层影响回灌水运移,在多层薄砂叠置的热储中回灌水水平运移距离远,温度影响范围更大,应扩大采灌井距。该研究对地热开发项目的可持续运行具有指导意义。     

干热岩地热储层综合评价技术的建立与应用

地热能具有清洁、低碳、环保、稳定的特点,干热岩作为地热能的一种,是一类新兴的环境友好型资源,能够有效推进构建能源结构利用的多元化。通过对研究区太古界干热岩地热储层综合评价技术的研究,参照岩性特征及储层发育特征,建立了利用多种测井信息进行岩性识别、储层划分和地层温度评价的方法; 在岩心和岩屑录井资料分析的基础上,利用不同岩性测井曲线特征差异性分析和交会图进行岩性的识别和划分; 结合常规测井、成像测井和偶极阵列声波测井等多种测井信息,形成干热岩地热储层的识别方法,并建立储层类别划分标准; 利用时间推移测量井温的方式进行地层温度的推算。实际应用已证明这一测井评价方法的适用性与有效性,可为干热岩的有效开发提供技术支撑。     

贵州苗匡热矿水地热区水化学特征及热储条件分析

贵州苗匡热矿水地热区大地构造位于江南复合造山黔南坳陷铜仁复式褶皱变形带,区域构造为红石古断裂带与苗匡断裂交汇锐角区,区内出露的地层有前南华系板溪群、南华系、震旦系、寒武系;热矿水水化学类型为HCO_3-Na型,含高氟、锶、锂、偏硅酸;弱碱性水;呈带状中低温热储;区域大地热流供给热量;地下热矿水补给为构造破碎带深远程补给;区域性红石活动断裂带具有导热导水储水性,热矿水被温差、压力差等驱动循环运移至断裂破碎带富集,苗匡次级断裂带在该热储起到连通传导作用;热矿水井口温度45℃,出水量560 m~3/d。研究结果可对该区热矿水勘查开发及利用提供参考和借鉴。     

孤岛油田馆陶组热储地热资源开发利用分析

孤岛油田蕴藏丰富的中、低温地热资源,对其进行合理的开发利用,对推进该区新、旧热能转换,促进地方经济发展具有重要意义.在总结以往勘探成果的基础上,查明了孤岛油田为大地热流高值异常区,平均值为72.62 mW/m2.重点研究馆陶组热储地热地质条件,查明了馆陶组下段热储厚度为106~145 m,平均孔隙度约为30%,热储温度为75.5~82℃,单位降深涌水量为3.71~10.55 m3/(h·m),是地热资源开发的有利目标热储.采用热储法估算区内馆陶组下段热储中蕴藏的地热资源量为3.745×1018 J,折合标准煤量1.28亿t,地热水储存量约为60.87×108 m3;采用开采强度法估算的该区地热水允许开采量约为253万m3/a,可支持供暖面积约100万m2.     

地热回灌的发展现状

地热回灌是一种避免地热废水直接排放引起的热污染和化学污染的措施,并对维持热储压力,保证地热田的开采技术条件具有重要的作用.目前回灌已经成为世界范围内数十个重要的地热田生产运行中的一项日常工作,在美国、新西兰、冰岛、意大利、法国、日本、罗马尼亚、丹麦、菲律宾和萨尔瓦多等十多个国家得到了广泛的应用.在国内,北京、天津的地热回灌也已经有了良好的开端.回灌是地热田管理中最为复杂的一项技术,为了避免因回灌而引起热储冷却,需要进行回灌试验和示踪试验,并在回灌过程进行全面的监测工作.     

采暖尾水回灌对砂岩热储地温场的影响 ——以鲁北地区为例

为保证地热资源可持续开发利用,深入开展回灌工程采灌井合理井距研究、防止短时间内发生热突破是地热领域的重大关切.本文根据全井段测温结果,对砂岩热储不同采灌工程地温场变化特征进行了分析.研究表明:随着回灌年度的增加,冷水范围越来越大,热量对回灌井有效补给路径变长,回灌井热储段温度曲线波动幅度越小;当采灌井距较小、底部温度相...     

