A New 3‐D Solar Radiation Model for 3‐D City Models

Estimates of solar radiation distribution in urban areas are often limited by the complexity of urban environments. These limitations arise from spatial structures such as buildings and trees that affect spatial and temporal distributions of solar fluxes over urban surfaces. The traditional solar radiation models implemented in GIS can address this problem only partially. They can be adequately used only for 2‐D surfaces such as terrain and rooftops. However, vertical surfaces, such as facades, require a 3‐D approach. This study presents a new 3‐D solar radiation model for urban areas represented by 3‐D city models. The v.sun module implemented in GRASS GIS is based on the existing solar radiation methodology used in the topographic r.sun model with a new capability to process 3‐D vector data representing complex urban environments. The calculation procedure is based on the combined vector‐voxel approach segmenting the 3‐D vector objects to smaller polygon elements according to a voxel data structure of the volume region. The shadowing effects of surrounding objects are considered using a unique shadowing algorithm. The proposed model has been applied to the sample urban area with results showing strong spatial and temporal variations of solar radiation flows over complex urban surfaces.     

三维空间数据模型与集成研究

三维空间数据模型是三维地理信息系统的基础。在介绍传统数据模型的基础上,分析了三维数据模型的集成,集成的模型可克服传统数据结构的约束,利用各种数据结构的优点,更有效地表达三维空间信息。     

三维空间数据模型综述

介绍了三维地理信息系统空间数据模型的基本概念和研究现状.讨论了三维地理信息系统中两类不同的空间数据模型,即基于表面表示的数据模型和基于体表示的数据模型.分析了格网结构、边界表示、3D栅格结构、八叉树、结构实体几何法和不规则四面体结构等空间数据模型的特点和应用.     

二维空间关系定性表达模型的研究

通过对几种典型的定性表达模型的分析及比较,论述了单一模型实现空间查询所存在的局限,提出利用组合模型来表达空间关系的方法。最后结合空间查询中的实例,通过介绍如何同时运用二值拓扑关系模型和符号空间索引模型来实现同时包含拓扑关系和方向关系的复杂空间查询来说明这种方法。     

三维GIS的空间认知浅析

从空间认知的角度出发,在简要介绍三维GIS主要特性的基础上,分析了这些特性对其空间认知的积极影响,同时也指出了三维GIS在空间认知方面存在的问题。本文辩证分析了三维GIS空间认知的情况,对于三维GIS建设中建立合适三维模型、完善功能模块设计与应用分析具有一定指导意义。     

基于GIS的城市人防工程空间分析模型的建立与实现

为提高城市人防工程的管理水平,利用地理信息系统技术(GIS)的空间分析功能,首先在分析城市人防工程的实体—关系模型(E-R模型)的基础上,根据GIS空间分析的特点,提出了基于空间分析的城市人防工程的数据库结构;其次,根据城市人防工程规划、管理和施工的需要,建立了城市人防工程设备的承载力、辐射范围缓冲图、人口疏散隐蔽路线最佳路径、地下人防工程3维分析等几种空间分析模型,并对各种模型的表示内容和实现方法进行了阐述,从而实现了城市人防工程的可视化和动态化管理。该模型在广州市人防工程综合管理信息系统应用后,提高了广州市的城市人防工程的管理水平,促进了该人防办的数字化进程。     

A Spatial Anomaly Points and Regions Detection Method Using Multi‐Constrained Graphs and Local Density

Spatial anomalies may be single points or small regions whose non‐spatial attribute values are significantly inconsistent with those of their spatial neighborhoods. In this article, a S patial A nomaly P oints and R egions D etection method using multi‐constrained graphs and local density ( SAPRD for short) is proposed. The SAPRD algorithm first models spatial proximity relationships between spatial entities by constructing a Delaunay triangulation, the edges of which provide certain statistical characteristics. By considering the difference in non‐spatial attributes of adjacent spatial entities, two levels of non‐spatial attribute distance constraints are imposed to improve the proximity graph. This produces a series of sub‐graphs, and those with very few entities are identified as candidate spatial anomalies. Moreover, the spatial anomaly degree of each entity is calculated based on the local density. A spatial interpolation surface of the spatial anomaly degree is generated using the inverse distance weight, and this is utilized to reveal potential spatial anomalies and reflect their whole areal distribution. Experiments on both simulated and real‐life spatial databases demonstrate the effectiveness and practicability of the SAPRD algorithm.     

