利用Cluster Ⅱ数据分析等离子体片区磁结构运动特性

利用Cluster Ⅱ 卫星上搭载的磁通门磁强计的观测数据,可以计算磁结构的运动速度.本文在GSM（Geocentric Solar Magnetospheric System,地心太阳磁层系）坐标系下处理了磁暴期间（2002年8月1日到2日）和磁场宁静期（2002年8月6日到7日）的等离子体片区的观测数据.通过分析磁结构速度的统计特性和频谱特性,得到以下结论：（1）磁结构运动速度呈现出不规则的摆动结构.（2）Vz的方差与Vy的方差近似相等,而远大于Vx的方差.这可能是由于“风袋效应”.（3）在黎明侧的等离子体片区, Vx和Vz的平均值约为0,但Vy的平均值的量级为-10 km/s.这可能是在等离子体片区Pc5压缩波造成的.（4）Vx, Vy, Vz的频谱在0033 min-1和0035 min-1之间都有一个峰值.     

等离子体片中能量离子的空间分布--Cluster/RAPID观测数据分析

本文根据Cluster卫星上的粒子成像质谱仪（RAPID）探测器在穿越地球等离子体片过程中的观测数据,统计研究了等离子体片中能量离子能量密度的空间分布（氢离子能量范围从40keV到1500keV,氦离子和氧离子从10keV到1500keV）,并且给出了离子能量密度在不同地磁活动时期随GSE Z向分布的剖面.研究表明能量离子的能量密度以及能量密度的梯度与地磁活动指数Kp之间存在近似线性的关系.观测结果表明形成这种分布变化的主要原因是在地磁活动期间在电流片附近离子能量密度的增加,特别是其中的重离子成分增加更为显著.本文通过一个简化的电流片模型的数值计算,定性地研究了形成能量离子空间分布的机理.计算表明重离子在电流片中可以获得更多的能量,电流片加速可能是形成能量密度分布变化的一种可能的机制.     

磁尾通量绳结构中由压强损失导致的核心场增强

与亚暴活动密切相关的磁尾等离子体团可以具有不同的拓扑位形,多数磁尾等离子体团具有 强核心场,是一种通量绳型磁结构. MHD模拟表明：地球磁尾不同拓扑位形磁结构的形成, 与越尾分量By的分布形态有关. 但是模拟研究所展示的通量绳结构,核心场强度远低 于尾瓣区磁场强度. 本文考虑磁尾通量绳结构中,螺旋形磁力线向侧翼伸展产生的压强损失 ,在MHD方程中引入修正项ρt|loss,Tt|loss 及Byt|inc. 对于 初始By分量为均匀分布,受晨昏电场产生的边界入流作用,磁尾通量绳结构重复形成 与逐一排放的两个算例,计入修正项后,多重磁结构峰值压强的平均值降低,核心场的平均 值明显增大. 两个算例中,背景By值较低的算例1（By0=1nT）中,核心 场的相对增幅较大.     

2003年Hallowe’en磁暴后新质子带形成和损失机制的研究

本文利用低高度极轨卫星NOAA/POES的观测数据,对2003年Hallowe'en磁暴期间新质子带的形成和损失机制做了细致的研究和分析.结果表明新质子带的形成是诸多因素共同作用的结果.包括强太阳质子事件(Solar Proton Events,SPEs)、大的地磁暴和行星际激波.所有这些因素构成了新质子带形成的前提条件,尤其是行星际激波是形成新质子带不可缺少的因素.此外本文提出了磁暴主相对高能质子注入磁层稳定捕获区起到重要贡献.本文还运用绝热捕获判据分析了新质子带的损失机制,证明了由于磁暴期间环电流积累造成磁场大的扰动,破坏绝热不变量的守恒,导致新质子带粒子的损失.     

2003年Hallowe′en磁暴后新质子带形成和损失机制的研究

本文利用低高度极轨卫星NOAA/POES的观测数据,对2003年Hallowe'en磁暴期间新质子带的形成和损失机制做了细致的研究和分析. 结果表明新质子带的形成是诸多因素共同作用的结果,包括强太阳质子事件（Solar Proton Events, SPEs）、大的地磁暴和行星际激波.所有这些因素构成了新质子带形成的前提条件,尤其是行星际激波是形成新质子带不可缺少的因素.此外本文提出了磁暴主相对高能质子注入磁层稳定捕获区起到重要贡献.本文还运用绝热捕获判据分析了新质子带的损失机制,证明了由于磁暴期间环电流积累造成磁场大的扰动, 破坏绝热不变量的守恒,导致新质子带粒子的损失.     