Research on the fault controlling mechanism of geothermal water in Zhangzhou Basin

Fault has an important influence on the storage and movement of geothermal water. The Zhangzhou Basin is wholly located in a granodiorite rock mass. Due to the low permeability of granodiorite, faulted structure has an evident control action on the hydrothermal activity of geothermal fields. Hot springs in Zhangzhou Basin crack along Pingtan-Dongshan Fault to the northeastern direction and emerge along Fu’an-Nanjing Fault. Through measurement of the temperature of several hot springs in the Basin, we found the temperature along the northwestern direction of Zhangzhou-Tianbao Fault is high and the temperature gap between the two sides of Yangxi-Yuanshan Fault is huge; the estimation of geothermal reservoir temperature of geothermal water through quartz geothermometer indicates that the geothermal reservoir temperature of the northern area of Nanjing-Xiamen Fault is obviously higher than that of southern area. Such result indicates that Fault obviously obstructs underground heat source. Under the condition that the average geothermal gradient of the Zhangzhou Basin is set, the circulation depth of the geothermal water of the Zhangzhou Basin measured by geothermal reservoir temperature is 3 550-5 200 m and the circulation depth of the geothermal water of the north of Nanjing-Xiamen Fault is deeper than that of the South.     

胶东典型花岗岩热储地下热水水化学特征及热储研究

招远地热田位于胶东隆起区,元古代蚀变花岗岩分布广泛,地下热水微量元素丰富。为查明地下热水微量组分的赋存条件、花岗岩热储环境与地热资源量,利用地下热水水化学分析、热储分析及有效能源换算法,建立Gibbs模型,进行PHREEQC模拟并开展热储估算。研究结果显示：（1）地下热水水化学类型为Cl—Na型,与海水水化学类型一致,地下热水溶解性固体总量（TDS）介于1359.7~5302.0 mg/L,锶、溴、偏硅酸等微量组分的质量浓度分别达26.20,7.50,88.00 mg/L,均超过国家医疗热矿水水质标准;（2）地热田东北方向的玲珑花岗岩中锶的质量分数较高,介于334~1 805 mg/kg,是地下热水中锶的一个重要来源;（3）热储温度在107~215 °C之间,硅-焓图解法分析冷水混入比例为33.6%~58.9%。结果显示：40~60 °C的总可用能源19.73 TJ/a,总热能达5479.57 MW·h,吨油当量471.16 toe;>60 °C的总可用能源301.57 TJ/a,总热能达83771.53 MW·h,吨油当量为7203.06 toe。综合分析认为研究区地热资源丰富,地下热水微量组分来源于花岗岩热储层的溶滤作用,富集过程受热储环境的影响,研究结果有助于完善地下热水水-岩相互作用理论。     

Discussion on heat source mechanism and geothermal system of Qinghai Gonghe-Guide Basin

The Qinghai Gonghe-Guide Basin together with the alternatively distributed mountainous region shows characteristics that the conductive geothermal resource of the basin has high geothermal gradient, the granite occurs in the bottom of borehole for geothermal exploration, and the convective hot springs in the basin-edge uplift fracture are in zonal distribution and with high-temperature geothermal water. There are still some divergences about the heat source mechanism of the basin. In this paper, queries to the view of mantle-derived heat source have been put forward, coming up with geochemical evidences to prove that the radiogenic heat of granite is the heat source within the mantle. Additionally, temperature curve is drawn based on the geothermal boring and geochemical geothermometer has been adopted for an estimation of the temperature and depth of the geothermal reservoir, it has been found that the surrounding mountains belong to the medium-temperature geothermal system while the area within the basin belongs to the high-temperature geothermal system with the temperature of borehole bottom reaching up to 175-180 ℃. In this paper, discussions on the problems existing in the calculation of geothermal gradient and the differences generated by the geothermal system have been carried out.     