GIS中三维模型的设计

研究了三维GIS中的空间信息传输模式,探讨了平面地图符号与三维模型的区别与联系,阐述了三维模型的确立、定位、简化描述和逻辑性设计。     

基于体元分析的三维建筑物模型结构化分割方法

针对现有三维模型分割方法在建筑物基本结构特征识别方面存在的不足,提出一种基于体元分析的三维建筑物模型结构化分割方法。该方法首先通过体元化和内部距离参数计算在模型内部构建分层距离场,然后采用局部极值判别方法从各层距离场中提取出对建筑物结构、形状分布具有代表意义的中心体元,并基于中心体元和内、外部体元聚类找到建筑物在空间组成上相互独立的结构单元,最后依据体元分析结果对原始建筑物模型进行表面分割。试验结果表明,该方法能够对不同风格的建筑物模型进行有效分割,具有极强的稳健性。     

Building Agent‐Based Walking Models by Machine‐Learning on Diverse Databases of Space‐Time Trajectory Samples

We introduce a novel scheme for automatically deriving synthetic walking (locomotion) and movement (steering and avoidance) behavior in simulation from simple trajectory samples. We use a combination of observed and recorded real‐world movement trajectory samples in conjunction with synthetic, agent‐generated, movement as inputs to a machine‐learning scheme. This scheme produces movement behavior for non‐sampled scenarios in simulation, for applications that can differ widely from the original collection settings. It does this by benchmarking a simulated pedestrian's relative behavioral geography, local physical environment, and neighboring agent‐pedestrians; using spatial analysis, spatial data access, classification, and clustering. The scheme then weights, trains, and tunes likely synthetic movement behavior, per‐agent, per‐location, per‐time‐step, and per‐scenario. To prove its usefulness, we demonstrate the task of generating synthetic, non‐sampled, agent‐based pedestrian movement in simulated urban environments, where the scheme proves to be a useful substitute for traditional transition‐driven methods for determining agent behavior. The potential broader applications of the scheme are numerous and include the design and delivery of location‐based services, evaluation of architectures for mobile communications technologies, what‐if experimentation in agent‐based models with hypotheses that are informed or translated from data, and the construction of algorithms for extracting and annotating space‐time paths in massive data‐sets.     

A Temporal Variant‐Invariant Validation Approach for Agent‐based Models of Landscape Dynamics

Agent‐based modeling provides a means for addressing the way human and natural systems interact to change landscapes over time. Until recently, evaluation of simulation models has focused on map comparison techniques that evaluate the degree to which predictions match real‐world observations. However, methods that change the focus of evaluation from patterns to processes have begun to surface; that is, rather than asking if a model simulates a correct pattern, models are evaluated on their ability to simulate a process of interest. We build on an existing agent‐based modeling validation method in order to present a temporal variant‐invariant analysis (TVIA). The enhanced method, which focuses on analyzing the uncertainty in simulation results, examines the degree to which outcomes from multiple model runs match some reference to how land use parcels make the transition from one land use class to another over time. We apply TVIA to results from an agent‐based model that simulates the relationships between landowner decisions and wildfire risk in the wildland‐urban interface of the southern Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA. The TVIA approach demonstrates a novel ability to examine uncertainty across time to provide an understanding of how the model emulates the system of interest.     

面向更新的网络化空间标报模型研究

变化发现是地理信息更新的重要环节之一,以纸质地图、汇总表为依托的地理空间信息标报是目前空间变化发现的一种重要手段,但其采用手工标绘,存在效率低、上报汇总周期长、互动性差、无法调度各级专业人员以及广大公众参与等问题,难以满足信息化条件下地理信息动态更新对变化发现的高时效性要求。将网络化手段用于变化标报能有效克服传统标报方式的缺点,是信息化条件下地理信息变化快速发现的一条可行途径。为此本文研究了面向标报的变化轮廓线分类与重构方法、顾及标报信息有序传递的发布订/阅模型、用户参与的多级互动标报技术等。论文的主要研究内容和创新性成果如下： (1)提出了一种变化轮廓线分类与目标重构方法。首先在目标快照差分类的基础上,将面目标差降维与线目标快照差一同进行细化,分析归纳出地形要素变化轮廓线类型;继而以目标标识动态性、拓扑关系、维数、形状、位置、方位等参数为基础,建立了六元组空间变化描述模型;最后,发展了基于变化轮廓线的目标重构算法,包括目标正负差计算、更新操作算子设计和更新融合规则归纳等。 (2)提出了一种顾及标报信息有序传递的时空发布/订阅模型。将空间变化和标报层级纳入发布内容中,提出了基于变化轮廓线及参数、标报层级的标报事件形式化描述及其构建方法;通过对订阅表达式中的属性变量、取值、操作符进行时空扩展,表达了空间变化的订阅条件;构建了顾及层级的事件代理网络,基于多维索引计数思想完成了发布信息与订阅条件的匹配,从而提出了一种顾及层级和时空特征的发布订阅模型。 (3)提出了一种基于空间型博客的多级互动标报模型。空间型博客模型的基本实体包括对象、用户、角色、用户组、空间型博客、检测器等,实体间的关系包括概括关系、组成关系、协作关系和拥有关系等;针对传统RBAC模型不能满足博客用户互动标报中多级访问控制需求问题,提出一种基于用户组和角色的混合多级访问控制方法。 (4)开发了原型系统,对论文所提出的方法进行实验验证。以Visual Studio 2008为开发工具,集成Google Maps API开发,采用Mashup技术实现了博客与地图服务的交互与聚合;并用实际与模拟数据验证文中提出的关键技术方法,包括：更新标报中的变化轮廓线分类与目标重构,发布/订阅模式下的标报信息有序传递,以及基于空间型博客的互动标报。验证了本文所提出的模型与方法的可行性。理论分析与实验结果表明,本文提出的变化轮廓线分类和目标重构方法,顾及标报信息有序传递的发布/订阅模型,用户参与的多级互动标报技术等有效地解决了网络化空间标报面临的“标什么”、“怎么标”和“怎么传” 等难题,为网络化空间标报系统的设计与开发提供了一条新的思路。     

