褐藻愈伤组织研究

海藻愈伤组织培养，是继５０年代的切段或器官培养，到７０～８０年代发展起来的，是海藻组织培养的一个分支。它的兴起，使海藻组织培养的概念得以扩充和发展，也为理论研究和实践应用开辟了一条崭新的道路。１研究渊源根据植物细胞的全能性，植物的任何组织、器官和细胞，在离体培养时，先经历一个脱分化过程，形成一团在形态、生理上有别于正常细胞的一团细胞，即愈伤组织。褐藻的愈伤组织概念符合高等植物。这种愈伤组织，给予合适条件，就能重新分化，发育成正常的孢子体；还可以长期保存；还能通过悬浮培养而迅速增殖，以用作无性系；…     

孔石莼外植体再生及发育途径的研究

将孔石莼 (UlvapertusaKjellm)野生种和“不育株”突变体的叶状体切成1cm2 以下大小不同的片段培养 ,发现再生情况和外植体大小存在密切关系。在5mm×5mm以下的片段中 ,90%以上的细胞都出现了再生 ,表现为3种发育途径 :形成球形的原生质体 ,经丝状体而成叶状体 ;产生游动细胞 ,也经过丝状体而成叶状体 ;细胞原位分裂 ,形成球状体或管状体 ,呈现礁膜属和浒苔属的特征。5mm×5mm～10mm×10mm的片段 ,除边缘的1～2层中有极少量细胞形成游动细胞和球形原生质体外 ,其它细胞没有变化。将由片段再生形成的小叶状体采到紫菜苗网上 ,经过一年的海区养殖 ,长成1m长的叶状体     

龙须菜匍匐体类愈伤组织诱导及机制分析

采用在人工模拟潮间带生态环境中养殖多年的龙须菜藻体,经７０％乙醇、ａＣｌＯ或低光等逆境胁迫后,培养新生直立枝,研究匍匐体类愈伤组织的诱导及机制。结果表明,刷落２－４ｍｍ长的新生直立枝培养３０天后,基部出现由丛生太体组成的类愈伤组织。丝状体能够固着、分化,不断分裂形成匍匐体。这是除孢子外,首次从江蓠体细胞获得有固着能力的再生苗。该再生苗弥补了营养枝繁殖中须人工固着的缺点。ＥＬＩＳＡ测定内源激素含量结     

紫菜营养细胞的酶法分离和在水产养殖中的应用

紫菜是国内外养殖最多的重要经济海藻之一。它的养殖包括果孢子采苗、丝状体培养、壳孢子采苗和海上养殖等过程。利用上述采苗方法,在室内培育丝状体的时间长达半年之久,技术操作复杂,需要进行温度、光照的控制和施肥管理等,也容易发生病害。 近年来,用酶学方法分离紫菜细胞,进行细胞和原生质体的培养,并且都获得了再生植株。为了使生物技术应用于紫菜栽培业,我们     

坛紫菜体细胞的几种发育途径

以坛紫菜(Porphyra haitaneusis)叶状体为材料,利用单细胞克隆技术,研究记录坛紫菜体细胞的发育途径。本文选择介绍了坛紫菜体细胞3种途径8种发育方式:1)多数体细胞的叶状体途径:A通过极性分裂直接形成单细胞苗;B通过叶状分裂成苗;C先形成细胞团后形成畸形苗;2)来自雌、雄叶片未成熟区域体细胞的性细胞途径:D发育形成精子囊并放散精子;E单细胞发育形成类似果孢子囊结构再放散果孢子,果孢子萌发成丝状体;3)来自雄叶片体细胞的丝状体途径:F单细胞发育至多细胞团,放散后萌发成丝状体;G经过不断分裂形成愈伤组织,直接形成丝状体;H分裂成2细胞后,一个细胞侧面突起发育成丝状体。     

坛紫菜和拟线形紫菜的原生质体融合及培养

应用PEG 法和电融合法进行了坛紫菜和拟线形紫菜的原生质体融合试验,探讨了PEG 的浓度、处理时间以及洗涤液种类与融合的关系。结果表明,PEG 法的融合率为4.9%～10.2%,电融合率高达32.3%。融合细胞经诱导长成多细胞团的愈伤组织,从愈伤组织上升出小紫菜。     

琼胶降解菌F-6筛选、培养条件及对条斑紫菜(Porphyra yezoensis)细胞解离作用的研究

利用琼胶作为唯一的碳源从青岛太平角海域的海水和红藻样品中筛选分离得到一株高产琼胶酶的海洋菌F-6,对其最适的产酶条件,利用琼胶酶分离条斑紫菜的原生质体和原生质体的培养进行研究。结果表明,通过单次单因子和正交实验确定琼胶降解菌株F-6最适产酶培养基配方为(W/V):琼胶0.7%;酵母粉0.3%;蛋白胨0.5%;NaCl2.0%;K2HPO40.1%;CaCl20.02%;MgSO4·7H2O0.05%;FeSO4·7H2O0.002%;起始pH=7.5,最适的发酵产酶条件为:26℃培养36h。经条件优化后,粗酶液的酶活高达631.6U/ml。发酵液经过6000g离心30min得到粗酶液,粗酶液经过8k分离膜超滤,加入1mol/L渗透剂,0.22μm滤膜过滤除菌后降解条斑紫菜组织块,成功地分离得到大量的紫菜原生质体,其产率为3×106个原生质体/g新鲜紫菜组织。原生质体经初步培养发育成愈伤组织,其成活率为60%。     

江蓠原生质体分离和培养的初步研究

以江蓠Ｇｒａｃｉｌａｒｉａｖｅｒｒｕｃｏｓａ（Ｈｕｄｓ．）Ｐａｐｅｎｆｕｓｓ为材料,用微生物发酵法提取的琼胶酶成功地分离到江蓠的原生质体,经初步培养,原生质体发育为愈伤组织,为江芳江生物工程研究和育苗利用提供了可能。     

坛紫菜配子体离体细胞发育研究

本文以坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis Chang et Zheng)雌雄配子体为材料,酶解得到单细胞并再生培养,研究雌雄配子体体细胞发育途径以及不同部位(根丝段、基部、中部、顶部、成熟区)单细胞发育途径.结果表明,坛紫菜雌雄配子体体细胞发育途径大致相同,但存在一定差异,表现为雌性配子体体细胞发育成果孢子囊,少数体细胞直接发育成类孢子囊枝;而雄性配子体体细胞发育成精子囊,并能释放精子,极少数体细胞发育成类果孢子囊.单细胞再生研究显示,配子体体细胞发育方向受细胞所处部位影响,不同部位体细胞由于其分化程度不同,发育成不同类型的再生体.随着细胞所在藻体部位的上移,正常叶状体和根丝细胞叶状体比例均下降,畸形叶状体的比例下降或无明显差异,丝状体的比例逐渐增加.     

长石莼（缘管浒苔）（Ulva linza）原生质体再生与分化发育初步研究

采用细胞酶解技术获得长石莼（缘管浒苔）原生质体,再通过细胞培养观察原生质体再生以及各种分化发育途径。结果表明,长石莼（缘管浒苔）主要存在3种分化发育途径：1）部分原生质体可直接分裂形成有假根或无假根得单细胞苗。2）部分原生质体分裂成规则细胞团或不规则细胞团,最后形成苗簇。3）部分原生质体可发育为孢子囊／配子囊,其中部分...     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.