射孔技术在孔隙型地热回灌井中的应用

孔隙型地热井回灌作为一个世界性的课题,已有很多专家学者进行过不同程度的研究,但均未能有较大的突破。探讨不同成井工艺对孔隙型地热井回灌的效果,选取天津滨海新区的两眼不同成井工艺的新近系馆陶组地热井为例。。采用自然回灌的模式,分析两井的回灌能力、可持续时间及累计回灌动水位,并分别计算了回灌水文地质参数。试验结果表明：射孔成井的地热井回灌效果要明显优于滤水管成井的。     

天津东丽湖深部岩溶热储探测与储层参数研究及其开发利用潜力分析

【研究目的】天津市地热资源储量丰富、开发利用程度高,蓟县系雾迷山组三、四段白云岩热储是目前的主力开采层位,随着开发强度不断增大,部分地区开采潜力已达极限。探测深部地热资源、增加可开采资源量,成为保障天津地区地热可持续开发的有效途径之一。【研究方法】本次研究以东丽湖为重点研究区,开展深部热储地球物理探测,实施地热科学钻探CGSD-01井。【研究结果】主要结果包括：（1）CGSD-01井在3715m钻遇雾迷山组二段,上覆雾迷山组三段底部发育一套紫红色泥质白云岩夹浅灰色细晶白云岩,厚度约73m,裂隙不发育,具有隔水-弱透水性质;（2）CGSD-01井成井深度4051.68m,孔底温度105℃,单位涌水量1.53m³/h·m,渗透系数0.40m/d,导水系数48.69m²/d;（3）雾迷山组二段地热水类型为Cl·SO₄·HCO₃-Na型,矿化度1.7g/L,初步推断地热水来源于大气降水,主要发生混合、阳离子交替吸附、碳酸盐岩溶解、硫酸盐还原等作用,且未达到平衡;（4）蓟县系雾迷山组二段单井最大涌水量可达130m³/h,出水温度100℃,单井可满足约30万m2建筑物供暖需求。【结论】在天津地区深部热储第二空间首次探获高产能雾迷山组二段新储层,探明了热储结构和主要参数,显示出良好的资源前景。     

鲁北地区砂岩热储地热尾水回灌地温场变化特征分析

本文通过对德州水文家园砂岩热储地热回灌井全井段温度监测,在深度上分为5个区段论述了地温场的变化特征,重点对热储温度恢复的热量来源进行了分析。研究结果表明,在规模化生产性回灌时,低温地热尾水回灌会使得回灌井周边热储温度明显降低,并且恢复速率特别缓慢;通过定性分析和定量计算,认为大地传导热流和顶部地层传导热流在热储温度恢复中的作用极其微弱,而外围同层相对高温地层传导的热量和地热水流动带来的热量是其温度恢复的主要热量来源。基于该研究结果,在规模化回灌条件下,发生热突破是必然的,因此深入开展回灌工程采灌井合理井距研究、防止短时间内发生热突破是非常有必要的。     

雄安牛驼镇地热田岩溶热储层地热深井井身结构优化设计

雄安新区牛驼镇地热田主要储层为岩溶热储型,地层破碎、裂隙发育,钻进时多失返性漏失。以往的开发主要集中于1800m以浅,岩溶热储段长为300-500m,裸眼段较短,钻进施工较简单。为了加强对深部地热资源的探测,满足雄安新区规划建设的需求,开展了深部地热资源调查工作,主要目的层为雾迷山组和高于庄组,其存在的难点主要有岩溶热储层裸眼段长、地层破碎、长段漏失、上部地层稳定性差等。本文根据深部热储勘探井施工过程中钻遇问题及难点分析,对岩溶热储层深井钻进关键技术进行总结,提出了优化建议,具有一定的参考意义。     

Discussion on the calculation of the rights protection radius of the geothermal well for stratified thermal reservoir