局域空间声速模型的建立方法研究

在多波束测深系统的数据处理中,声速剖面的代表性误差严重地影响着波束的声线跟踪精度,并造成比较大的深度计算误差。为了削弱该影响,利用实测声速剖面数据、温度与盐度剖面数据,采用两种方法分别建立了区域空间声速模型。实践验证了该方法的正确性和可行性。     

A Patch‐based Cellular Automaton for Simulating Land‐use Changes at Fine Spatial Resolution

While cellular automata have become popular tools for modeling land‐use changes, there is a lack of studies reporting their application at very fine spatial resolutions (e.g. 5 m resolution). Traditional cell‐based CA do not generate reliable results at such resolutions because single cells might only represent components of land‐use entities (i.e. houses or parks in urban residential areas), while recently proposed entity‐based CA models usually ignore the internal heterogeneity of the entities. This article describes a patch‐based CA model designed to deal with this problem by integrating cell and object concepts. A patch is defined as a collection of adjacent cells that might have different attributes, but that represent a single land‐use entity. In this model, a transition probability map was calculated at each cell location for each land‐use transition using a weight of evidence method; then, land‐use changes were simulated by employing a patch‐based procedure based on the probability maps. This CA model, along with a traditional cell‐based model were tested in the eastern part of the Elbow River watershed in southern Alberta, Canada, an area that is under considerable pressure for land development due to its proximity to the fast growing city of Calgary. The simulation results for the two models were compared to historical data using visual comparison, K_simulation indices, and landscape metrics. The results reveal that the patch‐based CA model generates more compact and realistic land‐use patterns than the traditional cell‐based CA. The K_simulation values indicate that the land‐use maps obtained with the patch‐based CA are in higher agreement with the historical data than those created by the cell‐based model, particularly regarding the location of change. The landscape metrics reveal that the patch‐based model is able to adequately capture the land‐use dynamics as observed in the historical data, while the cell‐based CA is not able to provide a similar interpretation. The patch‐based approach proposed in this study appears to be a simple and valuable solution to take into account the internal heterogeneity of land‐use classes at fine spatial resolutions and simulate their transitions over time.     

基于3维地形图的空间分析算法

讨论了基于3维地形图的空间分析算法，利用正确与反解两种方法，建立2维图形目标点与3维DEM网格点之间的投影变换关系，从而获取3维地形图上目标点的3维坐标，进而实现几种基本的空间分析算法。     

基于3维地形图的空间分析算法

讨论了基于3维地形图的空间分析算法.利用正解与反解两种方法,建立2维图形目标点与3维DEM网格点之间的投影变换关系,从而获取3维地形图上目标点的3维坐标,进而实现几种基本的空间分析算法.     

A Spatial Analysis System for Integrating Data,Methods and Models on Environmental Risks and Health Outcomes

Integrating data on health outcomes with methods of disease mapping and spatially explicit models of environmental contaminants are important aspects of environmental health surveillance. In this article, we describe a modular, web‐based spatial analysis system that uses GIS, spatial analysis methods and software services delivered over computer networks to achieve this end. The Environmental Health Surveillance System (EHSS) is a prototype system that is designed to serve three purposes: a secure environment for producing maps of disease outcomes from individual‐level data while preserving privacy; an automated process of linking environmental data, environmental models, and GIS tasks like geocoding for the purposes of estimating individual exposures to environmental contaminants; and mechanisms to visualize the spatial patterns of disease outcomes via Web‐based mapping interfaces and interactive tools like Google Earth.     

空间体对象间三维拓扑构建研究

根据三维拓扑的研究现状以及特定应用领域对三维拓扑的需求,分析了这些特定应用领域的拓扑关系,提出了两种三维拓扑构建方法。这两种方法在兼顾内拓扑的同时主要构建体之间的外拓扑关系。第一种方法是在体单独构建完毕后建立体之间的拓扑关系;第二种方法考虑到当前成熟三维建模软件或CAD软件中的数据大多以离散面方式组织,设计了自动寻体算法,同时构建体之间的外拓扑关系。利用深圳典型地籍数据和建筑设计图生成的三维数据进行实验,验证了此算法的可行性。