磁层亚暴扩展相的数值模拟

本文用多步隐格式方法,求解包含电阻的磁流体力学方程组,对磁层亚暴扩展相作数值模拟.计算结果展现了亚暴扩展相期间磁尾变化的主要特征.它表明,球向和尾向等离子体流与准稳态重联有关.等离子体团的尾向喷发,致使中性线尾侧电流片内的密度降低,等离子体片变薄.中性线近地侧的等离子体团朝着地球运动,并合并于地球附近的重联区内.     

2006年4月13～17日西太平洋地区电离层暴时特性研究

本文利用西太平洋地区的15个电离层台站的测高仪数据和国际GPS服务中心IGS 36个站提供的TEC数据,以及由美国喷气推进动力学实验室提供的Jason 1 TEC数据对2006年4月13～17日间一次由冕洞高速流所引发的磁暴所造成的电离层效应进行了分析.分析结果表明这次电离层暴呈现出显著的纬度效应,foF2和TEC等参量显示在磁暴主相期间对称分布的强正暴效应中心在磁纬±30°～±40°,且持续时间超过12 h.负暴效应被限制在中高纬地区,在磁暴进入恢复相时,开始向低纬渗透,且具有明显的地方时效应.TIMIED卫星测量的Σ［O/N2］显示磁暴发生后,暴时环流使得中低纬地区的Σ［O/N2］有大幅增加,而中高纬地区则显著下降.通过对hmF2的分析发现磁暴主相期间,有磁层电场向中低纬地区穿透,且持续时间较长为1～3 h.因此这次强正暴效应可能是由风场、电场和化学成分这三个因素的共同作用造成的.这次磁暴造成的电离层暴响应非常复杂,对造成各种正负暴的物理和化学机制还需要进一步的研究.     

电离层电场的半年变化对F2区峰值电子浓度的影响

利用一个电离层理论模式,模拟了太阳活动低年、地磁宁静情况下,中低纬和赤道地区电离层F2区峰值电子浓度(NmF2)的半年变化规律,重点讨论了电离层电场对NmF2半年变化的影响.模拟结果表明,当输入的电场没有周年和半年变化时,磁赤道地区电离层NmF2本身就具有一定的半年变化特征,而在稍高的纬度上,NmF2半年变化的强度较弱.当输入的电场具有一定的半年变化时,电离层NmF2的半年变化强度有明显的改变,且这种改变随地方时和地磁纬度不同有明显的差别.在地磁赤道附近的电离层赤道槽地区,从上午到午夜的时间内,具有半年变化的电场对电离层NmF2半年变化的强度是减弱的作用,在其他的时间内,电场对电离层NmF2半年变化强度是加强的作用.而在稍高纬度的电离层驼峰地区,情况明显不同.从上午一直到翌日日出前,具有半年变化的电场对电离层NmF2半年变化的幅度都是加强的作用.在其他的时间内,电场对电离层NmF2半年变化的幅度是减弱的作用.同时,研究表明电离层电场对NmF2半年变化的作用和“赤道喷泉”现象强烈相关.     

伴随着高速流的磁尾电流片拍动观测研究

磁尾电流片在磁尾动力学过程中起着重要作用.卫星观测表明磁尾电流片经常处于拍动状态.但磁尾电流片拍动的特性和产生机制至今仍然没有被完全弄清楚.本文主要利用欧洲空间局Cluster卫星数据,研究一个伴随高速离子流的电流片拍动事件.该电流片拍动事件具有很强的周期性.拍动的周期约是2min,磁场振荡幅度约为20nT.能量电子和离子的通量具有周期性增强和减弱的特征.电流密度X和Y分量也具有周期性的振荡,并且振荡周期与磁场振荡周期一致.通过对粒子流速矢量与电流矢量的分析,发现粒子运动具有涡旋的特征.因此可以推断,该磁尾电流片的拍动不是由磁尾等离子体片高速流产生的,而是与局地等离子体不稳定性有关.     

带电粒子在中性线磁场中的运动

本文利用了小扰动方法、轨道法以及粒子的运动区域,比较系统地研究了带电粒子在中性线磁场中的运动。其结果是: 1.带电粒子的运动轨道可分为漂移轨道、波动轨道与8字形轨道三种形式。小扰动方法不能使用于中性线的区域内,在这个区域出现一个与小扰动漂移运动相反方向的运动。 2.在沿中性线方向的电场的作用下,中性线周围的部分粒子可以聚集到中性线附近。当粒子进入非小扰动区时,它们将被中性线磁场反射,并被电场加速。 3.计算出磁尾中性片的厚度为在这个区域内,大部分带正电的粒子的平均运动是沿晨昏方向,带负电的粒子的运动则相反。磁尾区出现一个等离子体中性片电流。     