In order to ensure the sustainable exploitation of geothermal resources and prevent the occurrence of thermal breakthrough during the process of geothermal water reinjection, the authors systematically summarized the calculation formulas of the rights protection radius of the geothermal well in this paper. Three shortcomings in the calculation method of the rights protection radius of the geothermal well were identified through theoretical derivation. (1) The parameter f, which is defined as the ratio of the specific heat of water to that of thermal reservoir rocks, is defective. (2) The value of the thermal reservoir recovery rate defined as 0.15 is relatively unilateral, which is not applicable for geothermal wells with different lithology. (3) The calculation time is fixed as 36 500 d, which is not appropriate for geothermal wells with interval development. Based on the problems above, the authors redefined the parameter f and used variables to replace the previous thermal reservoir recovery rate and exploitation time, which can be identified according to different thermal reservoirs and specific exploitation time. By comparison of the applicable conditions of different calculation formulas of the rights protection radius of the geothermal well, the authors proposed that different calaulation formuas should be chosen based on the relationship of the size between β^-1-α and 3λ. And by comparison of the rights protection radius calculation formulas for the mining well and the recharge well, it is found that the rights protection radius of the mining well is always bigger than that of the recharge well. Finally, Shuiwen residential area of Decheng district was taken as an example to verfity the theoretical results.     

层状热储地热井权益保护半径计算探讨

为保证地热资源的可持续开采,防止地热尾水回灌时发生热突破现象,文章系统整理了地热井权益保护半径的计算方法。通过理论推导,发现开采井权益保护半径的计算方法有3个不足之处: (1)公式中参数f定义为水比热与热储岩石比热的比值,存在缺陷; (2)热储回收率取值0.15,较为片面,不能代表不同岩性热储回收率的取值; (3)计算时间固定为36 500 d,较为片面,不适用于地热井间歇开采期。针对上述问题,该文重新给定了参数f的定义,并将热储回收率和开采时间以变量符号替代,可根据不同热储层和具体开采时间加以确定。通过研究不同回灌井权益保护半径计算方法的适用条件,提出应根据(β^-1-α)与3λ的大小关系选择不同的计算公式。对开采井和回灌井权益保护半径计算公式进行对比,发现开采井权益保护半径恒大于回灌井权益保护半径,并以德城区水文家园开采系统和回灌系统为例进行计算,验证了理论推导的结果。     

鲁东招远地热田地热通量及地热成因研究

鲁东地热区在地质构造单元上位于沂沭断裂带昌邑—大店断裂以东,地热资源丰富。本文采集了鲁东地热区招远地热田内一眼2000m深地热井（DRZK01）中的40块岩芯样品进行岩石热导率、岩石生热率测试及分析,结合测温资料及收集资料对该区地热通量构成及分层热流进行了分析研究;采集区内典型地热流体样品进行水化学分析并采用合适的地热温标估算了该区热储温度;综合研究成果建立了该区地热成因概念模型。研究结果显示,该区岩石热导率数值较高,测量值在2.8~5.7W/（m·K）之间,普遍高于上地壳平均热导率,地温梯度较高,为31.8℃/km;利用热导率和地温梯度计算的地热通量102mW/m2中热传导分量为（73.2±6.18）mW/m2,对流分量为（28.76±6.18）mW/m2,其中热传导分量中地壳热流为22.5mW/m2,地幔热流为（50.74±6.18）mW/m2,二者比值为1:1.98～1:2.52,为“热幔冷壳”型热结构。石英温标计算热储平均温度为128.6℃,热循环深度约3634m。研究结果丰富了该区地热系统理论并为该区地热资源开发利用提供一定的理论支撑。     

鲁东招远地热田地热通量及地热成因研究

鲁东地热区在地质构造单元上位于沂沭断裂带昌邑—大店断裂以东,地热资源丰富.本文采集了鲁东地热区招远地热田内一眼2000 m深地热井(DRZK01)中的40块岩芯样品进行岩石热导率、岩石生热率测试及分析,结合测温资料及收集资料对该区地热通量构成及分层热流进行了分析研究;采集区内典型地热流体样品进行水化学分析并采用合适的地...