Tidal variations in the high-latitude E- and F-region observed by EISCAT

During the MLTCS (Mesosphere-Lower Thermosphere Coupling Study) campaign the EISCAT UHF radar was continuously operated over 7 days (30 July-5 August 1992) in the CP-1 mode. The long time series obtained of the fundamental ionospheric parameters field-aligned ion velocity (V_i), ion and electron temperature (T and T_e), and electron density (N_e) are useful in investigating tidal variations in the E- and F-region since the geomagnetic activity was particularly low during the time of measurement. Maximum entropy spectra of the parameters were calculated for the relatively quiet interval from 1 August to 4 August 1992 and indicated dominant variations with harmonics of 24 hours. In the electron density spectrum especially, harmonics up to the sixth order (4-h period) are clearly visible. The phase and amplitude height profiles (100-450 km) of the diurnal, semidiurnal, and terdiurnal variations were determined by Fourier transform for a 24-h data set beginning at 12:00 UT on 3 August 1992 when the contaminating influences of electric fields were negligible. The tidal variations of the ion temperatures are compared with the corresponding variations of the neutral temperature predicted by the MSISE-90 model. A remarkable result is the dominance of terdiurnal temperature oscillations at E-region heights on 3–4 August 1992, while the measured diurnal and semidiurnal variations were negligible. The finding was confirmed by the analysis of further EISCAT data (2-3 August 1989, 2–3 July 1990, 31 March- 1 April 1992) which also showed a dominant terdiurnal temperature tide in the E-region. This is different from numerous observations of tides in the E-region at mid-latitudes where the diurnal and especially the semidiurnal temperature oscillations were dominant.     

利用GS流场重构方法研究磁尾等离子体片涡流

2000年9月30日Geotail卫星分别于17∶54∶36~18∶09∶00UT和18∶59∶00~19∶30∶00UT在磁尾晨侧等离子体片内(n≈0.4 cm^-3,T≈6 keV)观测到等离子体涡流事件.本文采用Grad-Shafranov (GS)流场重构技术再现了这些涡流的二维速度场、离子数密度和离子温度的分布图像.结果显示:从地心太阳磁层坐标系(GSM)赤道面上面看, 涡流的尺度约为5000 km×1400 km , 朝地球的运动速度约为15~25 km/s.所有5个涡流的旋转方向都为顺时针方向,旋转周期约为6~11 min.相邻涡流的相互作用导致它们之间的磁场强度增强.考察观测数据发现,涡流内不仅包含等离子体片热等离子体成分,也包含较大通量的类似源自磁鞘的冷等离子体成分(T<1 keV).这与观测到涡流等离子体的平均温度(T≈4 keV)较磁尾等离子体片等离子体的典型温度(T≈6 keV)明显偏低的事实是一致的.不仅如此,离子数密度和温度在结构内的分布也不均匀,数密度在涡流内部偏离中心的位置比较低而在每个涡流的边缘位置比较高,温度的分布大体上与密度相反.分析认为观测到的磁尾等离子体涡流事件可能由发生在低纬边界层的Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性引起,涡流结构内的冷等离子体可能来自磁层顶外部的磁鞘.     

Calibration of a numerical ionospheric model with EISCAT observations

A set of EISCAT UHF and VHP observations is used for calibrating a coupled fluid-kinetic model of the ionosphere. The data gathered in the period 1200–2400 UT on 24 March 1995 had various intervals of interest for such a calibration. The magnetospheric activity was very low during the afternoon, allowing for a proper examination of a case of quiet ionospheric conditions. The radars entered the auroral oval just after 1900 UT: a series of dynamic events probably associated with rapidly moving auroral arcs was observed until after 2200 UT. No attempts were made to model the dynamical behaviour during the 1900–2200 UT period. In contrast, the period 2200–2400 UT was characterised by quite steady precipitation: this latter period was then chosen for calibrating the model during precipitation events. The adjustment of the model on the four primary parameters observed by the radars (namely the electron concentration and temperature and the ion temperature and velocity) needed external inputs (solar fluxes and magnetic activity index) and the adjustments of a neutral atmospheric model in order to reach a good agreement. It is shown that for the quiet ionosphere, only slight adjustments of the neutral atmosphere models are needed. In contrast, adjusting the observations during the precipitation event requires strong departures from the model, both for the atomic oxygen and hydrogen. However, it is argued that this could well be the result of inadequately representing the vibrational states of N₂ during precipitation events, and that these factors have to be considered only as ad hoc corrections.     

2001年3月2日磁通量传输事件特性的研究

2001年3月2日11:00 至11:15 UT 期间,Cluster Ⅱ在南半球极尖区晨侧附近磁鞘内探测到3个通量传输事件（简称FTEs）. 本文利用Cluster Ⅱ星簇4颗卫星观测到的磁场和等离子体资料研究了这些通量传输事件的磁场形态和粒子特征. 并利用它们探测到的空间磁场梯度资料由安培定律直接求出星簇所在区域的电流分布. 结果指出：（1）BY占优势的行星际磁场结构在磁层顶的重联可以在极尖区附近发生;（2）FTEs通量管形成初期内外总压差和磁箍缩应力不一定平衡,达到平衡有一发展过程;（3）FTEs通量管截面在L M平面内的线度约为1.89RE;（4）FTEs通量管中等离子体主要沿轴向场方向流动,整个通量管以慢于背景等离子体的速度沿磁层顶向南向尾运动;（5）FTEs通量管中不仅有轴向电流,也存在环向电流. 轴向电流基本沿轴向磁场方向流动. 轴向和环向电流在管内均呈体分布,因而轴向电流产生的环向磁场接近管心时不断减小到零,而环向电流生成的轴向场则不断增大到极值;（6）在通量管的磁鞘部分观测到磁层能量粒子流量的增强,这表明通量管通过磁层顶将磁鞘和磁层内部连通起来了.     

Solar wind velocity distribution on the heliospheric current sheet during Carrington rotations 1787-1795

The solar wind velocity distribution in the heliosphere is best represented using a v-map, where velocity contours are plotted in heliographic latitude-longitude coordinates. It has already been established that low-speed regions of the solar wind on the source surface correspond to the maximum bright regions of the K-corona and the neutral line of the coronal magnetic field. In this analysis, v-maps on the source surface for Carrington rotations (CRs) 1787-1795, during 1987, have been prepared using the interplanetary scintillation measurements at Research Institute of Atmospherics (RIA), Nagoya Univ., Japan. These v-maps were then used to study the time evolution of the low-speed (\leq450 km s⁻¹) belt of the solar wind and to deduce the distribution of solar wind velocity on the heliospheric current sheet. The low-speed belt of the solar wind on the source surface was found to change from one CR to the next, implying a time evolution. Instead of a slow and systematic evolution, the pattern of distribution of solar wind changed dramatically at one particular solar rotation (CR 1792) and the distributions for the succeeding rotations were similar to this pattern. The low-speed region, in most cases, was found to be close to the solar equator and almost parallel to it. However, during some solar rotations, they were found to be organised in certain longitudes, leaving regions with longitudinal width greater than 30^○ free of low-speed solar wind, i.e. these regions were occupied by solar wind with velocities greater than 450 km s⁻¹. It is also noted from this study that the low-speed belt, in general, followed the neutral line of the coronal magnetic field, except in certain cases. The solar wind velocity on the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) varied in the range 300–585 km s⁻¹ during the period of study, and the pattern of velocity distribution varied from rotation to rotation.     

Accelerated ions observed in the plasma sheet boundary layer: Beams or streams?

We present an analysis of two crossings of the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) in Earth’s magnetotail by a quartet of Cluster satellites, accomplished both in the absolutely quiet geomagnetic interval and in the restoration period between two substorms. It is found that in the quiet period, field-aligned electric currents were not observed in the PSBL, in spite of presence in this region of high-velocity ions moving toward Earth along the magnetic field lines at velocities of ∼1400 km/s. This means that in the given event, ions and electrons moved together; i.e., high-velocity ions were a part of the accelerated plasma flow. In the disturbed period, the Cluster satellites detected a system of two oppositely directed field-aligned currents, which can be associated with the presence of the X line rather close to the Earth. Owing to multipoint Cluster observations, we managed to estimate the spatial size of a current structure (along the normal to the PSBL surface), which was equal, for a current flowing toward Earth along the high-latitude PSBL boundary, to about 1600 km, which is comparable with the value of the inertial radius of ions. This agrees with the scenario of spatial separation of charges and formation of the Hall system of currents in the magnetic reconnection region. The duration of observation of the given current structure was ∼12 min., which points to the quasi-steady-state character of reconnection.     

SRES A2情景下中国气候未来变化的多模式集合预测结果

采用政府间气候变化委员会资料中心的模式预测结果,本文分析了SRES A2温室气体和气溶胶排放情景下中国大陆21世纪前30年的10年际气候变化趋势. 研究揭示：大陆冬季和夏季表面温度、表面最高温度和最低温度分别升高0.3～2.3℃、0.1～2.0℃、0.5～2.7℃,增幅大体上呈现东西向带状分布,由南至北升温逐渐加强,且增幅随时间加大. 此外,上述三气候要素冬季升温幅度要大于同期夏季、表面最低温度升幅要强于同期表面最高温度,冬季和夏季表面温度的季节内变化范围减小. 冬季东亚地区海平面气压异常幅度在-1.0hPa至0.4hPa之间变化,呈东西向带状分布,表现为南正北负、随时间推进异常幅度有所加大,正负交界面向南扩展;同时,东北、华北和西部海平面气压负异常较大. 夏季海平面气压异常空间分布与冬季相似. 2001～2030年,青藏高原大部、大陆东南部和河套大部分地区降水量增加0.1～0.8mm/d.